1. Aboulthana WM, Ibrahim NE (2018) A renoprotective role of chitosan against lithium-induced renal toxicity in rats. Bull Natl Res Cent 42: 1-11.
2. Akao Y, Yamada H, Nakagawa Y (2000) Arsenic-induced apoptosis in malignant cells in vitro. Leuk Lymphoma 37: 53-63.
3. Aleksunes LM, Augustine LM, Scheffer GL, Cherrington NJ, Manautou JE (2008) Renal xenobiotic transporters are differentially ex-pressed in mice following cisplatin treatment. Toxicology 250: 82-88.
4. Aras S, Gerin F, Aydin B, Ustunsoy S, Sener U, Turan BC, Armutcu F (2015) Effects of sodium arsenite on the some laboratory signs and therapeutic role of thymoquinone in the rats. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 19: 658-663.
5. Bagga A, Bajpai A, Menon S (2005) Approach to renal tubular disorders. Indian J Pediatr 72: 771-776.
6. Bakan M (2019) Arsenic Metabolism and Arsenolipid Biosynthesis. MedFar 2: 83-88.
7. Büget Mİ, Özkilitçi E, Küçükgergin C, Seçkin Ş, Küçükay S, Yenigün Y, Orhun G, Akıncı İÖ, Özcan PE (2014) Early Diagnosis in Acute Kidney Failure: Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocain (NGAL), Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1), Interleukine-18 (IL-18), Cystatin C. J Turk Soc Intens Care 12: 94-100.
8. Cai X, Yu Y, Huang Y, Zhang L, Jia PM, Zhao Q, Chen Z, Tong JH, Dai W, Chen GQ (2003) Arsenic trioxide-induced mitotic arrest and apoptosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Leukemia 17: 1333-1337.
9. Chou CK, Li YC, Chen SM, Shih YM, Lee JA (2015) Chitosan prevents gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity via a carbonyl stress-dependent pathway. Biomed Res Int 2015: 675714.
10. Danışman B, Çiçek B, Yıldırım S, Yüce N, Bolat I (2023) Gastroprotective effects of bromelain on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 23: 277-286.
11. Demir A, Seventekin N (2009) Chitin, Chitosan And General Application Areas. TTED 3: 92-103.
12. Devarajan P (2010) Review: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin: a troponin-like biomarker for human acute kidney injury. Neph-rology (Carlton) 15: 419-428.
13. Dhondup T, Qian Q (2017) Electrolyte and acid-base disorders in chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney failure. Blood Purif 43: 179-188.
14. Dieterle F, Perentes E, Cordier A, Roth DR, Verdes P, Grenet O, Pantano S, Moulin P, Wahl D, Mahl A, End P, Staedtler F, Legay F, Carl K, Laurie D, Chibout SD, Vonderscher J, Maurer G (2010) Urinary clusterin, cystatin C, beta2-microglobulin and total protein as markers to detect drug-induced kidney injury. Nat Biotechnol 28: 463-U114.
15. Duker AA, Carranza EJ, Hale M (2005) Arsenic geochemistry and health. Environ Int 31: 631-641.
16. Elieh-Ali-Komi D, Hamblin MR (2016) Chitin and chitosan: production and application of versatile biomedical nanomaterials. Int J Adv Res (Indore) 4: 411–427.
17. Ewere EG, Okolie NP, Eze GI, Jegede DA (2019) Irvingia gabonensis leaves mitigate arsenic-induced renal toxicity in Wistar rats. Asian J Biomed Pharmaceut Sci 9: 17-25.
18. Flora SJ (2011) Arsenic-induced oxidative stress and its reversibility. Free Radic Biol Med 51: 257-281.
19. Florea AM, Yamoah EN, Dopp E (2005) Intracellular calcium disturbances induced by arsenic and its methylated derivatives in relation to genomic damage and apoptosis induction. Environ Health Perspect 113: 659-664.
20. Galanis A, Karapetsas A, Sandaltzopoulos R (2009) Metal-induced carcinogenesis, oxidative stress and hypoxia signalling. Mutat Res 674: 31-35.
21. Ghys L, Paepe D, Smets P, Lefebvre H, Delanghe J, Daminet S (2014) Cystatin C: a new renal marker and its potential use in small ani-mal medicine. J Vet Intern Med 28: 1152-1164.
