This paper presents mathematical modelling and numerical analysis to evaluate entropy generation analysis (EGA) by considering pressure drop and second law efficiency based on thermodynamics for forced convection heat transfer in rectangular duct of a solar air heater with wire as artificial roughness in the form of arc shape geometry on the absorber plate. The investigation includes evaluations of entropy generation, entropy generation number, Bejan number and irreversibilities of roughened as well as smooth absorber plate solar air heaters to compare the relative performances. Furthermore, effects of various roughness parameters and operating parameters on entropy generation have also been investigated. Entropy generation and irreversibilities (exergy destroyed) has its minimum value at relative roughness height of 0.0422 and relative angle of attack of 0.33, which leads to the maximum exergetic efficiency. Entropy generation and exergy based analyses can be adopted for the evaluation of the overall performance of solar air heaters.

The sedimentary environment, sediment characteristics and age−depth models of sediment sequences from Arctic lakes Revvatnet and Svartvatnet, located near the Polish Polar Station in Hornsund, southern Svalbard (77 ° N), were studied with a view to establishing a basis for paleolimnological climate and environmental reconstructions. The results indicate that catchment−to−lake hydroclimatic processes probably affect the transportation, distribution and accumulation of sediments in different parts of lakes Revvatnet and Svartvatnet. Locations with continuous and essentially stable sedimentary environments were found in both lakes between water depths of 9 and 26 m. We used several different dating techniques, including 137 Cs, 210 Pb, AMS 14 C, and paleomagnetic dating, to provide accurate and secured sediment chronologies. A recovered sequence from the northern basin of Revvatnet spans more than one thousand years long with laminated stratigraphy in the upper part of the sediment. Based on AMS 14 C dates, it is possible to suppose that Revvatnet basin was not occupied by a valley glacier during the Little Ice Age. The dates were supported by 137 Cs chronologies, but not confirmed with other independent dating methods that extent beyond the last 50 years. A sedimentary sequence from the northern basin of Svartvatnet provides a potential archive for the study of climate and environmental change for the last ca. 5000 years. Based on the stratigraphy and a Bayesian age−depth model of AMS 14 C and paleosecular variation (PSV) dates, the recovered sediment sections represent a continuous and stable sedimentation for the latter half of the Holocene.

The Covid-19 pandemic is having an unprecedented impact on health systems, on many economic sectors and on the labour market. This critical situation is also accompanied by social destabilisation, which has exacerbated inequalities and severely affected the most disadvantaged population groups, such as migrant workers. This study provides insights into the consequences of the first wave and the lockdown period in Spring 2020 of the Covid-19 pandemic on Romanians living in Italy, using data collected by the International Association Italy-Romania ‘Cuore Romeno’, within a project financed by the Romanian Department for Di-aspora and developed to support actions while strengthening the link with Romanian institutions during the pandemic. Findings show that, during the lockdown, two opposite situations occurred among Romanians. Workers in the ‘key sector’ become indispensable and experienced only small changes, while others lost their job or experienced a worsening of working conditions, with lower wages or an increase in working hours. Most workers chose to stay in Italy, relying on their savings or the support of the Italian government. Job losses, not having new employment, and having limited savings all influenced the decision of a smaller group to return to Romania. In conclusion, the analysis suggests that measures adopted should take into consider-ation that the Covid-19 pandemic might disproportionally hit population groups such as migrants, women, young people and temporary and unprotected workers, particularly those employed in trade, hospitality and agriculture.

Szybki rozwój gospodarki światowej doprowadził do rosnącego zapotrzebowania na surowce. Rozbieżność między podażą a popytem na zasoby jest w dalszym ciągu wyraźna i świadczy o niedoborze podaży. Projekty inwestycyjne dotyczące zasobów, obejmujące duże kwoty i długie okresy budowy, są narażone na wiele zagrożeń ze względu na różne nieprzewidywalne czynniki. Środowiska kulturowe, prawne, gospodarcze i inne różnią się w poszczególnych krajach. Dlatego kompleksowa identyfikacja, zrozumienie, ocena i analiza ryzyka są ważnymi warunkami wstępnymi powodzenia inwestycji w surowce mineralne. W artykule zidentyfikowano ryzyko inwestycji w surowce mineralne w krajach przyjmujących. Ustanawia się system wskaźników oceny ryzyka w celu obiektywnej oceny środowiska ryzyka w kraju przyjmującym. System wskaźników oceny ryzyka obejmuje cztery wskaźniki pierwszego stopnia: ryzyko polityczne i prawne, ryzyko społeczne i kulturowe, ryzyko ekonomiczne i finansowe oraz ryzyko naturalne. Subiektywna waga została określona poprzez wysyłanie kwestionariuszy do ekspertów i naukowców z branży oraz przeprowadzenie przetwarzania danych. Do wyznaczenia wagi obiektywnej wykorzystano metodę entropii. Na koniec połączono wagę subiektywną i wagę obiektywną, aby uzyskać grupę naukowych i dokładnych połączonych wag. Teoria elementów materii została wprowadzona do modelu chmury, a model oceny ryzyka oparty na teorii elementów materii chmury został skonstruowany z kompleksowym uwzględnieniem rozmytości i losowości ryzyka. Do weryfikacji zastosowania modelu wzięto osiem krajów o stosunkowo bogatych zasobach mineralnych. Wyniki badań zapewniają podstawy teoretyczne i metody podejmowania decyzji w zakresie inwestycji przedsiębiorstw z branży wydobywczej.

The two dimensional steady and unsteady flow field at midspan in a low speed axial flow compressor stage has been investigated experimentally, using two systems, based on totally different principles: a 2-sensor fast response straight and 90° triple split fiber probes (TSFP) and two dimensional LOA system with an emphasis on the interaction of the inlet guide vane (IGY) wake with the rotor flow field. To account for the uniformity of the rotor absolute inlet flow field, measurements has been made at eight tangential locations in the absolute frame equally spaced over one IGY pitch. The time resolved investigation, done by TSFP and LOA allows to presenting velocity fields, flow angles and turbulence data at different [GY-rotor positions during one blade passing period. The velocity measurements are decomposed into a time averaged velocity, a periodic velocity component and a unresolved velocity component. Using two measurement systems, one being intrusive and the other non-intrusive, in the same complex flow field, gives the opportunity for a critical comparison of results and opens the view for further improvements. Averaging these results, enabled also comparison with the pneumatic five-hole probe measurement.

W tej części pracy zaprezentowano szczególny przypadek Msplit estymacji, nazwany squared Msplit estymacją. Funkcja celu jest tutaj ustalana na podstawie wypukłych funkcji kwadratowych. Przedstawiono teoretyczne podstawy squared Msplit estymacji, jej algorytm oraz kilka przykładów numerycznych.