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Assessment of characteristics, water quality and groundwater vulnerability in Pakis District, East Java Province, Indonesia

Prasetyo Rubiantoro Mohammad Bisri Aminudin Afandhi

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2022 | No 52 | 124-132 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2022.140382

Keywords geoelectric groundwater intrinsic vulnerability pollution quality of groundwater specific vulnerability

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Abstract

Groundwater is a very important natural resource to support the activities of the residents of Pakis District, Malang Regency. On the other hand, increased activity puts pressure on groundwater quality. Agricultural intensification, urbanisation, and industrialisation can be sources of pollutants. Hydrological factors, topography, lithology, and surrounding rainfall are triggers for contamination of groundwater. The main objective of this research is to determine the characteristics, quality of groundwater, and its susceptibility to pollution. To complete this research, geoelectric measurements were carried out at 43 points spread throughout the study area and sampling of 18 shallow wells in agricultural, residential, and industrial areas for chemical analysis. All data obtained were analysed to create a map of the spatial distribution of groundwater vulnerability. The results show that the groundwater in the study location is in the transition zone and flows through the volcanic rock layers. The level of groundwater pollution is in the uncontaminated status to heavily polluted with pollutants in the form of heavy metal manganese and Escherichia coli bacteria. The spatial distribution of groundwater intrinsic vulnerability shows low, moderate, and high levels of vulnerability, respectively 32.99%, 60.87%, and 6.14% of the research area. Groundwater specific vulnerability associated with land use factors shows that 26.25% are negligible, 42.46% are low, and 31.29% are moderate. From this it can be concluded that the study area has been polluted both geogenically and anthropogenically, therefore, special actions must be taken to restore the quality of groundwater.

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Authors and Affiliations

Prasetyo Rubiantoro

1

Mohammad Bisri

1

Aminudin Afandhi

1

Universitas Brawijaya, Postgraduate Program, Jalan Veteran, Malang 65142, Indonesia

Reclamation and Reutilization of Incinerator Ash in Artificial Lightweight Aggregate

Norlia Mohamad Ibrahim Roshazita Che Amat Mustaqqim Abdul Rahim Nur Liza Rahim Abdul Rahim Abdul Razak

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 269-275 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137501

Keywords light weight aggregate incinerator bottom ash fly ash concrete

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Abstract

This study focused on the reclamation of ash from incineration process and development of new artificial lightweight aggregate (LWA) that have comparable properties with existing natural coarse aggregate. The main objective of this study is to examine potential use of recycled municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) ash as raw material in LWA production with a method of cold-bonded pelletization. Two types of incineration ash which is bottom ash (BA) and fly ash (FA) were collected from Cameron Highland Incineration Plant, Malaysia. The properties of BA and FA are studied by means of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and microstructure of these ashes were inspected using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The properties of BALA and FALA produced in this study is examined including loose bulk density, water absorption and aggregate impact value (AIV). From the results of both types of artificial LWA, the lowest loose bulk density of BALA is BALA50 with 564.14 kg/m3 and highest is at 831.19 kg/m3. For FALA50, lowest loose bulk density is 573.64 kg/m3 and highest is 703.35 kg/m3. Water absorption of BALA and FALA is quite similar with one another in with the value of 23.8% and 22.6%, respectively. Generally, FALA have better qualities of LWA comparing with BALA with lower bulk density and water absorption and can be categorized as strong aggregate. In summary, reclamation and reutilization of incinerator ash has generated acceptable qualities for artificial LWA. Both types of BA and FA shown a great potential to be recycled as additional materials in artificial aggregate production.

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Authors and Affiliations

Norlia Mohamad Ibrahim

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Roshazita Che Amat

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mustaqqim Abdul Rahim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Nur Liza Rahim

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Abdul Rahim Abdul Razak

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Electrical Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia

Structural and Physical Characterization of New Ti-Based Alloys

I. Baltatu A.V. Sandu M.S. Baltatu M. Benchea D.C. Achitei F. Ciolacu M.C. Perju P. Vizureanu L. Benea

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 255-259 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137499

Keywords new biomaterials titanium alloys biocompatible elements β phase

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Abstract

Production of Ti-based alloys with non-toxic elements give the possibility to control the market of medical applications, using alloys with appropriate properties for human body, contributing to improving the health of the population. Determination of parameters of atomic and magnetic structure of functional biomaterials demonstrating interesting physical phenomena and being promising for medical applications in a wide range of thermodynamic parameters; exploration of the role of cluster aggregation in the formation of physical properties. Paper is about the obtaining of the new titanium system alloys, the determining their characteristics and structure, and obtaining information concerning phase transitions and some mechanical properties. Ti15Mo7ZrxTa (5 wt.%, 10 wt.% and 15 wt.%) alloys developed shows a predominant β phase highlighted by optical microstructure and XRD patterns. A very low young modulus of alloys was obtained (43-51 GPa) which recommends them as very good alloys for orthopedic applications.

