The presence of inorganic elements in solid fuels is not only considered a direct source of problems in the furnace but is also connected with the release of pollutants into air during combustion. This article focuses on the sintering characteristics of biomass and coal ashes, in particular on the leaching processes, and their impact on the tendency to sinter ash. Biomass and coal ash with high alkali metal concentration can deposit in boiler sections and cause severe operating problems such as slagging, fouling and corrosion of boiler and heat exchanger surface, limiting heat transfer. Two biomass types and one coal ash with different origin and different chemical compositions were investigated. A sequential leaching analysis was employed in this study to elucidate the modes of occurrence of metals that can transform into fuel extract. Sequential leaching analysis was conducted as a two-step process: using distilled water in the first step and acetic acid in the second step. The chemical composition of ashes, before and after each step of the leaching processwas studied using ICP-OES method. The standard Ash Fusion Temperature (AFTs) technique was also employed to assess the sintering tendency of the tested samples. It was observed that the presence of key elements such as sodium, potassium, magnesium and sulphur (elucidated in the leaching process) plays a significant role in sintering process. The sintering tendency enhances when the concentration of these elements increases.

Two independent pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential of two different application methods for culture filtrates of 10 Trichoderma spp. strains to reduce infection of Phelipanche aegyptiaca in tomatoes. In the first method (foliar spray), seedlings were foliar sprayed three times with culture filtrate of each Trichoderma spp. strains pre- and posttransplanting. In the second method (soil drench), these culture filtrates were incorporated into the top 5 cm of the soil surface during transplantation. Foliar sprays of T33, T60, and T36 significantly reduced the progression of P. aegyptiaca infection throughout the growing period (85 days). The number of P. aegyptiacaʹs aboveground stalks and underground juveniles was also significantly reduced (83 and 66%) in T33-treated plants at the end of the experiment, while the fresh and dry weights of tomato fruits was significantly increased (86% and 90%). In the second approach, T66, T33, T35, T36, and T67 strains caused a significant reduction in the progression of P. aegyptiaca infection on tomatoes during the same period. The fresh and dry weights of stalks and attached juveniles of P. aegyptiaca in T66-treated plants were significantly reduced by 77, 52, 75, and 49%, respectively, compared to the control. The conclusion showed that T. virens T33 culture filtrate as foliar spray through some kind of induced systemic resistance (ISR) and T. brevicompactum T66 culture filtrate as soil drench can be used as natural bioherbicides to control P. aegyptiaca in tomatoes.

The Journal de traduction written by Marie‑Hélène Dumas during the translation of The Republic of Imagination by Azar Nafisi falls within an intermediate paratextual position between brouillon and métadiscours, where it is no longer the critic‑reader who establishes the bermanian translation horizon, but it is instead the author who spells out a project supported by a dual perception of authorship. As such, it is worth observing it in light of the recent interest of Translation Studies in the field of genetics of translation.