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The 1987-1992 microplots experiment was conduced in agricultural field conditions under routine crop, and herbicide rotation. Over the experimental time only the endoparasitic species, Pratylenchus neglectus revealed significant changes in the population dynamics. In a sugar beet the nematode population decreasad in microplots treated with chloridazon (3.25 kg/ha) or cycloate (4.44 kg/ha) but increased in the control. In a winter rape the population ofP neg/ecrus increased in microplots treated with benazolin (0.45 kg/ha) but it decreased in the control. The observed trends in the dynamics of the nematode population persisted for one year only, and they were changed with the rotation of crop and herbicides. No differences betwen herbicides treated, and control microplots were observed with linuron + bentazone (10 kg/ha + 1.5 kg/ha, respectively) was applied to pea culture, metabenzthiazuron (2.8 kg/ha) was applied to a winter wheat, and MCPA as sodium salt + dicamba as sodium salt (0.725 kg/ha + 0.08 kg/ha, respectively) was applied to a spring wheat. The examined crops and herbicides did not markedly affect the population dynamics of ectoparasitic Tylenchorhynchus dubius, Helicotylenchus digonicus and Mesocrico nema curvatum.

On the Tenderness of the Environment and the “Tender Narrator.”

Previous researchers have been widely studied the equation for calculating the energy dissipation in USBR Type IV, applied in the stilling basin structure as an energy dissipator. However, inefficient energy dissipating basins are commonly found in the field due to the large discharge and high water head, potentially damaging the bottom of the energy dissipating basin and its downstream river. Therefore, an energy dissipator plan fulfilling the safe specifications for the flow behaviour that occurred is required. This study aimed to determine the variation of the energy dissipators and evaluate their effect on the hydraulic jump and energy dissipation. For this purpose, a physical model was undertaken on the USBR Type IV spillway system. The novelty of this experiment showed that combination and modification dissipation features, such as floor elevation, end threshold and riprap lengthening, could effectively dissipate the impact of energy downstream. The final series exhibited a significantly higher Lj/y1 ratio, a favourable condition due to the compaction of the hydraulic jump. There was also a significant increase in the downstream tailwater depth (y2) during the jump formation. Therefore, the final series energy dissipator was better in the stilling basin design for hydraulic jump stability and compaction. The increase in energy dissipation for the final series type was the highest (98.4%) in Q2 and the lowest (84.8%) in Q10 compared to the original series. Therefore, this type can better reduce the cavitation risk damaging to the structure and downstream of the river.