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Authors and Affiliations

I. Baltatu

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

A.V. Sandu

1 2 3

e-mail:

ORCID:

M.S. Baltatu

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Benchea

4

e-mail:

ORCID:

D.C. Achitei

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

F. Ciolacu

5

e-mail:

ORCID:

M.C. Perju

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

P. Vizureanu

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

L. Benea

6

e-mail:

ORCID:

“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, 41 “D. Mangeron” Street, 700050, Iasi, Romania
University Malaysia Perlis, Centre of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology School of Materials Engineering, Kompleks Pengajian Jejawi 2,02600 Arau, Perlis
Romanian Inventors Forum, Str. Sf. P. Movila 3, L11, 700089, Iasi, Romania
“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, 61-63 “D. Mangeron” Street, 700050, Iasi, Romania
“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Department of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, 73 Blvd. D. Mangeron, Iasi, 700050, Romania
Dunărea de Jos University of Galati, Faculty of Engineering, 47 Domneasca St., 800008, Galati, Romania

Effect of Cooling Rate on Mechanical Properties of new Multicomponent Fe-Based Amorphous Alloy During Annealing Process

P. Rezaei-Shahreza H. Redaei P. Moosavi S. Hasani A. Seifoddini B. Jeż M. Nabiałek

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 251-254 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137498

Keywords Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) Nanocomposite Mechanical testing Fracture toughness

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Abstract

Fe-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) have been extensively investigated due to their ultrahigh strength and elastic moduli as well as desire magnetic properties. However, these BMGs have few applications in industrial productions because of their brittleness at room temperature. This study is focused on the effect of cooling rate on the mechanical properties (especially toughness) in the Fe41Co7Cr15Mo14Y2C15B6 BMG. For this aim, two samples with the mentioned composition were fabricated in a water-cooled copper mold with a diameter of 2 mm, and in a graphite mold with a diameter of 3 mm. The formation of crystalline phases of Fe23(B, C)6, α-Fe and Mo3Co3C based on XRD patterns was observed after the partial crystallization process. To determine the toughness of the as-cast and annealed samples, the indentation technique was used. These results revealed that the maximum hardness and toughness were depicted in the sample casted in the water-cooled copper mold and annealed up to 928°C. The reason of it can be attributed to the formation of crystalline clusters in the amorphous matrix of the samples casted in the graphite mold, so that this decrease in the cooling rate causes to changing the chemical composition of the amorphous matrix.

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Authors and Affiliations

P. Rezaei-Shahreza

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

H. Redaei

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

P. Moosavi

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

S. Hasani

1

A. Seifoddini

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

B. Jeż

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Nabiałek

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Yazd University, Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 89195-741, Yazd, Iran
Częstochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Department of Physics, 19 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland

Review on Mechanical Properties of Metakaolin Geopolymer Concrete by Inclusion of Steel Fibers

Meor Ahmad Faris Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Ratnasamy Muniandy Shamala Ramasamy Mohammad Firdaus Abu Hashim Subaer Junaedi Andrei Victor Sandu Muhammad Faheem Mohd Tahir

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 261-267 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137500

Keywords geopolymer Metakaolin fiber reinforced concrete steel fibers mechanical properties

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Abstract

This study summarised the recent achievement in developing fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete. The factor of replacing Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) which is due to the emission of carbon dioxide that pollutes the environment globally is well discussed. The introduction towards metakaolin is presented. Besides, the current research trend involved in geopolymer also has been reviewed for the current 20 years to study the interest of researchers over the world by year. Factors that contribute to the frequency of geopolymer research are carried out which are cost, design, and the practicality of the application for geopolymer concrete. Besides, the importance of steel fibers addition to the geopolymer concrete is also well discussed. The fundamental towards metakaolin has been introduced including the source of raw material, which is calcined kaolin, calcined temperature, chemical composition, geopolymerisation process, and other properties. Alkali activators which are mixing solution between sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) have been reviewed. The mechanical properties of fibers reinforced metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete which is compressive and flexural are thoroughly reviewed. The compressive and flexural strength of fiber-reinforced metakaolin geopolymer concrete shows some improvement to the addition of steel fibers. The reviews in this field demonstrate that reinforcement of metakaolin geopolymer concrete by steel fibers shows improvement in mechanical performance.

