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Swing-up control of mass body interlinked flexible tether

Mohd A. Abdullah Yohei Michitsuji Shoichiro Takehara Masao Nagai Naoki Miyajima
Archive of Mechanical Engineering | 2010 | vol. 57 | No 2 | 115-131 | DOI: 10.2478/v10180-010-0006-y
Keywords motion control multibody dynamics flexible body genetic algorithm tether Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation
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Abstract

One of the applications of tether system is in the field of satellite technology, where the mother ship and satellite equipment are connected with a cable. In order to grasp the motion of this kind of tether system in detail, the tether can be effectively modeled as flexible body and dealt by multibody dynamic analysis. In the analysis and modeling of flexible body of tether, large deformation and large displacement must be considered. Multibody dynamic analysis such as Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation with an introduction of the effect of damping force formulation can be used to describe the motion behavior of a flexible body. In this study, a parameter identification technique via an experimental approach is proposed in order to verify the modeling method. An example of swing-up control using the genetic algorithm control approach is performed through simulation and experiment. The validity of the model and availability of motion control based on multibody dynamics analysis are shown by comparison between numerical simulation and experiment.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mohd A. Abdullah
Yohei Michitsuji
Shoichiro Takehara
Masao Nagai
Naoki Miyajima

A Short Review on the Influence of Antimony Addition to the Microstructure and Thermal Properties of Lead-Free Solder Alloy

Nur Syahirah Mohamad Zaimi Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd Izrul Izwan Ramli
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 981-986 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145463
Keywords Lead-free solder antimony microstructure melting temperature
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Abstract

For long time, Sn-Pb solder alloys have been used extensively as the main interconnection materials in the soldering. It is no doubt that Sn-Pb offers many advantages including good electrical conductivity, mechanical properties as well as low melting temperature. However, Pb is very toxic and Pb usage poses risk to human health and environments. Owing to this, the usage of Pb in the electronic industry was banned and restricted by the legislation. These factors accelerate the efforts in finding suitable replacement for solder alloy and thus lead-free solder was introduced. The major problems associated with lead-free solder is the formation of large and brittle intermetallic compound which have given a rise to the reliability issues. Micro alloying with Sb seems to be advantageous in improving the properties of existing lead-free solder alloy. Thus, this paper reviews the influence of Sb addition to the lead-free solder alloy in terms of microstructure formations and thermal properties.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nur Syahirah Mohamad Zaimi
1
Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Izrul Izwan Ramli
1
  1. Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CeGeoGTech), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Taman Muhibbah, 02600 Jejawi, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Modern materials – obtaining and characterization (alloys, polymers)

Bogusław Major Andrei Victor Sandu Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Marcin Nabiałek Tomasz Tański Adam Zieliński
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 5 | e139318 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.139318
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Bibliography

  1.  S. Luhar, T.W. Cheng, D. Nicolaides, I. Luhar, D. Panias, and K. Sakkas, “Valorisation of glass wastes for the development of geopolymer composites—Durability, thermal and microstructural properties: A review,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 222, pp. 673–687, 2019.
  2.  K. Zulkifly et al., “Elevated-Temperature Performance, Combustibility and Fire Propagation Index of Fly Ash-Metakaolin Blend Ge- opolymers with Addition of Monoaluminium Phosphate (MAP) and Aluminum Dihydrogen Triphosphate (ATP),” Materials, vol.  14, p. 1973, 2020.
  3.  S. Hasani, P. Rezaei-Shahreza, A. Seifoddini, and M. Hakimi, “Enhanced glass forming ability, mechanical, and magnetic properties of Fe41Co7Cr15Mo14Y2C15B6 bulk metallic glass with minor addition of Cu,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, vol. 497, pp. 40–47, 2018.
  4.  J. Zhou, W. Yang, C. Yuan, B. Sun, and B. Shen, “Ductile FeNi-based bulk metallic glasses with high strength and excellent soft magnetic properties,” J. Alloys Compd., vol. 742, pp. 318‒324, 2018.
  5.  M. Nabiałek et al., “Relationship between the shape of X-ray diffraction patterns and magnetic properties of bulk amorphous alloys Fe65Nb5Y5+xHf5–xB20 (where: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5),” J. Alloys Compd., vol. 820, p. 153420, 2020.
  6.  S. Chen et al., “Elevated-temperature tensile deformation and fracture behavior of particle-reinforced PM 8009Al matrix composite,” Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci., vol. 69, no. 5, p. e138846, 2021, doi: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.138846.
  7.  S. Berdowska, J. Berdowski, and F. Aubry, “The relationship between the structural anisotropy of the PFA polymer/compressed expanded graphite-matrix composites and acoustic emission characteristics,” Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci., vol. 69, no. 5, p. e138235, 2021, doi: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.138235.
  8.  M. Mikuśkiewicz, “Silicon nitride/carbon nanotube composites: preparation and characterization,” Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci., vol. 69, no. 5, p. e138234, 2021, doi: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.138234.
  9.  L. Sozańska-Jędrasik, W. Borek, and J. Mazurkiewicz, “Mechanisms of plastic deformation in light high-manganese steel of TRIPLEX type,” Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci., vol. 69, no. 5, p. e137412, 2021, doi: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137412.
  10.  A. Zieliński, R. Wersta, and M. Sroka, “Analysis of the precipitation process of secondary phases after long-term ageing of S304H steel,” Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci., vol. 69, no. 5, p. e137520, 2021, doi: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137520.
  11.  K. Pawlik, “Structure and properties of suction-cast Pr-(Fe, Co)-(Zr, Nb)-B rod magnets,” Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci., vol.  69, no. 5, p. e138971, 2021, doi: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.138971.
  12.  S. Lesz, B. Hrapkowicz, K. Gołombek, M. Karolus, and P. Janiak, “Synthesis of Mg-based alloys with rare-earth element addition by means of mechanical alloying,” Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci., vol. 69, no. 5, p. e137586, 2021, doi: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137586.
  13.  B. Hrapkowicz, S. Lesz, M. Kremzer, M. Karolus, and W. Pakieła, “Mechanical alloying of Mg-Zn-Ca-Er alloy,” Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci., vol. 69, no. 5, p. e137587, 2021, doi: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137587.
  14.  A.M. Țițu, A.B. Pop, M. Nabiałek, C.C. Dragomir, and A.V. Sandu, “Experimental modeling of the milling process of aluminum alloys used in the aerospace industry,” Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci., vol. 69, no. 5, p. e138565, 2021, doi: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.138565.
  15.  M. Staszuk et al., “Investigations of TiO2, Ti/TiO2, and Ti/TiO2/Ti/TiO2 coatings produced by ALD and PVD methods on Mg-(Li)-Al- RE alloy substrates,” Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci., vol. 69, no. 5, p. e137549, 2021, doi: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137549.
  16.  R. Szklarek et al., “High temperature resistance of silicide-coated niobium,” Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci., vol. 69, no. 5, p. e137416, 2021, doi: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137416.
  17.  T. Tański, W. Smok, and W. Matysiak, “Characterization of morphology and optical properties of SnO2 nanowires prepared by electrospinning,” Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci., vol. 69, no. 5, p. e 137507, 2021, doi: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137507.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bogusław Major
1
ORCID: ORCID
Andrei Victor Sandu
2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
3
Marcin Nabiałek
4
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Tański
5
ORCID: ORCID
Adam Zieliński
6
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science Polish Academy of Science, ul. Reymonta 25, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
  2. Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 71 D. Mangeron Blvd., 700050 Iasi, Romania
  3. Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Institute of Physics, Czestochowa University of Technology, ul. Dabrowskiego 69, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland
  5. Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Konarskiego 18A, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
  6. Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz – Instytut Metalurgii Żelaza im. Stanisława Staszica, (Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute for Ferrous Metallurgy), ul. K. Miarki 12-14, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Structure and properties of modern engineering materials

