Successful mine planning is necessary for the sustainability of mining activities. Since this process depends on many criteria, it can be considered a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) problem. In this study, an integrated MCDM method based on the combination of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the technique for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) is proposed to select the optimum mine planning in open-pit mines. To prove the applicability of the proposed method, a case study was carried out. Firstly, a decision-making group was created, which consists of mining, geology, planning engineers, investors, and operators. As a result of studies performed by this group, four main criteria, thirteen sub-criteria, and nine mine planning alternatives were determined. Then, AHP was applied to determine the relative weights of evaluation criteria, and TOPSIS was performed to rank the mine planning alternatives. Among the alternatives evaluated, the alternative with the highest net present value was selected as the optimum mine planning alternative. It has been determined that the proposed integrated AHP-TOPSIS method can significantly assist decision-makers in the process of deciding which of the few mine planning alternatives should be implemented in open-pit mines.

Research has given increasing recognition to the important role that children play in family decisions to migrate and the significant impact of migration on family relationships. At the same time, the role of emotional labour involved in feeling ‘at home’ and the sense of ontological security and everyday be-longing that families develop post-migration can benefit from further exploration. Drawing on data collected with Eastern European migrant families in Scotland, this article explores intergenerational understandings of (in)securities by comparing parents’ and children’s views on their lives post-migra-tion. It shows that, while adults constructed family security around notions of stable employment and potential for a better future, children reflected more on the emotional and ontological insecurities which families experienced. Family relationships are often destabilised by migration, which can lead to long-term or permanent insecurities such as family disintegration and the loss of a sense of recognition and be-longing. The article reflects on the ways in which insecurities of the past are transformed, but are un-likely to be resolved, by migration to a new country. It does this by grounding the analysis in young people’s own understandings of security and by examining how their narratives challenge idealised adult expectations of family security and stability post-migration. It also shows that young people’s involvement in migration research brings an important perspective to the family dynamics post-migra-tion, challenging adult-centred constructs.

This contribution examines the legal powers that Dutch authorities have to restrict the right to free move-ment of mobile but ‘unwanted’ EU citizens, including measures that seek to expel and ban EU citizens from re-entering the Netherlands. The article defines ‘unwanted’ EU citizens as mobile EU citizens in re-spect of whom national authorities seek to take measures to restrict their right of residence, either on the grounds of their being an unreasonable burden on the Dutch social assistance system or in respect of public policy and public security. We analyse the relevant EU legal rules, their interpretation by the Court of Justice of the EU and their national implementation and application in order to show the legal con-straints faced by national authorities when seeking to restrict EU mobility. This legal study is supple-mented by a discussion of existing data on the number of EU citizens expelled or removed from the Netherlands. Our analysis suggests that, due to the legal protection enjoyed by mobile EU citizens against measures restricting their residence rights, the Dutch authorities encourage voluntary departure as a pragmatic solution to the presence of ‘unwanted’ EU citizens.

One should note that, in the area ofmaritime environmental protection and of liability for pollution, these matters are regulated by secondary legislation of the European Community, above all by directives and decisions. However, a special role is played here by international conventions. Among these are: the MARPOL convention 1973/1978; the convention on protecting the maritime environment of the Baltic (1974 and I 992); and also the convention on the law of the sea from 1982. Community treaties are a source supplementing Community law. Environmental protection is an area of co-operation between the European Community and Poland. It affects various economic sectors, and is an essential criterion in economic decision-making. The European Community's basic norms relating to maritime matters are: I. Council Decision 75/437/EWG on pollution of the sea from land-based sources; 2. Council Directive 76/160/EWG on water quality in bathing resorts; 3. Council Directive 76/464/EWG on the dumping of dangerous substances; 4. Council Directive 82/176/EWG on the dumping of mercury; 5. Council Directive 83/513/EWG on dumping cadmium; 6. Council Directive 93/75/EWG fixing minimum requirements for ships entering or leaving Community ports, and carrying dangerous or polluting materials. This directive reflects MARPOL requirements. 7. Commission Decision 93/550/EWG on the accession of the European Community to the Convention on the protection of the maritime environment of the Baltic from 1974. Poland is also a party to all the conventions noted above, and they are part of Polish law. In the light ofthis, one must note that the legal protection ofthe maritime environment and liability for its pollution are regulated in the same way in Polish and in European Community law. This is a result of the universal scope of international conventions in this matter.

Etyka gospodarcza – wraz z innymi etykami stosowanymi – poszukuje podstaw ważnościowych swoich sądów. O możliwości wykorzystania jej w procesie mediacji pomiędzy uczestnikami życia gospodarczego decydują przecież argumenty uzasadnia-jące jej werdykty. Muszą one być przekonujące oraz spełniać wymóg bezstronności. Owszem, w ich pozyskiwaniu pomocna jest etyka filozoficzna. Wobec wielości jej propozycji oraz ich niedostatecznego epistemologicznego ugruntowania akcent pada na te z nich, którym towarzyszy metaetyczna rekomendacja. Tu zaś wybór narzędzi ulega znacznemu ograniczeniu. Z tego powodu, poszukiwania etycznej miary, zachowującej walory aplikacyjne, kontynuowane są w sferze kultury. Tymczasem to rozszerzenie wymaga ostrożności. Próżno szukać w kulturze gotowej odpowiedzi na pytanie, jak być powinno. Kultura, rzecz jasna, zawiera takie odpowiedzi. Zawiera ich jednak więcej, niż spodziewałby się tego etyk poszukujący w jej obszarze rozwiązania nurtujących go problemów. Okolicznością utrudniającą owe poszukiwania są zmiany w kulturze Zachodu, dokonujące się od połowy XX wieku. Ich wieloaspektowość sprawia, że nie poddają się one systematyzacji podporządkowanej zasadzie koherencji. Domniemanie dotyczące złożoności i niejednorodności przekonań normatywnych żywionych przez społeczeństwa zachodnie potwierdza m.in. analiza procesów zapoczątkowanych przez zwrot performatywny. Celem artykułu jest wyjaśnienie, dlaczego świat wartości kulturowych, pomimo wielości praktyk nadawania im znaczenia, zasadnie aspiruje do miana normatywnego fundamentu życia zbiorowego, w tym życia gospodarczego.