22. Hughes MF (2002) Arsenic toxicity and potential mechanisms of action. Toxicol Lett 133: 1-16.
23. Ibaokurgil F, Aydin H, Yildirim S, Sengul E (2023) Melatonin alleviates oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and DNA damage in acrylamide–induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 13: 121-130.
24. Ishaq A, Gulzar H, Hassan A, Kamran M, Riaz M, Parveen A, Chattha MS, Walayat N, Fatima S, Afzal S, Fahad S (2021) Ameliorative mechanisms of turmeric-extracted curcumin on arsenic (As)-induced biochemical alterations, oxidative damage, and impaired organ func-tions in rats. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 28: 66313-66326.
25. Jeon TI, Hwang SG, Park NG, Jung YR, Shin SI, Choi SD, Park DK (2003) Antioxidative effect of chitosan on chronic carbon tetra-chloride induced hepatic injury in rats. Toxicology 187: 67-73.
26. Jia G, Sone H, Nishimura N, Satoh M, Tohyama C (2004) Metallothionein (I/II) suppresses genotoxicity caused by dimethylarsinic acid. Int J Oncol 25: 325-333.
27. Jomova K, Valko M (2011) Advances in metal-induced oxidative stress and human disease. Toxicology 283: 65-87.
28. Kamran M, Malik Z, Parveen A, Huang L, Riaz M, Bashir S, Mustafa A, Abbasi GH, Xue B, Ali U (2020) Ameliorative effects of bio-char on rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) growth and heavy metal immobilization in soil irrigated with untreated wastewater. J Plant Growth Regul 39: 266-281.
29. Kaya Z, Eraslan G (2013) The effects of evening primrose oil on arsenic-induced oxidative stress in rats. Toxicol Environ Chem 95: 1416-1423.
30. Kitchin KT, Conolly R (2010) Arsenic-induced carcinogenesis oxidative stress as a possible mode of action and future research needs for more biologically based risk assessment. Chem Res Toxicol 23: 327-335.
31. Liu J, Waalkes MP (2008) Liver is a target of arsenic carcinogenesis. Toxicol Sci 105: 24-32.
32. Liu YC, Huang H (1997) Involvement of calcium-dependent protein kinase C in arsenite-induced genotoxicity in chinese hamster ovary cells. J Cell Biochem 64: 423-433.
33. Mehrzadi S, Fatemi I, Malayeri AR, Khodadadi A, Mohammadi F, Mansouri E, Rashno M, Goudarzi M (2018) Ellagic acid mitigates sodium arsenite-induced renal and hepatic toxicity in male Wistar rats. Pharmacol Rep 70: 712-719.
34. Mussap M, Plebani M (2004) Biochemistry and clinical role of human cystatin C. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 41: 467-550.
35. Muzaffar S, Khan J, Srivastava R, Gorbatyuk MS, Athar M (2023) Mechanistic understanding of the toxic effects of arsenic and warfare arsenicals on human health and environment. Cell Biol Toxicol 39: 85-110.
36. Namgung U, Xia Z (2001) Arsenic induces apoptosis in rat cerebellar neurons via activation of JNK3 and p38 MAP kinases. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 174: 130-138.
37. Narayana KR, Reddy MS, Chaluvadi MR, Krishna DR (2001) Bioflavonoids classification, pharmacological, biochemical effects and therapeutic potential. Indian J Pharmacol 33: 2-16.
38. Noman AS, Dilruba S, Mohanto NC, Rahman L, Khatun Z, Riad W, Al Mamun A, Alam S, Aktar S, Chowdhury S, Saud ZA, Rahman Z, Hossain K, Haque A (2015) Arsenic-induced histological alterations in various organs of mice. J Cytol Histol 6: 323.
39. Nomier YA, Alshahrani S, Elsabahy M, Asaad GF, Hassan A, El-Dakroury WA (2022) Ameliorative effect of chitosan nanoparticles against carbon tetrachloride-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. Pharm Biol 60: 2134-2144.
40. Nozohour Y, Jalilzadeh-Amin G (2019) Histopathological changes and antioxidant enzymes status in oxidative stress induction using Sodium arsenite in rats. J Appl Biotechnol Rep 6: 40-44.
