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Abstract

The paper is focused on the palaeographic development of the western part of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland, during the maximum extent of the Sanian 2 (MIS 12) ice sheet and its retreat. The studies were based on archival cartographic data, coupled with new lithological and petrographic analyses of limni- and fluvioglacial sands, i.e., grain-size composition, quartz grain morphology and heavy mineral analysis, as well as analysis of the erratic material of tills. The results confirm the regional variability of the erratic material in the Sanian 2 tills and point to the long-term development of fluvioglacial sands cover documenting cold climate conditions. They also evidence that the western part of the Holy Cross Mountains was the area where two oppositely directed ice sheet lobes (Radoszyce and Sandomierz) advanced during the Sanian 2 Glaciation and that deglaciation of the area took place in two stages. Huge quantities of meltwater released at that time contributed to the intensification of earlier initiated karst phenomena, as well as filling of the existing caves by fluvioglacial sands.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Dzierżek
1
Leszek Lindner
1
Krzysztof Cabalski
1
Jan Urban
2
Michał Cyglicki
3

  1. Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 93, PL-02-089 Warszawa, Poland
  2. Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Adama Mickiewicza 33, PL- 31-120, Kraków
  3. Polish Geological Institute-National Research Institute, Rakowiecka 4, PL-00-975, Warszawa, Poland
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Abstract

Mass Spring Systems (MSS) are often used to simulate the behavior of deformable objects, for example in computer graphics (modeling clothes for virtual characters) or in medicine (surgical simulators that facilitate the planning of surgical operations) due to their simplicity and speed of calculation. This paper presents a new, two-parameter method (TP MSS) of determining the values of spring coefficients for this model. This approach can be distinguished by a constant parameter which is calculated once at the beginning of the simulation, and a variable parameter that must be updated at each simulation step. The value of this variable parameter depends on the shape changes of the elements forming the mesh of the simulated object. The considered mesh is built of elements in the shape of acute-angled triangles. The results obtained using the new model were compared to FEM simulations and the Van Gelder model. The simulation results for the new model were also compared with the results of the bubble inflation test.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Sylwester Tudruj
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Kurec
2
ORCID: ORCID
Janusz Piechna
1
ORCID: ORCID
Konrad Kamieniecki
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Aeronautics and Applied Mechanics, Warsaw, Poland
  2. Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Micromechanics and Photonics, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The article presents three German-located case studies based on stochastic methods founded by the theory proposed by Knothe and the development of the ‘Ruhrkohle method’ according to Ehrhardt and Sauer. These solutions are successfully applied to predict mining-induced ground movements. The possibility of forecasting both vertical and horizontal ground movements has been presented in the manuscript, which allowed for optimization mining projects in terms of predicted ground movements.
The first example presents the extraction of the Mausegatt seam beneath the district of Moers-Kapellen in the Niederberg mine. Considering, among others, the adaption of the dynamic impact of the underground operations to the mining-induced sensitivity of surface objects, the maximum permissible rate of the face advance has been determined.
The second example presents the extraction of coal panel 479 in the Johann seam located directly in the fissure zone of Recklinghausen-North. Also, in this case, the protection of motorway bridge structure (BAB A43/L225) to mining influences has been presented. The Ruhrkohle method was used as a basis for the mathematical model that was developed to calculate the maximum horizontal opening of the fissure zone and the maximum gap development rate.
Part of the article is dedicated to ground uplift due to rising mine water levels. Although it is not the main factor causing mining-related damage, such movements in the rock masses should also be predicted. As the example of the Königsborn mine, liquidated by flooding, shows stochastic processes are well suited for predicting ground uplift. The only condition is the introduction of minor adjustments in the model and the use of appropriate parameters.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anton Sroka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Stefan Hager
2
ORCID: ORCID
Rafał Misa
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Tajduś
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mateusz Dudek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Strata Mechanics Research Institute, Polish Academy of Science, Kraków, Poland
  2. RAG Aktiengesellschaft, Im Welterbe 10, 45141 Essen, Germany

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