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Authors and Affiliations

Meor Ahmad Faris

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah

1 3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ratnasamy Muniandy

e-mail:

ORCID:

Shamala Ramasamy

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mohammad Firdaus Abu Hashim

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Subaer Junaedi

4

e-mail:

ORCID:

Andrei Victor Sandu

5

e-mail:

ORCID:

Muhammad Faheem Mohd Tahir

1 3

e-mail:

ORCID:

University Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Center of Excellent Geopolymer and Green Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
Universitas Negeri Makasssar, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Indonesia
Gheorge Asachi Technical University of Lasi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Lasi, Romania

Synthesis of magnesium aluminate spinel doped TiO2 from magnesite waste

N. Canikoğlu

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 311-316 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137757

Keywords Magnesium aluminate spinel (MgAl2O4) Titanium dioxide (TiO2) Magnesite waste Alumina (Al2O3)

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Abstract

Magnesium aluminate spinel (MgAl2O4) is an important refractory material of magnesia origin. It is formed by the reaction of magnesium and aluminum oxides. In this study, TiO2 was added to magnesite waste and alumina (Al2O3) powders in different proportions and the mixtures were sintered at different temperatures after shaping. The aim of this study was to produce spinel economically by recycling waste materials. Therefore, titanium dioxide (TiO2) added magnesium aluminate spinel was produced and the products obtained were characterized by XRD and SEM-EDS analyses. In addition, bulk density, apparent porosity and microhardness values were measured and the effects of TiO2 additive on magnesium aluminate properties were examined. The better values were determined in samples doped 4 wt.% TiO2 at the sintering temperature of 1400°C.

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Authors and Affiliations

N. Canikoğlu

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Sakarya University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Sakarya/Turkey

The Effect of 0.2% Addition of Mg, Co and Ce on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 1xxx Series Aluminium Alloy Castings Designed for Overhead Transmission Lines

P. Koprowski M. Lech-Grega Ł. Wodzinski B. Augustyn S. Boczkal P. Uliasz M. Ożóg

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 303-309 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137756

Keywords Micro-additions aluminium hardness microstructure overhead transmission lines

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Abstract

The effect of 0.2% addition of Mg, Co and Ce to 99.9% cast aluminium was studied by evaluation of changes in microstructure and mechanical properties. The microstructure was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The Al99.9 alloy contained only Al-Fe-Si phase particles. Similar Al-Fe-Si particles were observed in alloy with 0.2% Mg addition, because this amount of magnesium was fully dissolved in the solid solution. The addition of cobalt resulted in the formation of Al9.02Co1.51Fe0.47 phase particles assuming the shape of eutectic plates. The electron backscattered diffraction map made for the alloy with 0.2% Co addition showed numerous twin boundaries with distances between them in the range from 10 to 100 µm. The addition of cerium was located in the grain boundary area. Cerium also gave rise to the formation of two types of particles, i.e. Al4Ce and Al-Ce-Fe-Si. The Al-Ce-Fe-Si phase is a nucleation site for the Al4Ce phase, which forms eutectic plates. The results showed that the introduction of additives increases the mechanical properties of the cast materials. The 99.9% cast aluminium has a hardness of 16.9 HB. The addition of 0.2% by weight of Mg, Co, Ce increases this hardness to 21.8 HB, 22.6 HB and 19.1 HB, respectively.

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Authors and Affiliations

P. Koprowski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Lech-Grega

1

Ł. Wodzinski

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

B. Augustyn

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

S. Boczkal

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

P. Uliasz

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Ożóg

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, Division in Skawina, 19 Piłsudskiego Str., 32-050 Skawina, Poland
Boryszew S.A., Modern Aluminium Products, 23 Piłsudskiego Str., 32-050 Skawina, Poland

Analysis of the Influence of the Mould Temperature in the Weld Line Areas on Strength of the Injection Mouldings

R. Humienny P. Postawa A. Kalwik

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 325-331 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137762

Keywords strength injection moulding mould temperature Dynamic Mechanical Analysis

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Abstract

The weld lines that occur in injection mouldings are critical areas on which depends on the strength of the mouldings. The flow of the material in the injection mould takes place through the gate and then gradually in the mould cavity. Depending on the shape of the formed object, the weld line may or may not occur. In the case of spreading of plastic streams or bypassing obstacles in the form of cores in the mould, the joining lines run down. Most often, the strength of the moulded part is the lowest in these areas and the resulting lines can cause cracking. The aim of the research presented in the publication was to evaluate the properties of particular parts of mouldings obtained from an experimental injection mould equipped with 4 weld line areas. The tests were performed using the method of thermal analysis by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis DMA. Tensile tests were performed on the parts with weld areas and the maximum crack force was determined. The morphology of the obtained fractures was observed using an optical microscope.

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Authors and Affiliations

R. Humienny

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

P. Postawa

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

A. Kalwik

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Technology and Automation, 21 Armii Krajowej Av., 42- 201 Czestochowa, Poland

Mechanical Behavior of Nitrocarburised Austenitic Steel Coated with N-DLC by Means of DC and Pulsed Glow Discharge

T. Borowski K. Kulikowski M. Spychalski K. Rożniatowski B. Rajchel B. Adamczyk-Cieślak T. Wierzchoń

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 317-324 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137761

Keywords DLC nitrocarburizing surface engineering hardness adhesion wear

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Abstract

AISI 316L steel was subjected to nitrocarburizing under glow discharge conditions, which was followed by DLC (diamond-like carbon) coatings deposition using the same device. The coatings were applied under conditions of direct current and pulsed glow discharge. In order to determine the influence of the produced nitrocarbon austenite layer and the type of discharge on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the coatings, the following features were analysed: surface roughness, coating thickness, structure, chemical composition, adhesion and resistance to frictional wear. For comparison purposes, DLC coatings were also deposited on steel without a nitrocarburised layer. The obtained results indicate a significant influence of the type of glow discharge on the roughness, hardness, nitrogen content and of the nitrocarburised layer on the resistance to wear by friction and adhesion of the produced coatings.

