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Temperature verification method of solar heat gains in installations with flat plate solar collectors – case study

Piotr Olczak
Polityka Energetyczna - Energy Policy Journal | 2021 | vol. 24 | No 1 | 115-132
Keywords measurement solar energy solar heat sources energy efficiency measures thermal solar collector
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Abstract

Solar collectors are used increasingly in single-family housing. Their popularity depends on many factors, including the price-to-productivity ratio, which in turn results from the development of solar collector technology as well as entire systems. This development consists of many aspects, including those related to the modernization of control systems and measuring of solar collector systems. Currently used systems offer, among others, the ability to determine the approximate solar heat gains using the sensors necessary for normal control of the sensor system. The paper analyzes, on the example of one facility, how such installations work in Polish conditions. An installation consisting of 3 solar collectors has been selected for analysis, supporting the preparation of hot utility water for a single-family residential building. The detailed analysis concerned days with high heat gains compared to the average heat demand for hot water preparation in the building. The temperature verification method (TVM) of the calculated solar heat gains by the solar system controller has been proposed. Then, differences in measurements according to two methods (controller and TVM) have been presented at various characteristic moments of the installation’s operation (start- -up, stop) and during continuous operation. It has been shown that during the day gains measured by the controller can be 15% lower than gains measured by the TVM method. The check has been carried out at a daily sunlight value higher than 4.8 kWh/m2 measured on a horizontal plane. The ratio of heat energy supplied to the domestic hot water storage tank to the measured insolation has been 34%. The sum of annual solar heat gains measured by the controller and TVM differed by 5.2%.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Olczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland

Economic and environmental assessment of the use of electric cars in Poland

Krystian Majchrzak Piotr Olczak Dominika Matuszewska Magdalena Wdowin
Polityka Energetyczna - Energy Policy Journal | 2021 | vol. 24 | No 1 | 153-168
Keywords ecology transport electric vehicles electromobility NPV
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Abstract

Electromobility and electric cars are the words that began to gain significance in the social discourse in Poland especially intensively since 2017. Then, along with the announcement of the „Plan for the Development of the Electromobility Market in Poland”, government declarations appeared regarding one million electric cars that are to be used on Polish roads by 2025. It is already known today that such a result in Poland is impossible to achieve in the assumed time. According to the report of the Polish Alternative Fuels Association-PSPA (Polish EV Outlook 2020), in the event of introducing subsidies for the purchase of cars or subsidies, such as the possibility of 100% VAT deduction by buyers of such vehicles, the number of electric cars in Poland in 2025 could be over 280 thousand pcs. Without such government support, the Polish electric car park will be twice smaller. High prices of electric cars are one of the key barriers limiting Poles in making decisions related to the purchase of a vehicle. The aim of this article is to analyse the current state of the social environment in relation to the topic of ecological, electric cars. To what extent is it beneficial for the potential car owner to change from a traditional (petrol or diesel) car to an electric car due to purely financial benefits and other aspects? The article consists of an overview – presenting aspects related to the socio-economic benefits of buying an electric car. It also contains specific calculations regarding the profitability of using such a car in Polish conditions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krystian Majchrzak
1
Piotr Olczak
2
ORCID: ORCID
Dominika Matuszewska
3
ORCID: ORCID
Magdalena Wdowin
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Foundation Instaway Institute, Warszawa, Poland
  2. Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
  3. AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland

Forecasting solar generation in energy systems to accelerate the implementation of sustainable economic development

Yevheniia Sribna Viktor Koval Piotr Olczak Dmytro Bizonych Dominika Matuszewska Oleksandr Shtyrov
Polityka Energetyczna - Energy Policy Journal | 2021 | vol. 24 | No 3 | 5-28
Keywords solar energy production and consumption of electricity “green” tariff disposal of solar panels
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Abstract

The analysis and assessment of the development of solar energy were carried out and it was noted that the production of solar electricity in the world has increased by more than 15% over the last year. In 2020 there are more than 37 countries with a total photovoltaic capacity of more than one GW, and the share of solar energy in total world electricity production was 8.15%. In the regional context, the largest production of electricity by solar energy sources is in Asia (at the expense of India and China) and North America (USA). The study assesses the main factors in the development of solar energy from the standpoint of environmental friendliness and stability of the electricity supply. The problem of the utilization of solar station equipment in the EU and the US is considered. According to the IPCC, IEA, Solar Power Europe, forecasting the development of solar energy in the world is considered. It is proved that the main factor in assessing the economic efficiency of solar energy production is a regional feature due to natural and climatic conditions (intensity of solar radiation). The use of solar generation is auxiliary for the operation of modern electrical networks as long as the efficiency of photovoltaic cells increases by at least 60–65%. Marginal costs of solar energy are minimal in those countries where active state support is provided. The competitiveness of solar energy is relatively low. However, from the standpoint of replacing energy fuel at a cost of USD 10 per 1 Gcal of solar energy saves 10–20 million tons of conventional fuel. Industrial production of solar electricity at modern solar power plants forms a price at the level of USD 250–450 for 1 MWh.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yevheniia Sribna
1
ORCID: ORCID
Viktor Koval
2
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Olczak
3
ORCID: ORCID
Dmytro Bizonych
4
Dominika Matuszewska
5
ORCID: ORCID
Oleksandr Shtyrov
6
  1. National University of Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Rivne, Ukraine
  2. National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
  3. Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
  4. Etalontechservice LLC, Kharkiv, Ukraine
  5. AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
  6. Petro Mohyla Black Sea National University, Mykolaiv

