Aktuell werden Vakuumverfahren bei der Erzeugung von Sauerstoffreien Kupfer eingesetzt, das ais Ausgangsmaterial in der Elektronik und Elektrotechnik dient. In der Kupfervakuumraffination eine grundlegende Bedeutung hat die Entfemung von Blei. Intensitat der Verunreinigungsentfernung erlaubt eine Anwendung von anderen Einsatzmaterialen ais Kathodenkupfer for die Erzeugung von Kupfer hoher Reinheit. Das Kupfervakuurnraffintionsverfahren beruht auf der Verdampfung der fluchtigen Komponente des flussigen Metalls und ist hauptsachlich durch den Massentransport in der Gas-und in der flussigen Phase determiniert. Die Temperatur und die Druckanderungen in dem Messystem sowie die hydrodynamischen Bedingungen konnen bedeutend die kinetische Kontrole des Prozesses beeinflussen. Ausser dem, die chemische Zusamrnensetzung der Legierung, besonders Anwesenheit oberflachenaktiver Substanzen, kann die Kontrole des Verdampfungsprozesses andern. Feststellung, welcher von diesen Faktoren den grossten Einfluss auf die Verdampfungskinetik hat, verlangt eine Bestimmung der Art der Prozesskontrole mit Faktoren die die Kontrole beeinflussen. Alle Voraussetzungen die die kinetische Kontrole des Verdampfungsprozesses betreffen, fordem genaue Untersuchungen.

In the paper the theoretical sintering criterion was applied to check if sintering conditions of bearing aluminium matrix composites manufactured by recycling of communited aluminium and CuA18 aluminium bronze chips, as reinforcing phase, determined experimentally were proper chosen. The criterion bases on the assumption that by conformability of plastic work of composites in metal working processes with critical values of the work needed for good junction of the particles determined in other simple test, the proper conditions of bonding process of particles can be achieved. The composites were manufactured directly, without metallurgical process. The method of recycling contains: cleaning and communition of chips, premolding, hot extrusion and heat treatment during which the diffusion of copper and aluminium between matrix and reinforcing phase takes place and leads to create the hard intermetallic phases in soft matrix, the structure typical for bearing materials.

Solidification modeling based on classical macroscopic energy, mass, momentum and solute continuity equations does not allow lo predict of microstructural parameters satisfactorily. In past decades several aucmps have been made for the developing of modelling methodology for the coupling macro transport equations with the transformation kinetics in the micro scale. The micromodeling focused to the multicomponent alloys is still rare, despite the majority of the new industrial alloys are formed from complex multicomponent systems. The paper presents the micromodeling procedure coupled with thermodynamic calculation and experimental investigations for the Co-Cr-Mo alloys, frequently used as biomaterials for the production of endoprotheses. Both, experimental and numerical results showed that: the grain structure is mainly influenced by the cooling rate, the partition coefficients exhibit significant dependency on the cooling rate (especially for molybdenum), the high cooling rate promotes early formation of fine intragranular carbides. The experimentally obtained values of latent heat of solidification exhibit important dependency on the initial carbon content, and cannot be ignored in solidification simulations. The solidification modeling results have been verified using cooling curve analysis and metallografic investigations. It seems, that the model can be used in engineering applications for solidification simulations.

This paper contains a description of a new method of coke reactivity testing, which makes it possible to evaluate the degree and intensity of degradation of coke grains with various initial sizes. The results of coke reactivity testing with the use of this method are presented including degrees of mass decrement of coke samples with various initial grain sizes, decrement of average-size grain of tested coke during its gasification and mechanical resistance of coke samples after gasification. Based on the test results, the conditions were determined, under which determination with the use of the new method is carried out, as well as coke reactivity evaluation indices were specified. The new testing method has been verified, under Sendzimir Steelworks conditions, as for the possibility of using it to evaluate the impact of coke granularity on the course of the blast-furnace process.

Basing on a stress relaxation t<:_st, the activation volume V* of Zn (99.995%) monocrystals deformed in the system (OOO I)< 1120> at the temperatures 77 K and 293 K was determined. The density of forest dislocation on the plane (0001) was 104 cm". The investigations have shown that the relaxation process in zinc monocrystals proceeds in two stages. Each stage is characterized by a different value of the activation volume V*. The kinetics of the process depends to a great degree on the temperature of the test and the stresses at the beginning of relaxation.

Transmission Electron Microscopy is an essential technique for imaging the microstructures at the nanometer scale. However, quantitative analysis of such images is not easy due to the nature of TEM contrast based on diffraction phenomena. A quantitative description of the microstructure of melt-spun AIY ribbons has been carried out in the present work. TEM observations have revealed randomly distributed and oriented spherical nanometer crystals. ln order to describe quantitatively their size and shape, images under different diffraction conditions were recorded. These images have been analyzed using software for image analysis. The data have been compared to the results obtained by other techniques, such as X-ray diffractometry and differential scanning calorimetry.

The main subject of the paper is the analysis of plastic flow of tailored blanks in deep drawing processes. It has been shown in the present study that the key issue of the discussed problem is the development of a method which would allow to analyse nonuniform flow of blanks characterized by large changes of geometry, strain and stress state in the deformation process. Estimation of the formability of a tailored blank is not possible taking into account only the formability of the component sheets, without considering the shape of the drawn part as well as the location and orientation of the weld line with respect to directions of principal stresses in the blank. The present paper presents a model of tailored blanks which can be used in a finite element simulation to determine the formability of such blanks. The proposed solution makes use of the results obtained in experimental tests on tailored blanks. The relationship between the formability of the base material and the formability of the weld zone has been found. Model parameters can be determined from the characteristics of the component sheets and properties of the welded zone. Numerical simulation was carried out using the developed model. It was found that the flow of a tailored blank depends on the orientation of the weld line with respect lo the directions of principal stresses and the formability of a tailored blank depends on the characteristics of the component sheets and the quality of the weld. Theoretical model of a tailored blank and numerical simulation have been validated by experimental tests. Local strains from numerical simulation have been presented on the forming limit diagrams and compared with strains measured in experiments.

The results of a numerical analysis of the cross wedge rolling process (CWR) are presented in the paper. The calculations have been made using the commercial finite element programming package MSC.MARC AutoForge. The FEM model has been validated experimentally. The paper is limited only to the analysis of stress state, performed in order to examine the problem of internal cracks. The hypothesis of the longest elongation has been used in order to present the method of determining the moment of the process, when the material cracks. Besides the above, the calculated distributions of stress coefficient are presented. On their basis, the influence of the basic parameters of the CWR process on the possibility of internal cracks arising has been determined.