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Authors and Affiliations

T. Borowski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

K. Kulikowski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Spychalski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

K. Rożniatowski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

B. Rajchel

2

B. Adamczyk-Cieślak

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

T. Wierzchoń

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, 141 Wołoska Str., 02-507 Warszawa, Poland
Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Poland

Ceramic Porous Preforms Manufactured from Waste Materials

M. Krezmer

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 283-288 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137503

Keywords composite materials ceramic preforms waste materials fly ashes

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Abstract

The goal of this study is to develop a method of manufacturing porous ceramic skeletons used as semi-finished products for reinforcement of composite materials or as filters. For manufacturing skeletons, only waste materials from coal combustion (fly ashes and bottom slags) as well as rubber granules from used tires and car parts were used. These granules were a pore-forming agent that underwent thermal degradation during sintering process. The influence of sintering temperature, portion, and type of rubber granules on the porosity of developed ceramic skeletons was determined. The study of structure of base materials and the developed ceramic skeletons in a scanning electron microscope as well as their X-ray phase analysis were made. Results will allow to predict phases that can be formed on the metal-reinforcement interface during pressure infiltration.

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M. Krezmer

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Scientific and Didactic Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Materials Technologies , Krasińskiego Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Numerical-Experimental Research on Some Parameters of Hip and Knee Endoprostheses, Determining Value and Form of Contact Stress Between their Elements

M. Nabrdalik M. Sobociński

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 277-282 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137502

Keywords endoprosthesis stress strain FEM

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Abstract

The paper presents Finite Elements Method numerical analysis of strength of friction pairs most often used in hip and knee joints alloplasty. Analytic solutions are to indicate and define the areas where damages or premature wear of cooperating elements may occur. Analytical-experimental research states complete and thorough analysis. Accurate technical simulation of the joints of the human motor system, is difficult to conduct due to high level of complexity of human bio-bearings. All attempts to simulate the work of human joints, lead only to an approximate reflection of real human joint motion. To properly face the above problems, along with numerical analysis, there have been conducted empirical tests on the simulator of knee joint endoprosthesis

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Nabrdalik

1

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ORCID:

M. Sobociński

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Technology and Automation, 21 Armii Krajowej Av ., 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland

Effect of TiC Reinforcement on Wear Resistance of Magnesium Matrix Composite by FSP

Balraj Singh Jagdev Singh Ravinder Singh Joshi

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 293-302 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137505

Keywords Friction stir processing FSP wear behavior surface composites Mg composites TiC composite

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Abstract

In the current study, wear performance of pure magnesium (Mg) and composite fabricated with titanium carbide (TiC) reinforcement is investigated under various loading and sliding velocity conditions. The Mg-matrix composite is prepared by friction stir processing (FSP) carried out at optimized values of process parameters. Sliding wear tests on Mg and friction stir processed (FSPed) Mg+TiC surface composite were done on pin-on-disc configuration. The consequence of the normal load applied and sliding velocity on wear behaviour of the two materials is evaluated by performing the tests at two normal loads of 6 N and 12 N and three sliding speeds of 0.5 m/s, 1.5 m/s and 4.5 m/s. FSPed composite found to exhibit an enhanced wear resistance as compared to that of pure Mg. To get an insight into the possible types of mechanisms for wear of the composites sample under varying load and sliding speeds conditions, the worn test specimens are subjected to scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM/EDS analysis revealed that oxidation, ploughing, trailing edge and 3-body abrasive wear were the predominant mechanisms for the wear of samples at a different set of experimental conditions. The tensile strength of the FSPed surface composite was found to be 25% higher than pure Mg. Wear resistance was found to increase by about 33%.

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Authors and Affiliations

Balraj Singh

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jagdev Singh

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ravinder Singh Joshi

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, Department of Research, Innovation and Consultancy, Punjab, India
Mechanical Engineering Department, Beant College of Engineering and Technology, Punjab, India
Mechanical Engineering Department, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Punjab, India

Influence of Initial Charge Temperature and Furnace Exploitation on Steel Loss

J. Boryca T. Wyleciał D. Urbaniak

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 289-291 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137504

Keywords heating of steel charge loss of steel initial charge temperature furnace exploitation

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Abstract

Steel loss related to the formation of scale is a parameter that is of great importance in the charge heating process. The value of steel loss determined by the thickness of the scale layer affects the intensity of the heat transfer process in the heating furnace, but also constitutes a significant element in the heat-material balance. Reducing the loss of steel during charge heating has a positive effect on heat consumption and material losses, which is extremely important in the context of energy and resource savings, the main elements of sustainable development processes. The methodology of determining the loss of steel to scale in an industrial heating furnace is presented in the paper. The results of calculations for various charge temperatures at the entrance to the furnace are presented. The influence of furnace operating conditions on steel loss is discussed.