Regional dependencies of interest in the “My Electricity” photovoltaic subsidy program in Poland

Justyna Cader Piotr Olczak Renata Koneczna
Polityka Energetyczna - Energy Policy Journal | 2021 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 97-116
Keywords renewable energy photovoltaics correlation analysis “My Electricity” program RIS indicators
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Abstract

In less than a decade, the photovoltaic sector has transformed into a global business. The dynamics of its development vary depending on the country. According to estimates, the value of the photovoltaic micro-installations market in Poland at the end of 2019 exceeded PLN 2.8 billion. In the first half of 2020, the PV sector recorded dynamic growth with a total capacity of the micro-installations of 2.5 GWp. Government subsidies were among the factors contributing to the expansion of the PV sector. In Poland, there are many financial ways to intensify the construction of new renewable energy source installations, among others: feed-in tariff, grants, and loans. An example of photovoltaic grant support in Poland is the “Mój Prąd” [My Electricity] program created in 2019 with a budget of PLN 1.1 billion. The interest in the “My Electricity” program in individual provinces may vary, depending on socio-economic factors, technological and environmental resources, and the level of innovation. The research motivation of this article is a comparison of provinces in Poland according to selected energy, environmental, innovation, and socio-economic indicators and to show how these factors affect individual interest in the “My Electricity” photovoltaic development program in provinces. The highest correlation is for the total installation power under the “My Electricity” program and Gross Domestic Product and Human Developed Index. The highest correlation coefficient from RIS indicators and photovoltaic data programs was achieved for “R&D expenditure in the business sector”. The population was closely correlated with the total installation power and the grant value of the “My Electricity” program.
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Authors and Affiliations

Justyna Cader
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Olczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Renata Koneczna
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
  2. Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw, Poland

Heating films as an element of combined photovoltaic and heating systems in residential buildings

Krystian Majchrzak Monika Pepłowska Piotr Olczak
Polityka Energetyczna - Energy Policy Journal | 2021 | vol. 24 | No 3 | 29-42
Keywords renewable energy sources photovoltaics solar energy sustainable building heating films
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Abstract

This paper discusses the idea of combining a photovoltaic system with a heating film system to heat residential buildings. The analysis was performed for a newly built single-family house in Warsaw or its vicinity. The authors have selected the size of the photovoltaic installation, calculated the costs incurred by the user for the installation of a hybrid system, which were additionally compared to the cost of installing a gas installation (gas boiler) used for heating the building. The calculations were made for a single-family house with a usable area of 120 m2, the demand for utility energy for heating purposes in the newly built house was in the range of 10–50 kWh/m2/year. Based on the adopted parameters, the authors evaluated the economic efficiency of both investments (solutions) determining their net present values (NPV). The analysis takes the energy needed only for heating purposes into account.
NPV for a heating system with a gas boiler with an investment outlay EUR 8,000 for buildings purchased for utility energy in the amount of 20 kWh/m2/year and the price for natural gas EUR 0.04 /kWh will be EUR –10,500 (for 15 years, discount rate r = 3%). For the same thermal needs (energy required) of the building, NPV for heating films + photovoltaic (HF + PV) will amount to – EUR 8,100. Comparing the variants will get a EUR 2,400 higher NPV for HF + PV. With a utility energy demand for heating purpose of 50 kWh/m2/year and gas heating installation investment cost of EUR 7,000, the NPV for both variants will be equal for natural gas price = EUR 0.035/kWh.
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Żelazna et al. 2020 – Żelazna, A., Gołębiowska, J., Zdyb, A. and Pawłowski, A. 2020. A hybrid vs. on-grid photovoltaic system: Multicriteria analysis of environmental, economic, and technical aspects in life cycle perspective. Energies 13(15), 3978, DOI: 10.3390/en13153978.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krystian Majchrzak
1 2
Monika Pepłowska
3
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Olczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
  2. Instaway Institute, Warszawa, Poland
  3. Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland

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