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Number of results: 5
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Abstract

Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are not only important immune cell of the host, but also important target cell of a variety of respiratory pathogens. They play an important role in defense against pathogen invasion and in maintaining tissue balance. Interferon (IFN)-γ is a well known multipotent cytokine that has antiviral and antibacterial immune activity and enhances antigen presentation. To better reveal the biological processes of porcine AMs activated by IFN-γ, transcriptomic analysis was performed using Illumina HiSeqTM technique. The results identified 2,248 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 753 were upregulated and 1,495 were downregulated, in porcine AMs 12 h after IFN-γ stimulation, compared with mock-treated porcine AMs. A gene ontology function enrichment analysis of these DEGs indicated that these genes were significantly enriched in functional clusters such as immune response, defense response, and intracellular signaling cascades. Analyzing the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways of the DEGs showed that these genes are mainly involved in cytokine–cytokine receptor interactions, alpha linolenic acid metabolism, and the RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway. This study shows that a massive gene expression change occurred in porcine AMs following IFN-γ stimulation, which is critical for understanding the mechanisms of IFN-γ-mediated macrophage activation and immune regulation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Q. Liu
1
H.-Y. Wang
1

  1. Nanchong Key Laboratory of Disease Prevention, Control, and Detection in Livestock and Poultry, Nanchong Vocational and Technical College, Nanchong 637131, China
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Abstract

Packaging steels are thin gauge flat carbon steels coated with tin or chrome on both sides. They are very important raw materials for the production of steel packaging, which allow food to be stored safely and with an extended shelf life. The publication focuses on the production process of ETP and ECCS steel, as well as the problem of corrosion of steel packaging.

The topic of legislative changes that require the elimination of chromium (VI) compounds from the steel passivation process was also discussed. The packaging steel industry is currently facing the need to develop a new passivation technology. Leading packaging steel manufacturers in cooperation with varnish and paint suppliers have developed chromium (VI) free technologies by implementing chromium (III) compounds and titanium oxide technology.

Authors focus also on new trends and potential development directions for the packaging steel industry.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Słowik
P. Cępa
K. Czapla
P. Żabiński
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

Archaeological investigations were carried out on Sörkappland, the results together with literature data permitted to draw the past distribution of walruses at South Spitsbergen. Recent observations of walruses and marine biological survey indicate good perspectives for the recolonisation of investigated area by walrus population from East Svalbard region.

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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Krawczyk
Jan Marcin Węsławski
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

Linda Nochlin’s book Realism was published in the United States in 1971. The reasons for its prompt publication in Poland are not known, as in 1974 it did not generate much interest. However, at that time methodological problems similar to those presented by Nochlin began to be addressed in Polish art history. The effects of these activities became apparent only in the 1990s, when feminist art also began to be discussed in Poland.
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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna M. Sosnowska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Instytut Sztuki PAN
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Abstract

The aim of the article is to describe the semantics and origin, noted in ethnographic works from Polesie, of the beekeeping terms pczòły pàszut, pasznià ‘to bear benefit (pożytek), to work about the bee’. On the basis of historical materials of East Slavic languages and previous etymological hypotheses, the article relates the meaning of the described terms to the verb pachać ‘to plow; to create, to work’, recognizing it as a semantic archaism. The work also verifies the origin of the form pasznia in Old Polish lexis, recognizing it as a Beloruthenism.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agata Kwaśnicka‑Janowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Language History and Dialectology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland

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