41. Özdek U, Toz H, Kömüroğlu AU, Mis L, Huyut Z, Değer Y (2019) Protective Effect of Chitosan Against Lead-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rat Kidney. Van Vet J 30: 187-191.
42. Patel HV, Kalia K (2010) Sub-chronic arsenic exposure aggravates nephrotoxicity in experimental diabetic rats. Indian J Exp Biol 48: 762-768.
43. Peters BA, Hall MN, Liu X, Neugut YD, Pilsner JR, Levy D, Ilievski V, Slavkovich V, Islam T, Factor-Litvak P, Graziano JH, Gamble MV (2014) Creatinine, arsenic metabolism, and renal function in an arsenic-exposed population in Bangladesh. PLoS One 9: e113760.
44. Poręba R, Gać P, Poręba M, Antonowicz-Juchniewicz J, Andrzejak R (2011) Relation between occupational exposure to lead, cadmium, arsenic and concentration of cystatin C. Toxicology 283: 88-95.
45. Robles-Osorio ML, Sabath-Silva E, Sabath E (2015) Arsenic-mediated nephrotoxicity. Ren Fail 37: 542-547.
46. Roy M, Roy S (2011) Ameliorative potential of Psidium guajava in induced arsenic toxicity in Wistar rats. Vet World 4: 82-83.
47. Selby LA, Case AA, Osweiler GD, Hayes HM Jr (1977) Epidemiology and toxicology of arsenic poisoning in domestic ani-mals. Environ Health Perspect 19: 183-189.
48. Sharma S, Kaur T, Sharma AK, Singh B, Pathak D, Yadav HN, Singh AP (2022) Betaine attenuates sodium arsenite-induced renal dys-function in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 45: 2488-2495.
49. Shen ZY, Shen WY, Chen MH, Shen J, Cai WJ, Yi Z (2002) Nitric oxide and calcium ions in apoptotic esophageal carcinoma cells in-duced by arsenite. World J Gastroenterol 8: 40-43.
50. Shen ZY, Shen J, Cai WJ, Hong CQ, Zheng MH (2000) The alteration of mitochondria is an early event of arsenic trioxide induced apoptosis in esophageal carcinoma cells. Int J Mol Med 5: 155-158.
51. Singh MK, Yadav SS, Yadav RS, Singh US, Shukla Y, Pant KK, Khattri S (2014) Efficacy of crude extract of Emblica officinalis (amla) in arsenic-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in splenocytes of mice. Toxicol Int 21: 8-17.
52. Sinha M, Manna P, Sil PC (2008) Arjunolic acid attenuates arsenic-induced nephrotoxicity. Pathophysiology 15: 147-156.
53. Smith DL, Harris AD, Johnson JA, Silbergeld EK, Morris JG Jr (2002) Animal antibiotic use has an early but important impact on the emergence of antibiotic resistance in human commensal bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 6434-6439.
54. Tilako BH, Ogbodo SO, Okonkwo IN, Nubila IN, Shuneba IL, Ogbonna E, Odoma S, Gali RM, Bassey BE, Shu EN (2020) Distribu-tion and interactions of priority heavy metals with some antioxidant micronutrients in inhabitants of a lead-zinc mining community of eb-onyi state, Nigeria. Adv Toxicol Toxic Effects 4: 011-017.
55. Toz H, Değer Y (2018) The Effect of Chitosan on the Erythrocyte Antioxidant Potential of Lead Toxicity-Induced Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 184:114-118
56. Wang Z, Yan Y, Yu X, Li W, Li B, Qin C (2016) Protective effects of chitosan and its water-soluble derivatives against lead-induced oxidative stress in mice. Int J Biol Macromol 83: 442-449.
57. Wan Muhamad Salahudin WS, Norlelawati AT, Nor ZA, Aung S, Asmah HH, Zunariah B (2021) Histopathological changes in chronic low dose organic arsenic exposure in rats kidney. IIUM Med J Malays 20: 91-98.
58. Wu KY, Wu M, Fu ML, Li H, Yang Y, Zhang H, Cheng C, Wang ZZ, Wang XY, Lu XB, Liu DG, Li H, Gao R (2006) A novel chi-tosan CpG nanoparticle regulates cellular and humoral immunity of mice. Biomed Environ Sci 19: 87-95.