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Boryca

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

T. Wyleciał

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

D. Urbaniak

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Czestochowa University of Technology, 19 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland

Assessment on the Physical, Mechanical Properties and Leaching Behaviour of Fired Clay Brick Incorporated with Steel Mill Sludge

Noor Amira Sarani Azini Amiza Hashim Aeslina Abdul Kadir Nur Fatin Nabila Hissham Mohd Ikhmal Haqeem Hassan M. Nabiałek B. Jeż

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 209-214 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137491

Keywords building materials leachability fired clay brick steel mill sludge brick properties

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Abstract

The disposal of industrial steel mill sludge in landfills has frequently received significant concern as the sludge has a very notable potential to contaminate soil surface and groundwater in the long run. Recently, the incorporation of industrial steel mill sludge into fired clay brick has become one of the promising alternative methods as it could produce a lightweight product while minimizing the environmental impact of the waste used. In this study, fired clay bricks as the most common building material were incorporated with 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% of steel mill sludge and fired at 1050°C (heating rate of 1°C/min). The manufactured bricks were subjected to physical and mechanical properties such as firing shrinkage, dry density, and compressive strength while the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) was conducted to analyze leaching behavior from the manufactured bricks. The results demonstrated that incorporation up to 15% of steel mill sludge reduces the properties up to 27.3% of firing shrinkage, 8.1% of dry density and 67.3% of compressive strength. The leaching behavior of Zn and Cu from steel mill sludge was reduced up to 100% from 7414 to 9.22 ppm (Zn) and 16436 to 4.654 ppm (Cu) after 15% of sludge incorporation. It was observed that high temperature during the firing process would improve the properties of bricks while immobilizing the heavy metals from the waste. Therefore, recycling steel mill sludge into construction building materials could not only alleviate the disposal problems but also promote alternative new raw materials in building industries.

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Authors and Affiliations

Noor Amira Sarani

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Azini Amiza Hashim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Aeslina Abdul Kadir

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Nur Fatin Nabila Hissham

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mohd Ikhmal Haqeem Hassan

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Nabiałek

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

B. Jeż

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
Department of Physics, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Częstochowa University of Technology, Al. Armii Krajowej 19,42-200 Częstochowa

Effect of Rare Earth Cerium Addition on Oxidation Behavior of Co-Al-W Alloys at 800°C

D. Migas T. Liptáková G. Moskal

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 203-208 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137490

Keywords rare earth elements REE cyclic oxidation γ-γ′ cobalt-based superalloys Co-Ce

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Abstract

The γ/γ′ Co-based alloys are a new class of cobalt superalloys, which are characterized by remarkable high temperature strength owing to strengthening by γ′-Co3(Al, X) phases. In this investigation, the effect of cerium addition on oxidation behavior of model Co-Al-W alloys was studied. The introduction of Ce aimed at improvement of the oxidation resistance of γ′-forming Co-based superalloys. The minor additions of cerium (0.1, 0.5 at.%) were added to the base alloy Co-9Al-9W. The alloys were prepared via induction vacuum melting (VIM). Further, a primary microstructure of the alloys was analyzed with particular regard to a segregation of Ce. The thermogravimetric analysis (TG) under non-isothermal conditions was used to preliminary estimate the oxidation behavior of alloys at different temperatures. During experiment, differential thermal analysis (DTA) was performed simultaneously. After this test, cyclic oxidation expermients was carried out at 800°C for 500 h. In as-cast state, Ce segregates to interdendritic areas and forms intermetallic phases. The effect connected with melting of interdendritic precipitates was observed at 1160°C. Ce-containing alloys were less prone of oxide spallation. Moreover, oxidation rate of these alloys substantially decreased after 100h of oxidation, whereas mass of the sample corresponding to base alloy continued to increase.

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Authors and Affiliations

D. Migas

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

T. Liptáková

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

G. Moskal

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Department of Materials Technologies , Katowice, Poland
University of Zilina, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Material Engineering, Zilina, Slovak Republic

Thermal Insulation and Mechanical Properties in the Presence of Glas Bubble in Fly Ash Geopolymer Paste

Noor Fifinatasha Shahedan Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Norsuria Mahmed Liew Yun Ming Shayfull Zamree Abd Rahim Ikmal Hakem A Aziz Aeslina Abdul Kadir Andrei Victor Sandu Mohd Fathullah Ghazali

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 221-226 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137493

Keywords glass bubble thermal insulation geopolymers fly ash

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Abstract

The density, compressive strength, and thermal insulation properties of fly ash geopolymer paste are reported. Novel insulation material of glass bubble was used as a replacement of fly ash binder to significantly enhance the mechanical and thermal properties compared to the geopolymer paste. The results showed that the density and compressive strength of 50% glass bubble was 1.45 g/cm3 and 42.5 MPa, respectively, meeting the standard requirement for structural concrete. Meanwhile, the compatibility of 50% glass bubbles tested showed that the thermal conductivity (0.898 W/mK), specific heat (2.141 MJ/m3K), and thermal diffusivity (0.572 mm2/s) in meeting the same requirement. The improvement of thermal insulation properties revealed the potential use of glass bubbles as an insulation material in construction material.