Bogusław Major Marcin Nabialek Marek Sroka Marek Węglowski Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 2 | e145679 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.145679
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Authors and Affiliations

Bogusław Major
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Nabialek
2
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Sroka
3
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Węglowski
4
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
5
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
  2. Czestochowa University of Technology, Częstochowa, Poland
  3. Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
  4. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Welding, Gliwice, Poland
  5. University Malaysia Perlis, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia

Effect of Sodium Aluminate on the Fresh and Hardened Properties of Fly Ash-Based One-Part Geopolymer

Ooi Wan-En Yun-Ming Liew Heah Cheng Yong Ho Li-Ngee Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Ong Shee-Ween Andrei Victor Sandu
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 2 | 441-445 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137775
Keywords Geopolymer One-part geopolymer fly ash Sodium Aluminate Sodium Metasilicate
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Abstract

The one-part geopolymer binder was synthesis from the mixing of aluminosilicate material with solid alkali activators. The properties of one-part geopolymers vary according to the type and amount of solid alkali activators used. This paper presents the effect of various sodium metasilicate-to-sodium aluminate (NaAlO2/Na2SiO3) ratios on fly ash-based one-part geopolymer. The NaAlO2/Na2SiO3 ratios were set at 1.0 to 3.0. Setting time of fresh one-part geopolymer was examined through Vicat needle apparatus. Mechanical and microstructural properties of developed specimens were analysed after 28 days of curing in ambient condition. The study concluded that an increase in NaAlO2 content delayed the setting time of one-part geopolymer paste. The highest compressive strength was achieved at the NaAlO2/Na2SiO3 ratio of 2.5, which was 33.65 MPa. The microstructural analysis revealed a homogeneous structure at the optimum ratio. While the sodium aluminium silicate hydrate (N-A-S-H) and anorthite phases were detected from the XRD analysis.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ooi Wan-En
1 2
Yun-Ming Liew
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Heah Cheng Yong
2 3
ORCID: ORCID
Ho Li-Ngee
2 4
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Ong Shee-Ween
1 2
Andrei Victor Sandu
5
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UNIMAP), Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGEOGTECH), Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UNIMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UNIMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UNIMAP), Centre of Excellence Frontier Materials Research, FRONTMATEKANGAR, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  5. Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, 700050, Iasi, Romania

Effect of Silica Fume and Alumina Addition on the Mechanical and Microstructure of Fly Ash Geopolymer Concrete

Fong Sue Min Heah Cheng Yong Liew Yun Ming Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Hasniyati Md Razi Foo Wah Low Ng Hui-Teng Ng Yong-Sing
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 197-202 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137489
Keywords geopolymer concrete silica fume alumina
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Abstract

This paper discussed the effect of the addition of silica fume (2 wt.% and 4 wt.%) and alumina (2 wt.% and 4 wt.%) on the properties of fly ash geopolymer concrete. The fly ash geopolymer concrete achieved the highest 28-day compressive strength with 2 wt.% of silica fume (39 MPa) and 4 wt.% of alumina (41 MPa). The addition of 2 wt.% of silica fume increased the compressive strength by 105% with respect to the reference geopolymer (without additive). On the other hand, the compressive strength surged by 115% with 4 wt.% of alumina compared to the reference geopolymer. The addition of additives improved the compactness of the geopolymer matrix according to the morphology analysis.
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Authors and Affiliations

Fong Sue Min
1
Heah Cheng Yong
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Liew Yun Ming
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
Hasniyati Md Razi
4
Foo Wah Low
5
Ng Hui-Teng
1 2
Ng Yong-Sing
1 2
  1. Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600 Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Reactor Technology Center, Technical Support Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia
  5. Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering & Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia

Enhancement of Tensile Properties of Glass Fibre Epoxy Laminated Composites Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes interlayer using Electrospray Deposition