59. Yuan WP, Liu B, Liu CH, Wang XJ, Zhang MS, Meng XM, Xia XK (2009) Antioxidant activity of chito-oligosaccharides on pancreatic islet cells in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. World J Gastroenterol 15: 1339.
60. Zalups RK (1997) Reductions in renal mass and the nephropathy induced by mercury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 143: 366-379.
61. Zeng L, Qin C, Wang W, Chi W, Li W (2008) Absorption and distribution of chitosan in mice after oral administra-tion. Carbohydr Polym 71: 435-440.
62. Zhang Z, Lu B, Sheng X, Jin N (2011) Cystatin C in prediction of acute kidney injury: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kid-ney Dis 58: 356-365.
63. Zheng L, Kuo CC, Fadrowski J, Agnew J, Weaver VM, Navas-Acien A (2014) Arsenic and chronic kidney disease: a systematic re-view. Curr Environ Health Rep 1: 192-207.

1. Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215: 403-410.
2. Çelik BA, Çelik ÖY, Ayan A, Akyıldız G, Kılınç ÖO, Ayan ÖO, Ercan K (2023) Molecular Prevalence of Giardia duodenalis and Subtype Distribution (Assemblage E and B) in Calves in Siirt, Turkey. Egypt J Vet Sci 54: 457-463.
3. Ballweber LR, Xiao L, Bowman DD, Kahn G, Cama VA (2010) Giardiasis in dogs and cats: update on epidemiology and public health significance. Trends Parasitol 26: 180-189.
4. Barker IK, Carbonell PL (1974) Cryptosporidium agni sp. n. from lambs, and Cryptosporidium bovis sp. n. from a calf, with observations on the oocyst. Z Parasitenkd 44: 289-298.
5. Caccio SM, De Giacomo M, Pozio E (2002) Sequence analysis of the beta-giardin gene and development of a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay to genotype Giardia duodenalis cysts from human faecal samples. Int J Parasitol 32: 1023-1030.
6. Castro-Hermida JA, González-Warleta M, Mezo M (2007) Natural infection by Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis in sheep and goats in Galicia (NW Spain). Small Rumin Res 72: 96-100.
7. Dessì G, Tamponi C, Varcasia A, Sanna G, Pipia AP, Carta S, Salis F, Díaz P, Scala A (2020) Cryptosporidium infections in sheep farms from Italy. Parasitol Res 119: 4211-4218.
8. Fayer R, Santín M (2009) Cryptosporidium xiaoi n. sp.(Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in sheep (Ovis aries). Vet Parasitol 164: 192-200.
9. Gharekhani J, Heidari H, Youssefi M (2014) Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in sheep in Iran. Turkiye Parazitol Derg 38: 22-25.
10. Giangaspero A, Paoletti B, Iorio R, Traversa D (2005) Prevalence and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis from sheep in central Italy. Parasitol Res 96: 32-37.
11. Goma FY, Geurden T, Siwila J, Phiri IGK, Gabriël S, Claerebout E, Vercruysse J (2007) The prevalence and molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium spp. in small ruminants in Zambia. Small Rumin Res 72: 77-80.
12. Hall TA (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41:95-98.
13. Jafari H, Jalali MH, Shapouri MS, Hajikolaii MR (2014) Determination of Giardia duodenalis genotypes in sheep and goat from Iran. J Parasit Dis 38: 81-84.
14. Janoff EN, Reller LB (1987) Cryptosporidium species, a protean protozoan. J Clin Microbiol 25: 967-975.
15. Jian Y, Zhang X, Li X, Karanis G, Ma L, Karanis P (2018) Prevalence and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis in cattle and sheep from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Area (QTPA), northwestern China. Vet Parasitol 250: 40-44.
16. Kiani-Salmi N, Fattahi-Bafghi A, Astani A, Sazmand A, Zahedi A, Firoozi Z, Ebrahimi B, Dehghani-Tafti A, Ryan U, Akrami-Mohajeri F (2019) Molecular typing of Giardia duodenalis in cattle, sheep and goats in an arid area of central Iran. Infect Genet Evol 75: 104021.
17. Kılınç ÖO, Ayan A, Çelik BA, Çelik ÖY, Yüksek N, Akyıldız G, Oğuz FE (2023) The Investigation of Giardiasis (Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases) in Buffaloes in Van Region, Türkiye: First Molecular Report of Giardia duodenalis Assemblage B from Buffaloes. Pathogens 12: 106.