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Authors and Affiliations

Noor Fifinatasha Shahedan

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Norsuria Mahmed

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Liew Yun Ming

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Shayfull Zamree Abd Rahim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ikmal Hakem A Aziz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Aeslina Abdul Kadir

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Andrei Victor Sandu

4

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mohd Fathullah Ghazali

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Center of Excellence Geopolyme & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Johor, Malaysia
Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania

Mechanical Effects on Different Solid to Liquid Ratio of Geopolymer Filler in Epoxy Resin

Mohammad Firdaus Abu Hashim Che Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali Yusrina Mat Daud Meor Ahmad Faris Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Farah Farhana Zainal Saloma Hasyim Muhammad Taqiyuddin Lokman

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 215-220 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137492

Keywords Geopolymer filler fly ash tensile flexural morphology solid/liquid ratio

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Abstract

Geopolymer is formed from the alkali activation of materials rich in Si and Al content with the addition of a silicate solution to enhance the properties of the materials. This paper presents research on the mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymer filler in epoxy resin by varying different solid to liquid ratios using sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate as the alkaline activator. However, the common problem observed from the solid to liquid ratio is the influence of curing time and compressive strength of geopolymer to have the best mechanical property. The mix design for geopolymers of solid to liquid ratio is essential in developing the geopolymer’s mechanical strength. A series of epoxy filled with fly ash-based geopolymer materials with different solid to liquid ratio, which is prepared from 0.5 to 2.5 solid to liquid ratio of alkaline activator. The tensile strength and flexural strength of the epoxy filled with fly ash-based geopolymer materials is determined using Universal Testing Machine under tensile and flexural mode. It was found that the optimum solid to liquid ratio is 2.0, with the optimum tensile and flexural strength value. However, both the tensile and flexural properties of epoxy filled with fly ash-based geopolymer suddenly decrease at a 2.5 solid to liquid ratio. The strength is increasing with the increasing solid to liquid ratio sample of geopolymer filler content.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mohammad Firdaus Abu Hashim

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Che Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali

1 3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Yusrina Mat Daud

1 4

e-mail:

ORCID:

Meor Ahmad Faris

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah

1 4

e-mail:

ORCID:

Farah Farhana Zainal

1 4

e-mail:

ORCID:

Saloma Hasyim

5

e-mail:

ORCID:

Muhammad Taqiyuddin Lokman

2

Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), School of Materials Engineering, (UniMAP), 02600 Jalan Kangar-Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
Universiti Malaysia Perlis, (UniMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatic, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia
Universiti Malaysia Perlis, (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, 02600 Jalan Kangar-Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
Sriwijaya University, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Indonesia

Numerical Evaluation of the Impact of Riser Geometry on The Shrinkage Defects Formation in the Solidifying Casting

L. Sowa T. Skrzypczak P. Kwiatoń

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 181-187 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137487

Keywords numerical simulations solidification casting defects FEM

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Abstract

The work concerns of modeling the process of manufacturing machine parts by casting method. Making a casting without internal defects is a difficult task and usually requires numerous computer simulations and their experimental verification at the prototyping stage. Numerical simulations are then of priority importance in determining the appropriate parameters of the casting process and in selecting the shape of the riser for the casting fed with it. These actions are aimed at leading shrinkage defects to the riser, so that the casting remains free from this type of defects. Since shrinkage defects usually disqualify the casting from its further use, this type of research is still valid and requires further work. The paper presents the mathematical model and the results of numerical simulations of the casting solidification process obtained by using the Finite Element Method (FEM). A partial differential equation describing the course of thermal phenomena in the process of 3D casting creating was applied. This equation was supplemented with appropriate boundary and initial conditions that define the physical problem under consideration. In numerical simulations, by selecting the appropriate shape riser, an attempt was made to obtain a casting without internal defects, using a simple method of identifying their location. This is the main aim of the research as such defects in the casting disqualify it from use.

