Idiom (from Greek idios 'own, private': late 16th c.) is most frequently referred to as a string of language whose meaning cannot be pieced together from the meanings of its component parts.1 As such it relies heavily on the interdependencies between formal and semantic levels of language. This makes it a highly complex linguistic phenomenon, if only intra-lingually. What exacerbates the problem with idiom is the fact that the form/meaning relationship should not be expected to be identical across languages, unless these allow for historical, typological or cultural relatedness. That is why idiom is often described as a piece of language which does not translate literally. Although the definition of this type proves highly imprecise in a lot of instances, it properly points to difficulties involved in a largely unexplored domain of idiom translation. It is the key aim of the present study to suggest methods of obviating these difficulties, which is hoped to be achieved by cataloguing viable strategies of idiom translation. as employed in four English-to-Polish translations of Lewis Carroll's Alice s Adventures in Wonderland.

Thermal image drift is observed in prevalent industrial-level cameras because their optomechanical design is not optimised to reduce this phenomenon. In this paper, the effect of temperature on industrial-level cameras is investigated, focusing on the thermal image drift resulting from ambient temperature changes and warming-up process. Standard methods for reducing thermal image drift are reviewed, concentrating on the lack of repeatability aspect of this drift. Repeatable thermal image drift is crucial for applying a compensation model as random thermal deformations in sensors cannot be compensated. Moreover, the possible cause of this issue is explored, and novel optomechanical camera modifications are proposed that maintain the thermal degrees of freedom for the deforming sensor, limiting the lack of repeatability aspect of thermal image drift to a low level. The improvement is verified by conducting experiments using a specialised test stand equipped with an invar frame and thermal chamber. Considering the results from the application of the polynomial compensation model, the standard deviation of the central shifts of image drift is reduced by ×3.99, and the absolute range of image drift is reduced by ×2.53.