18. Kızıltepe Ş, Ayvazoğlu C (2022) Investigation of Diarrhea Factors in Neonatal Lambs in Iğdır Region. ISPEC J Agrİ Sci 6: 189-194.
19. Koçhan A, Şimşek A, İpek-Sayın DN, İçen H (2020) Severe Bloody Diarrhea in a Calf Infected with Giardia duodenalis. Dicle Üniv Vet Fak Derg 13: 179-182.
20. Koinari M, Lymbery AJ, Ryan UM (2014) Cryptosporidium species in sheep and goats from Papua New Guinea. Exp Parasitol 141: 134-137.
21. Lalle M, Pozio E, Capelli G, Bruschi F, Crotti D, Cacciò SM (2005) Genetic heterogeneity at the beta giardin locus among human and animal isolates of Giardia duodenalis and identification of potentially zoonotic subgenotypes. Int J Parasitol 35: 207-213.
22. Majeed QA, El-Azazy OM, Abdou NE, Al-Aal ZA, El-Kabbany AI, Tahrani LM, AlAzemi MS, Wang Y, Feng Y, Xiao L (2018) Epidemiological observations on cryptosporidiosis and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in sheep and goats in Kuwait. Parasitol Res 117: 1631-1636.
23. Majewska AC, Werner A, Sulima P, Luty T (2000) Prevalence of Cryptosporidium in sheep and goats bred on five farms in west-central region of Poland. Vet Parasitol 89: 269-275.
24. Minh BQ, Nguyen MA, Von Haeseler A (2013) Ultrafast approximation for phylogenetic bootstrap. Mol Biol Evol 30: 1188-1195.
25. Mondebo JA, Abah AE, Awi-Waadu GD (2022) Cryptosporidium infection in cattle, goat and ram in Yenagoa abattoir Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Anim Res Int 19: 4499-4506.
26. Olson ME, Thorlakson CL, Deselliers L, Morck DW, McAllister TA (1997) Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Canadian farm animals. Vet Parasitol 68: 375-381.
27. Ozmen O, Yukari BA, Haligur M, Sahinduran S (2006) Observations and immunohistochemical detection of Coronavirus, Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia intestinalis in neonatal diarrhoea in lambs and kids. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 148: 357-364.
28. Paz e Silva FM, Lopes RS, Bresciani KD, Amarante AF, Araujo JP (2014) High occurrence of Cryptosporidium ubiquitum and Giardia duodenalis genotype E in sheep from Brazil. Acta parasitol 59: 193-196.
29. Rekha KMH, Puttalakshmamma GC, D’Souza PE (2016) Comparison of different diagnostic techniques for the detection of cryptosporidiosis in bovines. Vet World 9: 211–215.
30. Robertson LJ, Gjerde BK, Hansen EF (2010) The zoonotic potential of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Norwegian sheep: a longitudinal investigation of 6 flocks of lambs. Vet Parasitol 171: 140-145.
31. Romero-Salas D, Alvarado-Esquivel C, Cruz-Romero A, Aguilar-Domínguez M, Ibarra-Priego N, Merino-Charrez JO, Pérez de León AA, Hernández-Tinoco J (2016) Prevalence of Cryptosporidium in small ruminants from Veracruz, Mexico. BMC Vet Res 12: 14.
32. Ryan U, Cacciò SM (2013) Zoonotic potential of Giardia. Int J Parasitol 43: 943-956.
33. Sahraoui L, Thomas M, Chevillot A, Mammeri M, Polack B, Vallée I, Follet J, Ain-Baaziz H, Adjou KT (2019) Molecular characterization of zoonotic Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis pathogens in Algerian sheep. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 16: 100280.
34. Santín M, Trout JM, Fayer R (2007) Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia species and genotypes in sheep in Maryland. Vet Parasitol 146: 17-24.
35. Soltane R, Guyot K, Dei-Cas E, Ayadi A (2007) Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp.(Eucoccidiorida: Cryptosporiidae) in seven species of farm animals in Tunisia. Parasite 14: 335-338.
36. Trifinopoulos J, Nguyen L-T, von Haeseler A, Minh BQ (2016) W-IQ-TREE: a fast online phylogenetic tool for maximum likelihood analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 44: W232-W235.