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Authors and Affiliations

L. Sowa

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

T. Skrzypczak

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

P. Kwiatoń

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Czestochowa University of Technology, Department of Mechanics and Machine Design Fundamentals, Dąbrowskiego 73, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland

Structure of 22Cr25NiWCoCu Austenitic Stainless Steel After Ageing

M. Sroka A. Zieliński T. Puszczało K. Sówka B. Hadzima

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 175-180 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137486

Keywords 22Cr25NiWCoCu steel microstructure precipitates ageing

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Abstract

The 22Cr25NiWCoCu austenitic stainless steel was developed by AB Sandvik Material Technology in Sweden. Due to its high creep strength and good corrosion resistance, this material is well suited for use in superheaters in advanced coal-fired power boilers as well as in other types of steam boilers using various types of fuel. The examined material was subject to long-term ageing for the time of annealing up to 20 000 h at 700 and 750°C. Precipitation processes and microstructure stability as-received and after ageing were investigated. Examination of the microstructure was conducted using scanning electron microscopy. The identification of secondary phases was carried out by X-ray phase composition.
Using the results of the investigations of precipitation processes in the microstructure, both within the grains and at the grain boundaries, their statistical analysis was carried out. To illustrate this impact, the following parameters were used: surface area and equivalent diameter of precipitates. Based on the surface area measurements, the percentage of the phase in the reviewed photo’s total area was calculated.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Sroka

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

A. Zieliński

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

T. Puszczało

1 3

e-mail:

ORCID:

K. Sówka

1 3

e-mail:

ORCID:

B. Hadzima

4

Silesian University of Technology, Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, S. Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute for Ferrous Metallurgy, K. Miarki 12-14, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
ZRE, ul. Gen. Jankego 13, 40-615 Katowice, Poland
University of Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia

Effect of Silica Fume and Alumina Addition on the Mechanical and Microstructure of Fly Ash Geopolymer Concrete

Fong Sue Min Heah Cheng Yong Liew Yun Ming Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Hasniyati Md Razi Foo Wah Low Ng Hui-Teng Ng Yong-Sing

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 197-202 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137489

Keywords geopolymer concrete silica fume alumina

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Abstract

This paper discussed the effect of the addition of silica fume (2 wt.% and 4 wt.%) and alumina (2 wt.% and 4 wt.%) on the properties of fly ash geopolymer concrete. The fly ash geopolymer concrete achieved the highest 28-day compressive strength with 2 wt.% of silica fume (39 MPa) and 4 wt.% of alumina (41 MPa). The addition of 2 wt.% of silica fume increased the compressive strength by 105% with respect to the reference geopolymer (without additive). On the other hand, the compressive strength surged by 115% with 4 wt.% of alumina compared to the reference geopolymer. The addition of additives improved the compactness of the geopolymer matrix according to the morphology analysis.

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Authors and Affiliations

Fong Sue Min

1

Heah Cheng Yong

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Liew Yun Ming

1 3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah

1 3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Hasniyati Md Razi

4

Foo Wah Low

5

Ng Hui-Teng

1 2

Ng Yong-Sing

1 2

Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600 Perlis, Malaysia
Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
Reactor Technology Center, Technical Support Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering & Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia

Recycling of PET Bottles Into Different Types of Building Materials: A Review

Mohd Ikhmal Haqeem Hassan Aeslina Abdul Kadir Intan Seri Izzora Arzlan Mohd Razali Md Tomari Noor Azizi Mardi Mohd Fahrul Hassan Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah M. Nabiałek B. Jeż

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 189-196 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137488

Keywords PET bottles waste recycling fired clay brick concrete environmental management

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Abstract

In this globalized era, building materials play an essential role in the civil engineering field. Nowadays, with the increase in population, the demand for construction activities is also increasing. Polyethylene (PET) bottles are among the most widely used materials and cause an abundance of non-degradable waste, at about 0.94 million tonnes in Malaysia. One of the alternatives to reduce this waste's environmental impact is to incorporate it inside building materials such as brick and concrete. As PET bottles' recycling is highly promoted, the physical and mechanical properties of building materials made from PET bottles have also been reviewed. The data analysis shows that the compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength and density of building materials decreases as the percentage of PET waste increases. However, other properties such as water absorption, initial absorption rate, and firing shrinkage increase proportionally with the PET waste. Besides, heavy metals in these building materials comply with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standards. It can be concluded that the percentage of PET waste incorporated into brick and concrete must be less than 5% and 2%, respectively, to produce suitable materials to provide alternatives in reducing and recycling PET waste.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mohd Ikhmal Haqeem Hassan

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Aeslina Abdul Kadir

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Intan Seri Izzora Arzlan

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mohd Razali Md Tomari

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Noor Azizi Mardi

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mohd Fahrul Hassan

4

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Nabiałek

5

e-mail:

ORCID:

B. Jeż

5

e-mail:

ORCID:

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
Center of Excellent Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Malaysia
Faculty of Electric and Electronic, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
Department of Physics, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Częstochowa University of Technology, Al. Armii Krajowej 19,42-200 Częstochowa

Phase Analysis of Different Liquid Ratio on Metakaolin/Dolomite Geopolymer

Ahmad Syauqi Sauffi Wan Mastura Wan Ibrahim Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Masdiyana Ibrahim Romisuhani Ahmad Fakhryna Ahmad Zaidi

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 247-250 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137497

