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Abstract

This paper presents the Extended Force Density Method which allows for form-finding of cable nets under self-weight. Formulation of the method is based on the curved catenary cable element which assures high accuracy of the results and enables solving wide range of problems. Essential rules of the Force Density Method (FDM) are summarized in the paper. Some well-known formula describing behaviour of a catenary cable element under self-weight are given.Next the improved variant ofFDMwith all the theoretical and numerical details is introduced. Iterative procedure for solving nonlinear equations is described. Finally a simple verification example proves correctness of methods assumptions. Two further analyses of parameters crucial for correct use of Extended Force Density Method (EFDM) are presented in order to indicate their initial values for other numerical examples. Accuracy of the results are also investigated. A computer program UC-Form was developed in order to perform the calculations and graphically present the results. Some examples of use of EFDM are presented in details in Part II – Examples of application.
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Authors and Affiliations

Izabela Wójcik-Grząba
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The use of lithium-ion battery energy storage (BES) has grown rapidly during the past year for both mobile and stationary applications. For mobile applications, BES units are used in the range of 10–120 kWh. Power grid applications of BES are characterized by much higher capacities (range of MWh) and this area particularly has great potential regarding the expected energy system transition in the next years. The optimal operation of BES by an energy storage management system is usually predictive and based strongly on the knowledge about the state of charge (SOC) of the battery. The SOC depends on many factors (e.g. material, electrical and thermal state of the battery), so that an accurate assessment of the battery SOC is complex. The SOC intermediate prediction methods are based on the battery models. The modeling of BES is divided into three types: fundamental (based on material issues), electrical equivalent circuit (based on electrical modeling) and balancing (based on a reservoir model). Each of these models requires parameterization based on measurements of input/output parameters. These models are used for SOC modelbased calculation and in battery system simulation for optimal battery sizing and planning. Empirical SOC assessment methods currently remain the most popular because they allow practical application, but the accuracy of the assessment, which is the key factor for optimal operation, must also be strongly considered. This scientific contribution is divided into two papers. Paper part I will present a holistic overview of the main methods of SOC assessment. Physical measurement methods, battery modeling and the methodology of using the model as a digital twin of a battery are addressed and discussed. Furthermore, adaptive methods and methods of artificial intelligence, which are important for the SOC calculation, are presented. In paper part II, examples of the application areas are presented and their accuracy is discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcel Hallmann
1
ORCID: ORCID
Christoph Wenge
2
ORCID: ORCID
Przemyslaw Komarnicki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Stephan Balischewski
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Magdeburg-Stendal University of Applied Sciences, Germany
  2. Fraunhofer IFF Magdeburg, Germany
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Abstract

This paper presents new results for the dynamic behaviour of fluid around a rotating turbulator in a channel. The turbulator has a propeller form which is placed inside a flat channel. The research was carried out using 3D numerical simulation. The rationale of the experiment was as follows: we put a propeller-turbulator inside a flat channel, and then we insert a water flow inside the channel. The turbulator rotates at a constant and uniform speed. The main points studied here are the effect of the presence of turbulator and its rotational direction on the flow behaviour behind the turbulator. The results showed that the behaviour of flow behind the turbulator is mainly related to the direction of turbulator rotating. Also, the studied parameters affect coefficients of drag force and power number. For example, when the turbulator rotates in the positive direction, the drag coefficient decreases in terms of rotational speed of the turbulator, while the drag coefficient increases in terms of rotational speed when the turbulator rotates in the negative direction.
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Authors and Affiliations

Elhadi Zoubai
1
Houssem Laidoudi
1
Ismail Tlanbout
1
Oluwole Daniel Makinde
2

  1. University of Science and Technology of Oran Mohamed-Boudiaf, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Laboratory of Sciences and Marine Engineering, BP 1505, El-Menaouer, Oran, 31000, Algeria
  2. Stellenbosch University, Faculty of Military Science, Private Bag X2, Saldanha 7395, South Africa
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Abstract

In this article, I compare two positions – emergentism and panpsychism, in relation to the problem of the nature of consciousness. I analyze arguments offered in support of both positions and undertake to question them. I focus on panpsychism as the less known and more controversial position. Panpsychism and emergentism are considered “metaphysical hypotheses”. Finally I propose emergentism as a preferable position in view of the fact that it is impossible to defend panpsychism as a coherent position, compatible with science.

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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Dombrowski
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Abstract

Bullying has long-lasting consequences for mental and physical health as well as relationships, but little is known about how bullying experiences at school-age impact social behaviors–and particularly social attachment–in adulthood. This qualitative study investigates the relationship between experiencing school bullying and social attachment patterns in early adulthood. The analysis comprises a retrospective study of young adults in Poland (n = 20) who were interviewed to investigate possible connections between their peer bullying experiences and current social lives. The findings reveal three major social attachment patterns in adulthood: social cushioning, anxious withdrawal, and desperate friendship-seeking. In the first pattern, a person acquires emotional and social security through attachment to a small peer circle. In the second, a young adult prefers solitude or limited social contact to avoid further negative experiences. In the third, a person seeks to be socially recovered and approved despite multiple failures and rejections.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anzhela Popyk
1
Paula Pustułka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Małgorzata Wójcik
2
Maria Mondry
2

  1. Uniwersytet SWPS
  2. Uniwersytet SWPS, Katowice
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Abstract

In many countries, rapid secularisation exerts an ever growing control over nearly every aspect of social life, driving Christianity away from public life and substitu-ting it with an increasingly militant ideology. Christianity today faces many questions and challenges, from profound shifts in traditional values and new anthropologies to questions on the meaning of life and the place of the Church in pluralistic society. Do the Christians of today have anything to offer in the modern Areopagus of thought? Though in minority during the first few centuries of their history, Christians not only were able to claim their due place in society, but point to their contribution to its well-being and functioning. After the so-called Edict of Milan they tried to influence legislation and imbue it with the values and spirit of the Gospel. Not always was it possible, though. At times the border between the state and the Church were crossed either way. Nevertheless, in order to safeguard the autonomy of the Church in her re-lationship with the state, the former tried to adhere to the wise principle she received from her Founder to give back to Caesar what is Caesar’s, and to God what is God’s.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ks. Marek Raczkiewicz

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