37. Ulutas B, Voyvoda H (2004) Cryptosporidiosis in Diarrhoeic Lambs on a Sheep Farm. Türkiye Parazitol Derg 28:15-17.
38. Wang H, Qi M, Zhang K, Li J, Huang J, Ning C, Zhang L (2016) Prevalence and genotyping of Giardia duodenalis isolated from sheep in Henan Province, central China. Infect Genet Evol 39: 330-335.
39. Wilson JM, Hankenson FC (2010) Evaluation of an inhouse rapid ELISA test for detection of Giardia in domestic sheep (Ovis aries). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 49: 809-813.
40. Xiao L (2010) Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis: an update. Exp Parasitol 124: 80-89.
41. Xiao L, Singh A, Limor J, Graczyk TK, Gradus S, Lal A (2001) Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium oocysts in samples of raw surface water and wastewater. Appl Environ Microbiol 67: 1097-1101.
42. Yang F, Ma L, Gou JM, Yao HZ, Ren M, Yang BK, Lin Q (2022) Seasonal distribution of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Tibetan sheep in Qinghai, China. Parasites Vectors 15: 394.
43. Yang R, Jacobson C, Gardner G, Carmichael I, Campbell AJ, Ng-Hublin J, Ryan U (2014) Longitudinal prevalence, oocyst shedding and molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium species in sheep across four states in Australia. Vet Parasitol 200: 50-58.

1. Aktas M, Altay K, Dumanli N, Kalkan A (2009) Molecular detection and identification of Ehrlichia and Anaplasma species in ixodid ticks. Parasitol Res 104: 1243-1248.
2. Alessandra T, Santo C (2012) Tick-borne diseases in sheep and goats: Clinical and diagnostic aspects. Small Rumin Res 106: S6-S11.
3. Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215: 403-410.
4. Anderson BE, Sims KG, Olson JG, Childs JE, Piesman JF, Happ CM, Maupin GO, Johnson BJ (1993) Amblyomma americanum: a potential vector of human ehrlichiosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49: 239-244.
5. Aubry P, Geale DW (2011) A review of bovine anaplasmosis. Transbound Emerg Dis. 58: 1-30.
6. Belkahia H, Ben Said M, El Hamdi S, Yahiaoui M, Gharbi M, Daaloul-Jedidi M, Mhadhbi M, Jedidi M, Darghouth MA, Klabi I, Zribi L, Messadi L (2014) First molecular identification and genetic characterization of Anaplasma ovis in sheep from Tunisia. Small Rumin Res 121: 404-410.
7. Cao WC, Gao YM, Zhang PH, Zhang XT, Dai QH, Dumler JS, Fang LQ, Yang H (2000) Identification of Ehrlichia chaffeensis by nested PCR in ticks from Southern China. J Clin Microbiol 38: 2778-2780.
8. Cicculli V, Masse S, Capai L, De Lamballerie X, Charrel R, Falchi A (2019) First detection of Ehrlichia minasensis in Hyalomma mar-ginatum ticks collected from cattle in Corsica, France. Vet Med Sci 5: 243-248.
9. Cohen SB, Yabsley MJ, Freye JD, Dunlap BG, Rowland ME, Huang J, Dunn JR, Jones TF, Moncayo AC (2010) Prevalence of Ehr-lichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii in ticks from Tennessee. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 10: 435-440.
10. Dahmani M, Davoust B, Rousseau F, Raoult D, Fenollar F, Mediannikov O (2017) Natural Anaplasmataceae infection in Rhipicephalus bursa ticks collected from sheep in the French Basque Country. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 8: 18-24.
11. Dugan VG, Little SE, Stallknecht DE, Beall AD (2000) Natural infection of domestic goats with Ehrlichia chaffeensis. J Clin Microbiol 38: 448-449.
12. Enkhtaivan B, Narantsatsral S, Davaasuren B, Otgonsuren D, Amgalanbaatar T, Uuganbayar E, Zoljargal M, Myagmarsuren P, Suganuma K, Molefe NI, Sivakumar T, Inoue N, Battur B, Battsetseg B, Yokoyama N (2019) Molecular detection of Anaplasma ovis in small ruminants and ixodid ticks from Mongolia. Parasitol Int 69: 47-53.
13. Estrada-Peña A, Bouattour A, Camicas JL, Walker AR (2004) Ticks of domestic animals in the Mediterranean region. A guide to identi-fication of species. University of Zaragoza, Spain 123-126.