Muhammad Razlan Zakaria Mohd Firdaus Omar Hazizan Md Akil Muhammad Bisyrul Hafi Othman Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 2 | 685-690 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137806
Keywords Glass fibre carbon nanotubes Hybrid Material Epoxy Laminated Composites
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Abstract

The introduction of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) onto glass fibre (GF) to create a hierarchical structure of epoxy laminated composites has attracted considerable interest due to their merits in improving performance and multifunctionality. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used to analyze the woven hybrid GF-CNT. The results demonstrated that CNT was successfully deposited on the woven GF surface. Woven hybrid GF-CNT epoxy laminated composites were then prepared and compared with woven GF epoxy laminated composites in terms of their tensile properties. The results indicated that the tensile strength and tensile modulus of the woven hybrid GF-CNT epoxy laminated composites were improved by up to 9% and 8%, respectively compared to the woven hybrid GF epoxy laminated composites.
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Authors and Affiliations

Muhammad Razlan Zakaria
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Firdaus Omar
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Hazizan Md Akil
3
ORCID: ORCID
Muhammad Bisyrul Hafi Othman
4
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Geopolymer & Green Technology, Centre of Excellent (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
  4. Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Chemical Sciences, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia

Effect of Solid-To-Liquids and Na2SiO3-To-NaOH Ratio on Metakaolin Membrane Geopolymers

Masdiyana Ibrahim Wan Mastura Wan Ibrahim Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Ahmad Syauqi Sauffi Petrica Vizureanu
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 2 | 695-702 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137808
Keywords Geopolymer metakaolin membrane porous geopolymer solid-to-liquid (S/L) ratio and Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio
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Abstract

Geopolymer is synthesized by polycondensation of SiO4 and AlO4 aluminosilicate complexes, tetrahedral frames linked with shared sialate oxygen. This paper studies the effect of the solids-to-fluids (S/L) and Na2SiO3/NaOH proportions on the preparing of metakaolin inorganic membrane geopolymer. By consolidating a mixture of metakaolin with sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate and foaming agent, the geopolymer membrane was made in required shape about 1 cm and cured at 80°C for 24 hours. After the curing process, the properties of the samples were tested on days 7. Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution were utilized as an alkaline activator with a NaOH fixation fixed at 10 M. The geopolymer inorganic membrane tests were set up with various S/L proportions (0.8, 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4) and Na2SiO3/NaOH proportions (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5). Aluminium (Al) powder as a foaming agent was used to create bubbles in porous structure and provide details on the development of membrane geopolymers. This metakaolin membrane, based on the geopolymer, was synthesized by a suspension that depends on the fast cementing mechanism of high-temperature slurries. Porous geopolymeric circles provided a homogeneous composition and quantitative distribution of pores. The water absorption, density, impact toughness testing and microstructure analyses were studied. However, considering the promising results, an adjustment in the mix design of the metakaolin inorganic membrane geopolymer mixtures could increase their mechanical properties without negatively affecting the mechanical properties and porosity, making these sustainable materials a suitable alternative to traditional porous cement concrete.
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Authors and Affiliations

Masdiyana Ibrahim
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Wan Mastura Wan Ibrahim
2 3
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Ahmad Syauqi Sauffi
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Petrica Vizureanu
4
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, 02100, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CeGeoGTech), 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, 700050, Iasi, Romania

Flexural Properties of Thin Fly Ash Geopolymers at Elevated Temperature

Yong-Sing Ng Yun-Ming Liew Cheng-Yong Heah Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Hui-Teng Ng Lynette Wei Ling Chan
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 3 | 1145-1150 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.139714
Keywords thin geopolymer fly ash elevated temperature flexural strength
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Abstract

This paper reports on the flexural properties of thin fly ash geopolymers exposed to elevated temperature. The thin fly ash geopolymers (dimension = 160 mm × 40 mm × 10 mm) were synthesised using12M NaOH solution mixed with designed solids-to-liquids ratio of 1:2.5 and Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio of 1:4 and underwent heat treatment at different elevated temperature (300°C, 600°C, 900°C and 1150°C) after 28 days of curing. Flexural strength test was accessed to compare the flexural properties while X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed to determine the phase transformation of thin geopolymers at elevated temperature. Results showed that application of heat treatment boosted the flexural properties of thin fly ash geopolymers as the flexural strength increased from 6.5 MPa (room temperature) to 16.2 MPa (1150°C). XRD results showed that the presence of crystalline phases of albite and nepheline contributed to the increment in flexural strength.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yong-Sing Ng
1 2
Yun-Ming Liew
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Cheng-Yong Heah
1 3
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Hui-Teng Ng
1 2
Lynette Wei Ling Chan
4
  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CeGeoGTech), Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Ceramic Research Company Sdn Bhd (Guocera-Hong Leong Group), Lot 7110, 5½ Miles, Jalan Kapar, 42100 Klang, Selangor, Malaysia

The stiffness of steel-wood-steel connection loaded parallel to the grain

Nur Liza Rahim Gary Raftery Pierre Quenneville Doh Shu Ing Marcin Nabiałek Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya Norlia Mohamad Ibrahim Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Agata Śliwa
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2022 | vol. 68 | No 2 | 37-50 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2022.140628
Keywords stiffness bolt connection timber steel-wood-steel Eurocode 5
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Abstract