Keywords geopolymer Metakaolin dolomite phase analysis

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Abstract

Geopolymer is widely studied nowadays in various scope of studies. Some of the ongoing studies are the study of the various materials towards the geopolymer strength produced. Meanwhile, some of the studies focus on the mixing of the geopolymer itself. This paper discussed the phase analysis of metakaolin/dolomite geopolymer for different solid to the liquid ratio which was, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0, and the properties that affected the geopolymer based on the phases. The constant parameters in this study were the percentage of metakaolin and dolomite used. The metakaolin used was 80% meanwhile dolomite usage was 20%. Besides that, the molarity of NaOH used is 10M and the alkaline activator ratio used is 2.0. All the samples were tested at 28 days of curing. The results show that the 0.8 solid to the liquid ratio used gave better properties compare to other solid to liquid ratio. The phases analyzed were quartz, sillimanite, mullite, and faujasite. The 0.8 S/L ratio shows the better properties compared to others by the test of phase analysis, compressive strength morphology analysis, and functional group analysis.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ahmad Syauqi Sauffi

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wan Mastura Wan Ibrahim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Masdiyana Ibrahim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Romisuhani Ahmad

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Fakhryna Ahmad Zaidi

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Engineering Technology, P. O. Box 77, d/a Pejabat, Pos Besar, 01007 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology, School of Material Engineering, P. O. Box 77, d/a Pejabat, Pos Besar, 01007 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia

Surface Integrity Evaluation on Aluminium-Epoxy Composite in Machining using Taguchi Method

K.W. Leong Z. Shayfull M. Fathullah M.F. Omar M.M.A. Abdullah H. Radhwan A.H. Mazlan B. Jeż M. Nabiałek

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 233-239 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137495

Keywords Hybrid Mold Metal Epoxy composite (MEC) machining Injection Molding Process

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Abstract

The increasing needs of using aluminum epoxy composite as a replacement to solid metal rapid prototyping has opened to interests in optimizing its machining processes. This paper reported on the success of optimizing the surface roughness of aluminium epoxy composite using milling process along with a new finding on the best combination parameters. Taguchi method was used as the optimization method whereas spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut were set as input factors using an L9 Orthogonal Array. Analysis of Variance was used to identify the significant factors influencing the surface roughness. Experiment was conducted in dry condition using a vertical milling machine and the surface roughness after the machining was evaluated. Optimum combination of cutting parameters was identified after the finest surface roughness (response) based on the signal-to-noise ratio calculated. Cutting parameters selected after preliminary testing are cutting speeds of (2000, 3000 and 4000) rpm, feed rate (300, 400 and 500) mm/min, and cutting depth (0.15, 0.20, and 0.25) mm. The result showed that cutting speed had the largest percentage contribution to surface roughness with 69% and the second highest contribution was feed rate with 22% and depth of cut at 9%. The spindle speed was found as the most significant factor influencing the quality of surface roughness. The result is significant particularly in providing important guidelines for industries in selecting the right combination of parameters as well as to be cautious with the most significant factor affecting the milling process of metal epoxy composite.

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Authors and Affiliations

K.W. Leong

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Z. Shayfull

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Fathullah

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

M.F. Omar

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

M.M.A. Abdullah

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

H. Radhwan

1 2

A.H. Mazlan

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

B. Jeż

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Nabiałek

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
Częstochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Department of Physics, 19 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland

The Investigation of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Geopolymer at High Temperature by Using Electron Backscatter Diffraction Analysis

Ikmal Hakem Aziz Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh Sorachon Yoriya Rafiza Abd Razak Rosnita Mohamed Madalina Simona Baltatu

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 227-231 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137494

Keywords geopolymer ground granulated blast furnace slag electron backscatter diffraction

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Abstract

This paper elucidated the potential of electron backscatter diffraction analysis for ground granulated blast furnace slag geopolymers at 1000°C heating temperature. The specimen was prepared through the mechanical ground with sandpaper and diamond pad before polished with diamond suspension. By using advanced technique electron backscatter diffraction, the microstructure analysis and elemental distribution were mapped. The details on the crystalline minerals, including gehlenite, mayenite, tobermorite and calcite were easily traced. Moreover, the experimental Kikuchi diffraction patterns were utilized to generate a self-consistent reference for the electron backscatter diffraction pattern matching. From the electron backscatter diffraction, the locally varying crystal orientation in slag geopolymers sample of monoclinic crystal observed in hedenbergite, orthorhombic crystal in tobermorite and hexagonal crystal in calcite at 1000°C heating temperature.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ikmal Hakem Aziz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Sorachon Yoriya

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Rafiza Abd Razak

4

e-mail:

ORCID:

Rosnita Mohamed

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Madalina Simona Baltatu

5

e-mail:

ORCID:

Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Geopolymer & Green Technology, Centre of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
National Metal and Material Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 114, Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Rd., Khlong 1, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02100 Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia
Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, 700050, Iasi, Romania

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