14. Haigh JC, Gerwing V, Erdenebaatar J, Hill JE (2008) A novel clinical syndrome and detection of Anaplasma ovis in Mongolian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). J Wildl Dis 44: 569-577.
15. Hall TA (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Ac-ids Symposium Series 41: 95-98.
16. Jalali SM, Khaki Z, Kazemi B, Bandehpour M, Rahbari S, Razi Jalali MR, Yasini SP (2013) Molecular detection and identification of Anaplasma species in sheep from Ahvaz, Iran. Iran J Vet Res 14: 50-56.
17. Johnson EM, Ewing SA, Barker RW, Fox JC, Crow DW, Kocan KM (1998) Experimental transmission of Ehrlichia canis (Rickettsiales: Ehrlichieae) by Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae). Vet Parasitol 74: 277-288.
18. Kocan KM, Fuente JL, Blouin EF (2008) Advances toward understanding the molecular biology of the Anaplasma-tick interface. Front Biosci 13: 7032-7045.
19. Kramer VL, Randolph MP, Hui LT, Irwin WE, Gutierrez AG, Vugia DJ (1999) Detection of the agents of human ehrlichioses in ixodid ticks from California. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60: 62-65.
20. Lee SO, Na DK, Kim CM, Li YH, Cho YH, Park JH, Lee JH, Eo SK, Klein TA, Chae JS (2005) Identification and prevalence of Ehr-lichia chaffeensis infection in Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks from Korea by PCR, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene. J Vet Sci 6: 151-155.
21. Li Y, Galon EM, Guo Q, Rizk MA, Moumouni PF, Liu M, Li J, Ji S, Chahan B, Xuan X (2020) Molecular detection and identification of Babesia spp., Theileria spp., and Anaplasma spp. in sheep from border regions, Northwestern China. Front Vet Sci 7: 630.
22. Liu Z, Ma M, Wang Z, Wang J, Peng Y, Li Y, Guan G, Luo J, Yin H (2011) Molecular survey and genetic identification of Anaplasma species in goats from central and southern China. Appl Environ Microbiol 78: 464-470.
23. Ma M, Liu Z, Sun M, Yang J, Guan G, Li Y, Luo J, Yin H (2011) Development and evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplifica-tion method for rapid detection of Anaplasma ovis. J Clin Microbiol 49: 2143-2146.
24. Macieira DB, Messick JB, Cerqueira AM, Freire IM, Linhares GF, Almeida NK, Almosny NR (2005) Prevalence of Ehrlichia canis in-fection in thrombocytopenic dogs from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Vet Clin Pathol 34: 44-48.
25. Makino H, Sousa VR, Fujimori M, Rodrigues JY, Dias AF, Dutra V, Nakazato L, de Almeida AB (2015) Ehrlichia canis detection in dogs from Várzea Grande: a comparative analysis of blood and bone marrow samples. Cienc Rural 46: 310-314.
26. Masala G, Chisu V, Foxi C, Socolovschi C, Raoult D, Parola P (2012) First detection of Ehrlichia canis in Rhipicephalus bursa ticks in Sardinia, Italy. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 3: 396-397.
27. Minh BQ, Nguyen MA, Von Haeseler A (2013) Ultrafast approximation for phylogenetic bootstrap. Mol Biol Evol 30: 1188-1195.
28. Murphy GL, Ewing SA, Whitworth LC, Fox JC, Kocan AA (1998) A molecular and serologic survey of Ehrlichia canis, E. chaffeensis, and E. ewingii in dogs and ticks from Oklahoma. Vet Parasitol 79: 325-339.
29. Noaman V (2012) Identification of hard ticks collected from sheep naturally infected with Anaplasma ovis in Isfahan province, central Iran. Comp Clin Pathol 21: 367-369.
30. Ojeda-Chi MM, Rodriguez-Vivas RI, Esteve-Gasent MD, Perez de León AA, Modarelli JJ, Villegas-Perez SL (2019) Ehrlichia canis in dogs of Mexico: Prevalence, incidence, co-infection and factors associated. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 67: 101351.