In Eurocode 5, the stiffness equation for bolted steel-wood-steel is stated as a function ofwood density and fastener diameter only. In this research, an experimental study on various configurations of tested bolted steel-wood-steel (SWS) connections has been undertaken to predict the initial stiffness of each connection. In order to validate the Eurocode 5 stiffness equation, tests on 50 timber specimens (40 glued laminated timbers and 10 laminated veneer lumbers (LVL)) with steel plates were undertaken. The number of bolts was kept similar and the connector diameter, timber thickness, and wood density were varied. The results obtained in the experimental tests are compared with those obtained from the Eurocode 5 stiffness equation. From the analysis, it is signified that the stiffness equation specified in Eurocode 5 for bolted SWS connections does not adequately predict the initial stiffness. The results from Eurocode 5 stiffness equation are very far from the experimental values. The ratio of stiffness equation to experimental results ranges from 3.48 to 4.20, with the average at 3.77, where the equation overpredicted the experimental stiffness value for the connection. There is a need to consider or incorporated other parameters such as geometric configurations in Eurocode 5 stiffness equation to improve the ratio with the experimental data.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nur Liza Rahim
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Gary Raftery
3
ORCID: ORCID
Pierre Quenneville
3
ORCID: ORCID
Doh Shu Ing
4
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Nabiałek
5
ORCID: ORCID
Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya
4 6
ORCID: ORCID
Norlia Mohamad Ibrahim
1 7
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
8 6
ORCID: ORCID
Agata Śliwa
9
ORCID: ORCID
  1. University Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, 02600 Arau Perlis, Malaysia
  2. 2Sustainable Environment Research Group (SERG), Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar Perlis, Malaysia
  3. University of Auckland, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand
  4. Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang Kuantan, Pahang Malaysia
  5. Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
  6. Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar Perlis, Malaysia
  7. Sustainable Environment Research Group (SERG), Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar Perlis, Malaysia
  8. University Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, 02600 Arau Perlis, Malaysia
  9. Division of Materials Processing Technology and Computer Techniques in Materials Science, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

The effect of particle size on the mechanical properties of Alkali Activated Steel Slag Mortar

Doh Shu Ing Chia Min Ho Xiaofeng Li Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Siew Choo Chin Nur Liza Rahim Marcin Nabiałek
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2022 | vol. 68 | No 2 | 51-61 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2022.140629
Keywords compressive strength flexural strength particle size sodium sulphate steel slag
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Abstract

With the rapid development of industry, abundant industrial waste has resulted in escalating environmental issue. Steel slag is the by-product of steel-making and can be used as cementitious materials in construction. However, the low activity of steel slag limits its utilization. Much investigation has been conducted on steel slag, while only a fraction of the investigation focuses on the effect of steel slag particle size on the properties of mortar. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of steel slag particle size as cement replacement on properties of steel slag mortar activated by sodium sulphate (Na2SO4º. In this study, two types of steel slag, classified as fine steel slag (FSS) with particle sizes of 0.075mm and coarse steel slag (CSS) with particle sizes of 0.150 mm, were used for making alkali activated steel slag (AASS) mortar. Flow table test, compressive strength test, flexural strength test and UPV test were carried out by designing and producing AASS mortar cubes of (50 x 50 x 50) mm at 0, 10%, 20% and 30% replacement ratio and at 0.85% addition of Na2SO4. The results show that the AASS mortar with FSS possess a relatively good strength in AASS mortar. AASS mortar with FSS which is relatively finer shows a higher compressive strength than CSS up to 38.0% with replacement ratio from 10% to 30%. This study provided the further investigation on the combined influence of replacement ratio and particle size of SS in the properties of fresh and hardened AASS.
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Authors and Affiliations

Doh Shu Ing
1
ORCID: ORCID
Chia Min Ho
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xiaofeng Li
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
2
ORCID: ORCID
Siew Choo Chin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nur Liza Rahim
2
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Nabiałek
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. College of Engineering, University Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang Kuantan Pahang, Malaysia
  2. Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, University Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Department of Physics, Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland

Experimental investigation of chopped steel wool fiber at various ratio reinforced cementitious composite panels

Akrm A. Rmdan Amer Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Yun Ming Liew Ikmal Hakem A. Aziz Muhammad Faheem Mohd Tahir Shayfull Zamree Abd Rahim Hetham A.R. Amer
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2021 | vol. 67 | No 3 | 661-671 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2021.138076
Keywords Steel fibers Chopped steel wool fiber Cementitious composites panels Load carrying capacity
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Abstract

The flexural toughness of chopped steel wool fiber reinforced cementitious composite panels was investigated. Reinforced cementitious composite panels were produced by mixing of chopped steel wool fiber with a ratio range between 0.5% to 6.0% and 0.5% as a step increment of the total mixture weight, where the cement to sand ratio was 1:1.5 with water to cement ratio of 0.45. The generated reinforced cementitious panels were tested at 28 days in terms of load-carrying capacity, deflection capacities, post-yielding effects, and flexural toughness. The inclusion of chopped steel wool fiber until 4.5% resulted in gradually increasing load-carrying capacity and deflection capacities while, provides various ductility, which would simultaneously the varying of deflection capability in the post-yielding stage. Meanwhile, additional fiber beyond 4.5% resulted in decreased maximum load-carrying capacity and increase stiffness at the expense of ductility. Lastly, the inclusion of curves gradually.
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Authors and Affiliations

Akrm A. Rmdan Amer
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
2
ORCID: ORCID
Yun Ming Liew
2
ORCID: ORCID
Ikmal Hakem A. Aziz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Muhammad Faheem Mohd Tahir
2
Shayfull Zamree Abd Rahim
3
ORCID: ORCID
Hetham A.R. Amer
4
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Geopolymer & Green Technology, Center of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Omar Al-Mukhtar Universiti, Civil Engineering Department, Libya

Compressive strength and durability of foamed concrete incorporating Processed Spent Bleaching Earth

Rokiach Othman Khairunisa Muthusamy Mohd Arif Sulaiman Youventharan Duraisamy Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya Chong Beng Wei Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Sajjad Ali Mangi Marcin Nabiałek Agata Śliwa
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2022 | vol. 68 | No 2 | 627-643 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2022.140663
Keywords strength porosity chloride resistance foamed concrete processed spent bleaching earth
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Abstract

