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Abstract

This contribution discusses the unresolved claims of Poland and Germany arising from the destruction, removal, and appropriation of cultural property during and immediately following the Second World War; viewed against the background of the 50th anniversary of the 1970 Warsaw Treaty and the 30th anniversary of the 1990 2+4 Treaty. It provides an analysis of the extent to which these and other bilateral treaties between Germany and Poland impose legal obligations to restore or compensate for the destruction or loss of cultural property. Finally, it suggests pragmatic solutions to overcome the convoluted political, diplomatic and legal debates in the spirit of “cultural internationalism” and in line with the proposals of the Copernicus Group of Polish and German historians.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hans-Georg Dederer
1
ORCID: ORCID
Markus P. Beham
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Passau (Passau)
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Abstract

In the paper critical role of including the right material parameters, as input values for computer modelling, is stressed. The presented model of diffusion, based on chemical potential gradient, in order to perform calculations, requires a parameter called mobility, which can be calculated using the diffusion coefficient. When analysing the diffusion problem, it is a common practice to assume the diffusion coefficient to be a constant within the range of temperature and chemical composition considered. By doing so the calculations are considerably simplified at the cost of the accuracy of the results. In order to make a reasoned decision, whether this simplification is desirable for particular systems and conditions, its impact on the accuracy of calculations needs to be assessed. The paper presents such evaluation by comparing results of modelling with a constant value of diffusion coefficient to results where the dependency of Di on temperature, chemical composition or both are added. The results show how a given deviation of diffusivity is correlated with the change in the final results. Simulations were performed in a single dimension for the FCC phase in Fe-C, Fe-Si and Fe-Mn systems. Different initial compositions and temperature profiles were used.
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Bibliography

[1] Lambers, J.V. & Sumner, A.C. (2016). Explorations in Numerical Analysis. World Scientific Publishing.
[2] Nishibata, T., Kohtake, T. & Kajihara, M. (2020). Kinetic analysis of uphill diffusion of carbon in austenite phase of low-carbon steels. Materials Transactions. 61(5), 909-918. DOI: 10.2320/matertrans.MT-M2019255.
[3] Wróbel, M., & Burbelko, A. (2022). A diffusion model of binary systems controlled by chemical potential gradient. Journal of Casting & Materials Engineering. 6(2), 39-44. DOI: 10.7494/jcme.2022.6.2.39.
[4] Porter, D.A., Easterling, K.E. & Sherif, M.Y. (2009). Phase transformations in metals and alloys. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
[5] Bhadeshia, H.K.D.H. (2021). Course MP6: Kinetics & Microstructure Modelling. University of Cambridge. Retrieved July 23 2021 from: https://www.phase-trans.msm.cam.ac.uk/teaching.html
[6] Bergethon, P.R. & Simons, E.R. (1990). Biophysical Chemistry: Molecules to Membranes. New York: Springer-Verlag. DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4612-3270-4
[7] Shewmon, P. (2016). Diffusion in Solids. Cham: Springer International Publishers
[8] Mehrer, H. (2007). Diffusion in Solids: Fundamentals, Methods, Materials, Diffusion-Controled Processes. Berlin – Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag
[9] Hillert, M. (2008). Phase Equilibria, Phase Diagrams and Phase Transformations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[10] Lukas, H.L., Fries, S.G. & Sundman, B. (2007). Computational Thermodynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[11] Brandes, E.A. & Brook, G.B. (Eds.) (1998). Smithells Metals Reference Book. 7th Edition. Oxford: Elsevier.
[12] Bergner, D., Khaddour, Y. & Lorx, S. (1989). Diffusion of Si in bcc- and fcc-Fe. Defect and Diffusion Forum. 66-69, 1407-1412. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.66-69.1407.
[13] Nohara, K. & Hirano, K. (1973). Self-diffusion and Interdiffusion in γ solid solutions of the iron-manganese system. Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals. 37(1), 51-61. https://doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet1952.37.1_51
[14] Gegner, J. (2006). Concentration- and temperature-dependent diffusion coefficient of carbon in FCC iron mathematically derived from literature data. In the 4th Int Conf Mathematical Modeling and Computer Simulation of Materials Technologies, Ariel, College of Judea and Samaria.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Wróbel
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Burbelko
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

Genetic diversity manipulates a prime and vital role in the sustainable use of genetic resources. The data highlighted more insights into the genetic diversity of the arta plant ( Calligonum polygonoides subsp. comosum) populations collected from three localities, Qalabshu ( QQ), Mutubas ( MM) and Gamasa (GG), in Egypt as gene pool for biodiversity conservation and afforestation. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers investigated the population pattern and structure. A total of 129-amplicons oscillated from 145 to 1505 bp and a total of 19-amplicons were specific markers with an average of nine bands for each population. The Shannon index (I) scored at an average of 0.3. The diversity ( h) oscillated from 0.11 to 0.25. The similarity matrices based on Jaccard coefficient recorded positive values. A higher correlation (r = 0.83) was between the combined Qalabshu (QQ) and Mutubas (MM) matrices using the Mantel test with 1,000 permutations. This species has higher adaptability for their regions. This gene pool is a valuable reservoir for enriching genetic diversity and provides basal information for the biodiversity conservation of a dominant species. The dominant species can be utilised in afforestation in the same region or another region which has the same environmental conditions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ehab M.B. Mahdy
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rehab M. Rizk
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. National Gene Bank (NGB), Agricultural Research Centre (ARC), 9 Gamaa St, P.O. Box 12619, Giza, Egypt
  2. Mansoura University, Faculty of Science, Botany Department, Mansoura, Egypt
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Abstract

The article presents the phenomenon of intermediate city defined by Thomas Sieverts in his book titled Zwischenstadt (the title of the English edition: Cities Without Cities). The intermediate city represents — according to the author — a new urban form emerging between historical compact cities. Thomas Sieverts is not enthusiastic about such development, but he believes it to be inevitable. If that was the case we will have to accept it and revise our values. We need to regard the intermediate city not only as a threat but also as a chance for new development and new challenge for planning and urban design. The intermediate city is emerging also in our region — around Krakow. Some elements of the development are discussed — also the ones offering chances for positive changes.
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Bibliography

Dunphy, R. et al. (2004), Developing Around Transit — Strategies and Solutions That Work, Washington D.C.: ULI-the Urban Land Institute.
Sieverts, T. (2003), Cities without Cities — an Interpretation of the Zwischenstadt, London, New York: Spon Press; wydanie niemieckie (2000), Zwischenstadt, Szwajcaria: Birkhauser.
Spyrka, W. (2017), Planowanie korytarzy osiedleńczych w oparciu o sieć transportu zbiorowego — przykład pasma Doliny Raby, praca doktorska, Kraków: Politechnika Krakowska, Wydział Architektury.
Żakowska, L., Bieda, K. (2014), Accessiility as a Criterion for Urban Design of Neighbourhood Areas, Porto: CITA 7 Annual Conference Bridging Implementation Gap.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Bieda
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Podhalańska Państwowa Uczelnia Zawodowa w Nowym Targu, Instytut Nauk Technicznych

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