Unlike in conventional bridges, the backfill and the roadway pavement have a major bearing on the load capacity of buried corrugated metal structures. In the soil-steel structure model one can distinguish two structural subsystems: the shell made of corrugated steel plates and the soil backfill with the road pavement. The interaction between them is modelled as a contact (interfacial) interaction, i.e. forces normal and tangent to the surface of the shell. The normal interactions are variable during both construction and service life. Two algorithms are presented. In the first algorithm on the basis of unit strains the internal forces in the shell are determined and consequently the contact interactions are calculated. A large number of measuring points distributed on the circumferential section of the shell is needed for the calculations. In the second algorithm the collocation condition, according to which the result obtained from the shell geometry model must agree with the measured displacement of the structure’s collocation point, is used. When there are more such points, the estimated result is more precise. The advantage of both algorithms is that they take into account the physical characteristics of the soil in the backfill layers, but above all the backfill laying and compacting technology. The results of such analyses can be the basis for comparing the effectiveness of conventional geotechnical models.

In order to perform the computer simulation of the effect of heating technology on heat consumption, a program for the numerical computations of charge heating and heat exchange in the furnace chamber was developed within this study. The calculations of heat exchange in the furnace chamber were made using a zonal method. The internal space of the furnace was divided into 20 computational zones, in which isothermal surfaces and isothermal gas bodies were separated. The problem of radiation heat flow was solved using two versions of the brightness and configuration ratios method. In heat exchange calculations, heat transfer by means of convection was taken into account. The results of the computer simulation of the effect of heating intensity on heat exchange indicate clearly that the most energy-saving process is heating with "nearly" linear variation of charge surface temperature. The computation results show also that for each case of heating there is a specific charge surface temperature increase rate during the heating period. which assures the minimum heat consumption.

A current review of the most widely used production methods for fine cobalt powders, which find application as a binder in the manufacture of cemented carbides and diamond impregnated cutting tools, is provided. Emphasis has been placed on the powder's chemical, physical and technological characteristics specific to each production route. Nowadays, the majority of cobalt powder grades are made by chemical methods, such as thermal decomposition of cobalt oxalate, reduction of oxides, and hydrometallurgical processing of aqueous solutions, although an atomised material, used mainly in the thermal spray and surface coating field, is also applied in the diamond tool industry. The bulk of the industrially important cobalt powder passes through the 37μm (400 mesh) standard sieve. Therefore it has become customary to classify the commercial powders into ultrafine (or sub-micron), extrafine and mesh grades, which are characterised by an average particle size of 0.5-lμm, 1-3.Sμm and 3.5-6μm respectively, as determined by the Fisher method.

I investigate the idea of science elaborated by Edmund Husserl in his later works, first of all, in Cartesian Meditations and the Crisis of European Sciences. The first part of this investigation has been published in the paper: Edmunda Husserla idea nauki i projekt fenomenologii jako nauki ścisłej [Edmund Husserl’s Idea of Science and the Project of Phenomenology as a Strict Science], Filozofia i nauka. Studia filozoficzne i interdyscyplinarne, 2019, 7 (2), pp. 247–264. Husserl claims that the transformation of philosophy into a strict science, which is the basic aim of his intellectual enterprise, is connected with a reform of all the positive sciences. Positive science is closely related to philosophy—both they have a common grounding and ideal. The paper also compares Husserl’s project of philosophy as a fundamental science with the today trends in philosophy and the plurality of its schools, attitudes, fields of problems and methods.