Foamed concrete incorporating processed spent bleaching earth (PSBE) produces environmentally friendly foamed concrete. Compressive strength, porosity, and rapid chloride penetration tests were performed to investigate the potential application for building material due to its low density and porous concrete. Laboratory results show that 30% PSBE as cement replacement in foamed concrete produced higher compressive strength. Meanwhile, the porosity of the specimen produced by 30% PSBE was 45% lower than control foamed concrete. The porosity of foamed concrete incorporating PSBE decreases due to the fineness of PSBE that reduces the volume of void space between cement and fine aggregate. It was effectively blocking the pore and enhances the durability. Consistently, the positive effect of incorporating of PSBE has decreased the rapid chloride ion permeability compared to that control foamed concrete. According to ASTM C1202-19 the foamed concrete containing 30% PSBE was considered low moderate permeability based on its charge coulombs value of less than 4000. Besides, the high chloride ion permeability in foamed concrete is because the current quickly passes through the specimen due to its larger air volume. In conclusion, incorporating PSBE in foamed concrete generates an excellent pozzolanic effect, producing more calcium silicate hydrate and denser foamed concrete, making it greater, fewer voids, and higher resistance to chloride penetration.
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Authors and Affiliations

Rokiach Othman
1
Khairunisa Muthusamy
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Arif Sulaiman
1
ORCID: ORCID
Youventharan Duraisamy
2
ORCID: ORCID
Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya
2
ORCID: ORCID
Chong Beng Wei
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
3
ORCID: ORCID
Sajjad Ali Mangi
4
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Nabiałek
5
ORCID: ORCID
Agata Śliwa
6
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, University Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
  2. Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang,Pahang, Malaysia
  3. Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology, University Malayia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Department of Civil Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, SZAB Campus, Khairpur Mirs, Sindh 66020, Pakistan
  5. Department of Physics, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa
  6. Division of Materials Processing Technology and Computer Techniques in Materials Science, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Marshall stability of porous asphalt mixture incorporating kenaf fiber

Nur Ezreen Jasni Khairi Azman Masri Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Rafiza Abd Razak Marcin Nabiałek Katarzyna Błoch Agata Śliwa
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2022 | vol. 68 | No 1 | 379-393 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2022.140174
Keywords porous asphalt marshall stability kenaf fiber softening point penetration
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Abstract

Porous asphalt mixture (PA), known as open-graded surfaces over a stone bed underneath, allows water to go through. These factors can affect the porous asphalt mixture adhesive strength. The high amount of course aggregate promotes the structure of air voids have certain impacts on the acoustic properties of porous asphalt. The materials properties are consisting of both aggregate and bitumen tests. This study also details out the aggregates sieve analysis test to develop new aggregate gradation for PA. According to five ASEAN countries’ specifications, the sieve analysis test was done. The countries included are Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, Singapore, and Indonesia. The test for the binder includes the softening point, penetration, and ductility. This study also investigates the addition of kenaf fiber in the mixture as an additive. Mechanical performance test for PA using Marshall Stability test to identify the strength and the properties of the conventional PA with the addition of kenaf fiber compared to the new gradation of PA incorporating kenaf fiber. From the results, the addition of 0.3% kenaf modified PA improved the performance of PA in terms of Marshall Stability and volumetric properties.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nur Ezreen Jasni
1
ORCID: ORCID
Khairi Azman Masri
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
2
ORCID: ORCID
Rafiza Abd Razak
3
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Nabiałek
4
ORCID: ORCID
Katarzyna Błoch
4
ORCID: ORCID
Agata Śliwa
5
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
  2. Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Department of Physics, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland
  5. Division of Materials Processing Technology and Computer Techniques in Materials Science, Silesian21 University of Technology, Poland

The impact of microwave treatment on the chemical properties of sewerage sludge

Doh Shu Ing Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya Chia Min Ho Siew Choo Chin Marcin Nabiałek Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Sebastian Garus Agata Śliwa
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2022 | vol. 68 | No 1 | 365-377 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2022.140173
Keywords microwave heating pozzolonic activity sewerage sludge
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Abstract

Due to urbanization, the population in the major cities in Malaysia is approximately 72.8% of its total population. The increase of population density has directly increased the amount of sewerage sludge waste that poses threat to the environment. In line with the green initiatives, alternative method to develop good quality concrete material from sewerage sludge waste can be further explored. Traditionally, sewerage sludge waste is processed using incinerator that require high energy and it is time consuming. In this study, microwave heating which require less energy consumption and less time consuming is used for sewerage sludge preparation. Prior to heating process, sewerage sludge waste is over dried at 105°C for 24 hours. Three types of microwave heating namely medium heating, medium high heating and high heating has been used. The chemical and physical properties microwaved sewerage sludge ash (MSSA) was tested using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Based on the result, the recommended temperature for the MSSA production for the concrete is High Mode Temperature. This is due to the result of MSSA for X-Ray Fluorescent test as its shows the highest in the content for pozzolanic element which are SiO2 and Fe2O3 that produce after the microwave burning process. The mineralogical composition and the crystalline phase of the High temperature MSSA due to X-Ray Diffraction test also shows high content of SiO2 as the major component as it is good for pozzolanic reaction in concrete. From the Scanning Electron Microscope test, it is observed that particle of High heated MSSAare slightly smaller than other temperature. Also, the densification occurs at High temperature MSSA. Hence, the optimal burning temperature mode for MSSA is High Mode temperature.
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Authors and Affiliations

Doh Shu Ing
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya
1
ORCID: ORCID
Chia Min Ho
1
ORCID: ORCID
Siew Choo Chin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Nabiałek
2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
3
ORCID: ORCID
Sebastian Garus
4
ORCID: ORCID
Agata Śliwa
5
ORCID: ORCID
  1. College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang Kuantan Pahang, Malaysia
  2. Department of Physics, Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
  3. Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, University Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
  5. Division of Materials Processing Technology and Computer Techniques in Materials Science, Silesian 21 University of Technology, Poland

