The Borshchiv district, along with the western part of Podolia, was joined to Poland in the 14th century, to which it was to belong, intermittently, until the end of World War II. The purpose of the article is a semantic and structural analysis of the place names in this area, on the basis of which a linguistic picture emerges of the Borszczów district. The most numerous group of physiographic names describes its natural properties – the richness of its rivers and lakes, the animals living there, forested places, numerous undulations and plateaus. Also, ethnic names indirectly refer to the nature of the land itself whereas cultural names – equally numerous – describe the district as a result of the properties acquired due to human activity. The most recent layer being the ideological names created during communism. Older cultural names inform of settlement forms, defensive places, their state after numerous invasions, places related to spiritual, secular culture and the economy. Renewed and diminutive names depend on new settlements being built in the district. Among the names of places derived from personal names, the most numerous are possessive names, which are based on eastern or neutral names, just like with patronymics. The meaning of the name Szuparka remains unclear.
The research aim was to determine the long-term impact of the mine waste stored at the coal waste dump Hałda Ruda on the content of heavy metals in the bottom sediments of the Bytomka River. It is a watercourse flowing along this coal waste dump and has been under its influence for over fifty years. The research also attempted to determine the seasonality of changes (2 years) and mobility of selected elements.
The article presents total contents of Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb in the bottom sediments collected from the Bytomka River. It also focuses on the distribution of these elements in particular geochemical fractions determined with the Tessier's sequential chemical extraction procedure. Total element contents were determined with an EDPXRF (Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence) technique. The extractants of particular Tessier's fractions were determined quantitatively with an ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) spectrometer. The research results show that the stored waste significantly influences the contents of heavy metals in the Bytomka River bottom sediments. The lowest concentration of heavy metals was observed at the B1 spot (above the dump), while the highest one was measured at the B3 spot (below the dump).
Sequential chemical extraction of the bottom sediments indicates that the Zn content in the ion-exchange and carbonate fractions diminished within a year. Nevertheless, Zn bound to Fe and Mn oxides acted in the opposite way. Mn, Zn and Pb are the most dangerous elements from the viewpoint of environmental hazards, as their total concentrations were high. Moreover, their high contents were observed in the most mobile (ion-exchange and carbonate) fractions. Extremely toxic Cd was bound to the oxide fraction to the largest extent. Cu was mainly bound to the organic fraction while environmentally hazardous Cr was bound to the residual fraction.
The aim of the study was verification of the response of chamomile (Matricaria recutita (L.) Rauschert), peppermint (Mentha x piperita) lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.), and sage (Salvia officinalis L.) on the elevated contents of inorganic As species in soils. The ability of herbs to accumulate arsenic was tested in pot experiment in which soils were contaminated by As(III) and As(V). The As(III), As(V), AB (arsenobetaine), MMA (monomethylarsonic acid) and DMA (dimethylarsinic acid) ions were successfully separated in the Hamilton PRP-X100 column with high performance-liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) techniques. The study examined total arsenic contents in soil and plants, as well as the mobility of the arsenic species from the soil into the studied plants. Peppermint demonstrated the highest arsenic concentration and phytoaccumulation among studied plants. The sequential chemical extraction showed that arsenic in the contaminated soil was mainly related to the oxide and organic-sulfide fractions. The results showed that the oxidized arsenic form had a greater ability to accumulate in herbs and was more readily absorbed from the substrate by plants. Research has shown that soil contaminated with As(III) or As(V) has different effects on the arsenic content in plants. The plant responses to strong environmental pollution varied and depended on their type and the arsenic species with which the soil was contaminated. In most cases it resulted in the appearance of the organic arsenic derivatives.
In order to increase wear resistance cast steel casting the TiC-Fe-Cr type composite zones were fabricated. These zones were obtained by
means of in situ synthesis of substrates of the reaction TiC with a moderator of a chemical composition of white cast iron with nickel of
the Ni-Hard type 4. The synthesis was carried out directly in the mould cavity. The moderator was applied to control the reactive
infiltration occurring during the TiC synthesis. The microstructure of composite zones was investigated by electron scanning microscopy,
using the backscattered electron mode. The structure of composite zones was verified by the X-ray diffraction method. The hardness of
composite zones, cast steel base alloy and the reference samples such as white chromium cast iron with 14 % Cr and 20 % Cr, manganese
cast steel 18 % Mn was measured by Vickers test. The wear resistance of the composite zone and the reference samples examined by ballon-disc
wear test. Dimensionally stable composite zones were obtained containing submicron sizes TiC particles uniformly distributed in
the matrix. The macro and microstructure of the composite zone ensured three times hardness increase in comparison to the cast steel base
alloy and one and a half times increase in comparison to the white chromium cast iron 20 % Cr. Finally ball-on-disc wear rate of the
composite zone was five times lower than chromium white cast iron containing 20 % Cr.
Refinement is one of the most energy consuming technological process, aimed at obtaining mineral raw materials of the proper grain size.
Cast structural elements such as jaws or hammers in crushing machines operate under conditions of an intensive wear. The data indicate
that 80 % of failures of machines and devices is caused by wearing of rubbing surfaces. This problem became the subject of several
scientific and industrial investigations carried out in the whole world in order to produce materials ultra- wear resistant. Methods allowing
to obtain wear resistant composite castings are discussed in the hereby paper. Within the performed research microstructures of the
produced composite zones were presented and the comparative analysis with regard to mechanical and functional properties of local
composite reinforcements in relation to the commercial alloys of increased wear resistance was performed. The results show almost twenty
five times increase in wear resistance compared to manganese cast steel containing 18 % Mn.
Packaging steels are thin gauge flat carbon steels coated with tin or chrome on both sides. They are very important raw materials for the production of steel packaging, which allow food to be stored safely and with an extended shelf life. The publication focuses on the production process of ETP and ECCS steel, as well as the problem of corrosion of steel packaging.
The topic of legislative changes that require the elimination of chromium (VI) compounds from the steel passivation process was also discussed. The packaging steel industry is currently facing the need to develop a new passivation technology. Leading packaging steel manufacturers in cooperation with varnish and paint suppliers have developed chromium (VI) free technologies by implementing chromium (III) compounds and titanium oxide technology.
Authors focus also on new trends and potential development directions for the packaging steel industry.
In this work, an electrically tunable long-period fiber grating (LPFG) coated with liquid crystal layer (LC) is presented. As a LC layer, a prototype low-birefringence 1550A LC mixture was chosen. As a LPFG host, two types of gratings were studied: the LPFGs based on a standard telecommunication fiber, produced by an electric arc technique with a period of 222 μm, and the LPFGs based on a boron co-doped fiber written by a UV technique with a period of 226.8 μm. The relatively short period of these gratings allowed exploiting unique sensing properties of the attenuation bands associated with modes close to the turn-around point. Experiments carried out showed that for the UV-induced LPFG with a LC layer, on the powered state the attenuation band could be offset from the attenuation band measured in the unpowered state by almost 130 nm. When the arc-induced LPFG was coated with the LC, the depth of the attenuation band could be efficiently controlled by applying an external E-field. Additionally, all experimental results obtained in this work were supported by the theoretical analysis based on a model developed with Optigrating v.4.2 software.
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