31. Piratae S, Pimpjong K, Vaisusuk K, Chatan W (2015) Molecular detection of Ehrlichia canis, Hepatozoon canis and Babesia canis vogeli in stray dogs in Mahasarakham province, Thailand. Ann Parasitol 61: 183-187.
32. Renneker S, Abdo J, Salih DE, Karagenç T, Bilgiç H, Torina A, Oliva AG, Campos J, Kullmann B, Ahmed J, Seitzer U (2013) Can Anaplasma ovis in small ruminants be neglected any longer? Transbound Emerg Dis 60 (Suppl 2): 105-112.
33. Roland WE, Everett ED, Cyr TL, Hasan SZ, Dommaraju CB, McDonald GA (1998) Ehrlichia chaffeensis in Missouri ticks. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 641-643.
34. Santino I, Iori A, Sessa R, Sulli C, Favia G, Del Piano M (1998) Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and Ehrlichia chaffeensis in the National Park of Abruzzo. FEMS Microbiol Lett 164: 1-6.
35. Selim A, Abdelhady A, Alahadeb J (2020) Prevalence and first molecular characterization of Ehrlichia canis in Egyptian dogs. Pak Vet J 41: 117-121.
36. Solano‐Gallego L, Trotta M, Razia L, Furlanello T, Caldin M (2006) Molecular survey of Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma phagocytophi-lum from blood of dogs in Italy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1078: 515-518.
37. Torina A, Alongi A, Naranjo V, Estrada-Pena A, Vicente J, Scimeca S, Marino AM, Salina F, Caracappa S, de la Fuente J (2008) Prev-alence and genotypes of Anaplasma species and habitat suitability for ticks in a Mediterranean ecosystem. Appl Environ Microbiol 74: 7578-7584.
38. Trifinopoulos J, Nguyen LT, von Haeseler A, Minh BQ (2016) W-IQ-TREE: a fast online phylogenetic tool for maximum likelihood analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 44: W232-W235.
39. TUİK (2023) Number of animals in Turkey. Retrieved from Turkish Statistical Institute https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/
bolgeselistatistik/sorguSayfa.do?target=tablo. Access Date: 10.07.2023.
40. Tumwebaze MA, Lee SH, Moumouni PF, Mohammed-Geba K, Sheir SK, Galal-Khallaf A, Latif HM, Morsi DS, Bishr NM, Galon EM, Byamukama B, Liu M, Li J, Li Y, Ji S, Ringo AE, Rizk MA, Suzuki H, Ibrahim HM, Xuan X (2020) First detection of Anaplasma ovis in sheep and Anaplasma platys-like variants from cattle in Menoufia governorate, Egypt. Parasitol Int 78: 102150.
41. Walker JB, Keirans JE, Horak IG (2000) The genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae): a guide to the brown ticks of the world: Cam-bridge: Cambridge University Press, England.
42. Wang Y, Zhang Q, Han S, Li Y, Wang B, Yuan G, Zhang P, Yang Z, Zhang H, Sun Y, Chen J, Han X, He H (2021) Ehrlichia chaffeensis and four Anaplasma species with veterinary and public health significance identified in Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) and yaks (Bos grunniens) in Qinghai, China. Front Vet Sci 8: 727166.
43. Yılmaz AB, Deger MS (2011) Determination and Seasonal Distribution of Tick Species on Cattle and Sheep in the Van and Erciş Re-gion. YYU Vet Fak Derg 22: 133-137.
44. Yousefi A, Rahbari S, Shayan P, Sadeghi-dehkordi Z, Bahonar A (2017) Molecular detection of Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma ovis in sheep and goat in west highland pasture of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 7: 455-459.
45. Zhang H, Chang Z, Mehmood K, Wang Y, Rehman MU, Nabi F, Sabir AJ, Liu X, Wu X, Tian X, Zhou D (2017) First report of Ehr-lichia infection in goats, China. Microb Pathog 110: 275-278.
46. Zhang L, Liu H, Xu B, Zhang Z, Jin Y, Li W, Lu Q, Li L, Chang L, Zhang X, Fan D, Cao M, Bao M, Zang Y, Guan Z, Cheng X, Tian L, Wang S, Yu H, Yu Q, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Tang X, Yin J, Lao S, Wu B, Li J, Li W, Xu Q, Shi Y, Huang F (2014) Rural residents in China are at increased risk of exposure to tick-borne pathogens Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Biomed Res Int 2014:313867.