Effect of bolt configurations on stiffness for steel-wood-steel connection loaded parallel to grain for softwoods in Malaysia

Nur Liza Rahim Francis Ting Shyue Sheng Abdul Razak Abdul Karim Marcin Nabialek Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Marek Sroka
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2022 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 323-338 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2022.141888
Keywords stiffness finite element analysis bolt connection steel-wood-steel softwood Eurocode 5
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Abstract

Steel-wood-steel connection is widely seen in many applications, such as timber structures. The stiffness of steel-wood-steel connection loaded parallel to grain for softwoods originated from Malaysia was investigated in this study. Numerical models have been developed in ABAQUS to study the stiffness connection. Softwoods of Damar Minyak and Podo have been selected in this analysis. The comprehensive study focused on the effect of bolt configurations on stiffness. Numerical analysis is carried out and the developed model has been validated with the previous study. Further investigations have been made by using the validated model. From this model, numerical analysis of the stiffness values have been made for various bolt configurations, including bolt diameter, end distance, bolt spacing, number of rows and bolts and edge distance. The result shows that the stiffness of bolted timber connections for softwood depends on the bolt diameter, number of rows and bolts, end distance and edge distance. Based on the result, stiffness increased as the diameter of the bolt, end distance, number of rows and bolts and edge distance increased. It is also discovered that the stiffness equation in Eurocode 5 (EC5) is inadequate as the equation only considered parameters which are wood density and bolt diameter. Other connection parameters such as geometry are not considered in the EC5 equation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nur Liza Rahim
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Francis Ting Shyue Sheng
1
ORCID: ORCID
Abdul Razak Abdul Karim
3
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Nabialek
4
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
5 6
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Sroka
7
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, 02600 Arau Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Sustainable Environment Research Group (SERG), Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaysia, Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
  4. Department of Physics, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
  5. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, 02600 Arau Perlis, Malaysia
  6. Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar Perlis, Malaysia
  7. Division of Materials Processing Technology and Computer Techniques in Materials Science, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Influence of Filler Surface Modification on Static and Dynamic Mechanical Responses of Rice Husk Reinforced Linear Low-Density Polyethylene Composites

Mohd Firdaus Omar Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Sam Sung Ting B. Jeż M. Nabiałek Hazizan Md Akil Nik Noriman Zulkepli Shayfull Zamree Abd Rahim Azida Azmi
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 2 | 507-519 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137784
Keywords Silane coupling agents strain rate Universal testing machine split Hopkinson pressure bar Strain rate sensitivity
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Abstract

Filler surface modification has become an essential approach to improve the compatibility problem between natural fillers and polymer matrices. However, there is limited work that concerns on this particular effect under dynamic loading conditions. Therefore, in this study, both untreated and treated low linear density polyethylene/rice husk composites were tested under static (0.001 s –1, 0.01 s –1 and 0.1 s –1) and dynamic loading rates (650 s –1, 900 s –1 and 1100 s –1) using universal testing machine and split Hopkinson pressure bar equipment, respectively. Rice husk filler was modified using silane coupling agents at four different concentrations (1, 3, 5 and 7% weight percentage of silane) at room temperature. This surface modification was experimentally proven by Fourier transform infrared and Field emission scanning electron microscopy. Results show that strength properties, stiffness properties and yield behaviour of treated composites were higher than untreated composites. Among the treated composites, the 5% silane weight percentage composite shows the optimum mechanical properties. Besides, the rate of sensitivity of both untreated and treated composites also shows great dependency on strain rate sensitivity with increasing strain rate. On the other hand, the thermal activation volume shows contrary trend. For fracture surface analysis, the results show that the treated LLDPE/RH composites experienced less permanent deformation as compared to untreated LLDPE/RH composites. Besides, at dynamic loading, the fracture surface analysis of the treated composites showed good attachment between RH and LLDPE.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mohd Firdaus Omar
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Sam Sung Ting
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
B. Jeż
3
ORCID: ORCID
M. Nabiałek
3
ORCID: ORCID
Hazizan Md Akil
4
ORCID: ORCID
Nik Noriman Zulkepli
1
ORCID: ORCID
Shayfull Zamree Abd Rahim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Azida Azmi
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP),Centre of Excellent Geopolymer & Green Technology (CeGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Częstochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
  4. Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

Setting Time and after Setting Properties of High Calcium Fly Ash Geopolymers with Different Concentration of Sodium Hydroxide

Rosnita Mohamed Rafiza Abd Razak Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Liyana Ahmad Sofri Ikmal Hakem Aziz Noor Fifinatasha Shahedan
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 2 | 563-567 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137791
Keywords high calcium fly ash geopolymers Setting time heat evolved early age properties concentration of sodium hydroxide
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Abstract

Setting time in geopolymers is known as the time taken for the transition phase of liquid to solid of the geopolymer system in which is represented in the initial setting and final setting. Setting time is significant specifically for application in the construction field. This study intends to determine the setting time of high calcium fly ash geopolymers and the properties of the geopolymers after setting (1-day age). This includes the determination of heat evolved throughout geopolymerization using Differential Scanning Calorimeter. After setting properties determination includes compressive strength and morphology analysis at 1-day age. High calcium fly ash was used as geopolymer precursor. Meanwhile, for mixing design, the alkali activator was a mixture of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide (concentration varied from 6M-14M) with a ratio of 2.5 and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 2.5. From this study, it was found that high calcium fly ash geopolymer with 12M of NaOH has a reasonable setting time which is suitable for on-site application as well as an optimal heat evolved (–212 J/g) which leads to the highest compressive strength at 1-day age and no formation of microcracks observed on the morphology. Beyond 12M, too much heat evolved in the geopolymer system can cause micro-cracks formation thus lowering the compressive strength at 1-day age.
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Authors and Affiliations

