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Abstract

This study is an illustrative case of the ipsilateral ossification of the dural folds stretched between the clinoid processes found in the juvenile sphenoid bone. Thereby, occurred inconstant bony formations are termed as the interclinoid bridge and the carotico-clinoid foramen.
Both structures are of clinical meaning if surgical operations are performed in the sellar region.
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Skrzat
1
Grzegorz Goncerz
1
Agnieszka Szczepanek
1
Magdalena Kozerska
1

  1. Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

Introduction: Osteoporosis affects over 200 million people worldwide causing nearly 9 mil-lion fractures annually, with more than half in America and Europe.
Objectives: This meta-analysis was conducted to investigate whether low milk intake is associated with an increased risk of fractures by summarizing all the available evidence.
Methods: Relevant studies were identified by searching the PubMed and EMBASE databases up to June 2020. The pooled relative risks with 95% confidence intervals were calculated.
Results: In a meta-regression analysis of 20 included studies (11 cohort and 9 case-control studies), a higher milk intake was not associated with a reduction in the total fracture risk in both sexes (OR 0.95, 95% CI: 0.84– 1.08), either in cohort (OR 0.91; 95% CI: 0.79–1.05) or case-control studies (OR 1.09; 95% CI: 0.82–1.44), as well as separately in men (OR 0.87; 95% CI: 0.71–1.07) and women (OR 0.95; 95% CI: 0.80–1.13).
Conclusion: Higher milk consumption is not associated with fracture risk reduction and should not be recommended for fracture prevention.
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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Goncerz
1 2
Patrycja Kojm
3
Sylwia Skocelas
3
Krzysztof Więckowski
3
Tomasz Gallina
3
Paulina Pietrzyk
3
Sebastian Goncerz
3

  1. Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  2. Polish Institute of Evidence Based Medicine, Kraków, Poland
  3. Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland

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