Rosnita Mohamed
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rafiza Abd Razak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1
ORCID: ORCID
Liyana Ahmad Sofri
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ikmal Hakem Aziz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Noor Fifinatasha Shahedan
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Geopolymer & Green Technology, Centre of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia

Review on Mechanical Properties of Metakaolin Geopolymer Concrete by Inclusion of Steel Fibers

Meor Ahmad Faris Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Ratnasamy Muniandy Shamala Ramasamy Mohammad Firdaus Abu Hashim Subaer Junaedi Andrei Victor Sandu Muhammad Faheem Mohd Tahir
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 261-267 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137500
Keywords geopolymer Metakaolin fiber reinforced concrete steel fibers mechanical properties
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Abstract

This study summarised the recent achievement in developing fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete. The factor of replacing Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) which is due to the emission of carbon dioxide that pollutes the environment globally is well discussed. The introduction towards metakaolin is presented. Besides, the current research trend involved in geopolymer also has been reviewed for the current 20 years to study the interest of researchers over the world by year. Factors that contribute to the frequency of geopolymer research are carried out which are cost, design, and the practicality of the application for geopolymer concrete. Besides, the importance of steel fibers addition to the geopolymer concrete is also well discussed. The fundamental towards metakaolin has been introduced including the source of raw material, which is calcined kaolin, calcined temperature, chemical composition, geopolymerisation process, and other properties. Alkali activators which are mixing solution between sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) have been reviewed. The mechanical properties of fibers reinforced metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete which is compressive and flexural are thoroughly reviewed. The compressive and flexural strength of fiber-reinforced metakaolin geopolymer concrete shows some improvement to the addition of steel fibers. The reviews in this field demonstrate that reinforcement of metakaolin geopolymer concrete by steel fibers shows improvement in mechanical performance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Meor Ahmad Faris
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
Ratnasamy Muniandy
ORCID: ORCID
Shamala Ramasamy
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohammad Firdaus Abu Hashim
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Subaer Junaedi
4
ORCID: ORCID
Andrei Victor Sandu
5
ORCID: ORCID
Muhammad Faheem Mohd Tahir
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. University Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Center of Excellent Geopolymer and Green Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Universitas Negeri Makasssar, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Indonesia
  5. Gheorge Asachi Technical University of Lasi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Lasi, Romania

Mechanical Effects on Different Solid to Liquid Ratio of Geopolymer Filler in Epoxy Resin

Mohammad Firdaus Abu Hashim Che Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali Yusrina Mat Daud Meor Ahmad Faris Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Farah Farhana Zainal Saloma Hasyim Muhammad Taqiyuddin Lokman
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 215-220 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137492
Keywords Geopolymer filler fly ash tensile flexural morphology solid/liquid ratio
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Abstract

Geopolymer is formed from the alkali activation of materials rich in Si and Al content with the addition of a silicate solution to enhance the properties of the materials. This paper presents research on the mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymer filler in epoxy resin by varying different solid to liquid ratios using sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate as the alkaline activator. However, the common problem observed from the solid to liquid ratio is the influence of curing time and compressive strength of geopolymer to have the best mechanical property. The mix design for geopolymers of solid to liquid ratio is essential in developing the geopolymer’s mechanical strength. A series of epoxy filled with fly ash-based geopolymer materials with different solid to liquid ratio, which is prepared from 0.5 to 2.5 solid to liquid ratio of alkaline activator. The tensile strength and flexural strength of the epoxy filled with fly ash-based geopolymer materials is determined using Universal Testing Machine under tensile and flexural mode. It was found that the optimum solid to liquid ratio is 2.0, with the optimum tensile and flexural strength value. However, both the tensile and flexural properties of epoxy filled with fly ash-based geopolymer suddenly decrease at a 2.5 solid to liquid ratio. The strength is increasing with the increasing solid to liquid ratio sample of geopolymer filler content.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mohammad Firdaus Abu Hashim
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Che Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
Yusrina Mat Daud
1 4
ORCID: ORCID
Meor Ahmad Faris
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1 4
ORCID: ORCID
Farah Farhana Zainal
1 4
ORCID: ORCID
Saloma Hasyim
5
ORCID: ORCID
Muhammad Taqiyuddin Lokman
2
  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), School of Materials Engineering, (UniMAP), 02600 Jalan Kangar-Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, (UniMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatic, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia
  4. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, 02600 Jalan Kangar-Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  5. Sriwijaya University, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Indonesia

Phase Analysis of Different Liquid Ratio on Metakaolin/Dolomite Geopolymer

Ahmad Syauqi Sauffi Wan Mastura Wan Ibrahim Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Masdiyana Ibrahim Romisuhani Ahmad Fakhryna Ahmad Zaidi
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 247-250 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137497
Keywords geopolymer Metakaolin dolomite phase analysis
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Abstract

Geopolymer is widely studied nowadays in various scope of studies. Some of the ongoing studies are the study of the various materials towards the geopolymer strength produced. Meanwhile, some of the studies focus on the mixing of the geopolymer itself. This paper discussed the phase analysis of metakaolin/dolomite geopolymer for different solid to the liquid ratio which was, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0, and the properties that affected the geopolymer based on the phases. The constant parameters in this study were the percentage of metakaolin and dolomite used. The metakaolin used was 80% meanwhile dolomite usage was 20%. Besides that, the molarity of NaOH used is 10M and the alkaline activator ratio used is 2.0. All the samples were tested at 28 days of curing. The results show that the 0.8 solid to the liquid ratio used gave better properties compare to other solid to liquid ratio. The phases analyzed were quartz, sillimanite, mullite, and faujasite. The 0.8 S/L ratio shows the better properties compared to others by the test of phase analysis, compressive strength morphology analysis, and functional group analysis.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ahmad Syauqi Sauffi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wan Mastura Wan Ibrahim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
2
ORCID: ORCID
Masdiyana Ibrahim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Romisuhani Ahmad
1
ORCID: ORCID
Fakhryna Ahmad Zaidi
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Engineering Technology, P. O. Box 77, d/a Pejabat, Pos Besar, 01007 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology, School of Material Engineering, P. O. Box 77, d/a Pejabat, Pos Besar, 01007 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia

The Investigation of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Geopolymer at High Temperature by Using Electron Backscatter Diffraction Analysis

Ikmal Hakem Aziz Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh Sorachon Yoriya Rafiza Abd Razak Rosnita Mohamed Madalina Simona Baltatu
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 227-231 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137494
Keywords geopolymer ground granulated blast furnace slag electron backscatter diffraction
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Abstract

This paper elucidated the potential of electron backscatter diffraction analysis for ground granulated blast furnace slag geopolymers at 1000°C heating temperature. The specimen was prepared through the mechanical ground with sandpaper and diamond pad before polished with diamond suspension. By using advanced technique electron backscatter diffraction, the microstructure analysis and elemental distribution were mapped. The details on the crystalline minerals, including gehlenite, mayenite, tobermorite and calcite were easily traced. Moreover, the experimental Kikuchi diffraction patterns were utilized to generate a self-consistent reference for the electron backscatter diffraction pattern matching. From the electron backscatter diffraction, the locally varying crystal orientation in slag geopolymers sample of monoclinic crystal observed in hedenbergite, orthorhombic crystal in tobermorite and hexagonal crystal in calcite at 1000°C heating temperature.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ikmal Hakem Aziz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh
2
ORCID: ORCID
Sorachon Yoriya
3
ORCID: ORCID
Rafiza Abd Razak
4
ORCID: ORCID
Rosnita Mohamed
1
ORCID: ORCID
Madalina Simona Baltatu
5
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Geopolymer & Green Technology, Centre of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. National Metal and Material Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 114, Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Rd., Khlong 1, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
  4. Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02100 Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia
  5. Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, 700050, Iasi, Romania

Assessment of Geopolymer Concrete for Underwater Concreting Properties

Fakhryna Hannanee Ahmad Zaidi Romisuhani Ahmad Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Wan Mastura Wan Ibrahim Ikmal Hakem Aziz Subaer Junaidi Salmabanu Luhar
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 2 | 677-684 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137805
Keywords Geopolymer Underwater concrete fly ash kaolin
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Abstract

For ages, concrete has been used to construct underwater structures. Concrete laying underwater is a very complex procedure important to the success or failure of underwater projects. This paper elucidates the influence of alkali activator ratios on geopolymers for underwater concreting; focusing on the geopolymer concrete synthesized from fly ash and kaolin activated using sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions. The geopolymer mixtures were designed to incorporate multiple alkali activator ratios to evaluate their effects on the resulting geopolymers’ properties. The fresh concrete was molded into 50 mm cubes in seawater using the tremie method and tested for its engineering properties at 7 and 28 days (curing). The control geopolymer and underwater geopolymers’ mechanical properties, such as compressive strength, water absorption density, and setting time were also determined. The differences between the control geopolymer and underwater geopolymer were determined using phase analysis and functional group analysis. The results show that the geopolymer samples were optimally strengthened at a 2.5 alkali activator ratio, and the mechanical properties of the control geopolymer exceeded that of the underwater geopolymer. However, the underwater geopolymer was determined to be suitable for use as underwater concreting material as it retains 70% strength of the control geopolymer.
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Authors and Affiliations

Fakhryna Hannanee Ahmad Zaidi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Romisuhani Ahmad
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
3 2
ORCID: ORCID
Wan Mastura Wan Ibrahim
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Ikmal Hakem Aziz
3 2
ORCID: ORCID
Subaer Junaidi
4
ORCID: ORCID
Salmabanu Luhar
5 2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Sungai Chuchuh, 02100 Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Geopolymer & Green Technology, Centre of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Taman Muhibbah, 02600 Jejawi, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Universitas Negeri Makassar, Geopolymer & Green Material Group, Physics Department, FMIPA, Indonesia
  5. Frederick Research Center, P.O Box 24729, 1303 Nicosia, Cyprus

Optimization of Injection Moulding Process via Design of Experiment (DOE) Method based on Rice Husk (RH) Reinforced Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Composite Properties

Haliza Jaya Nik Noriman Zulkepli Mohd Firdaus Omar Shayfull Zamree Abd Rahim Marcin Nabiałek Kinga Jeż Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 2 | 719-727 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137810
Keywords injection moulding Design of Experiments (DOE) Central Composite Design response surface methodology (RSM) shrinkage tensile strength
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Abstract

Optimal parameters setting of injection moulding (IM) machine critically effects productivity, quality, and cost production of end products in manufacturing industries. Previously, trial and error method were the most common method for the production engineers to meet the optimal process injection moulding parameter setting. Inappropriate injection moulding machine parameter settings can lead to poor production and quality of a product. Therefore, this study was purposefully carried out to overcome those uncertainty. This paper presents a statistical technique on the optimization of injection moulding process parameters through central composite design (CCD). In this study, an understanding of the injection moulding process and consequently its optimization is carried out by CCD based on three parameters (melt temperature, packing pressure, and cooling time) which influence the shrinkage and tensile strength of rice husk (RH) reinforced low density polyethylene (LDPE) composites. Statistical results and analysis are used to provide better interpretation of the experiment. The models are form from analysis of variance (ANOVA) method and the model passed the tests for normality and independence assumptions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Haliza Jaya
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Nik Noriman Zulkepli
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Firdaus Omar
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Shayfull Zamree Abd Rahim
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Nabiałek
4
ORCID: ORCID
Kinga Jeż
4
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CeGeoGTech), 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Kompleks Pengajian Jejawi 2, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Kampus Alam Pauh Putra, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Częstochowa University of Technology, Department of Physics, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland

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