The ultrastructural changes in leaf cells of Chenopodium quinoa caused by Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) infection have been investigated in electronmicroscopic studies. The techniques of negative staining and embedding sections from leaves in epoxy resin were applied. ArMV virions have been found in the cytoplasm and either singularly scattered or forming different arrangements in the vacuoles as well. Tubules with virions have been observed only rarely. Two types of inclusions have been identified and their structure illustrated. Ultrastructural changes in leaf cells of C. quinoa caused by ArMV infection are partially similar and partially different from those occurring on Phaseolus vulgaris plants infected with ArMV. It might suggest that some ultrastructural changes are typical for the virus and some are characteristic for the host plant.

Teviotdale B.L., Michailides T.J., Pscheidt J.W. (eds.) 2002. Compendium of Nut Crop Diseases in Temperate Zones. APS Press - The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. 86 pp. ISBN 0-89054-284-8.

KouI O., Dhalival G.S. (eds.). Microbial Biopesticides. Taylor & Francis, London and New York, 340 pp. ISBN 0-415-27213-0.

In the years 2000 and 2001 the effectiveness of control of take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) in winter wheat with seed dressing fungicides at different levels of root infection was studied. Seeds were treated with siltiofam, fluquinconazole or a standard fungicide Baytan Universal 094 FS. At low level of root infection recorded at GS 75 siltiofam and fluquinconazole significantly reduced root infection as compared to untreated control by 73.5-89.9% and 65.5-89%, respectively. At a medium level of infection the respective values were 56.2 and 54.9%. No significant differences between the efficacy of the two new fungicides were stated. Standard seed treatment product showed only limited activity in the early spring. Reduction of winter wheat root infection by 1% caused the increase of grain yield by around 1%.

The leaves of wheat infected by powdery mildew Erisiphe graminis var. tritici manifested repellent action against cereal aphids Rhopalosiphum padi and Sitobion avenae. Food (leaves) for aphids enriched in chemical components present in diseased leaves caused weaker reproduction of S. avenae and mortal i ty of R. pad i. It could be caused by post-infection increase of the level of monophenols and flavanoids in the leaves of wheat infected by powdery mildew (E. graminis var. tritici). These compounds increasing IAA-oxidase activity in plants can have a harmful influence on the cereal aphids.

Kerry B.R., Bourne J.M. 2002. A Manual for Research on Verticillium chlamydosporium, a Potential Biological Control Agent for Root-knot Nematodes. IOBC/OILB - WPRS/SROP, Gent, 84 pp. ISBN 92-9067-138-2.

Spaar D. (ed.) 2001. Posevnoy i Posadochnyj Material Selskokhozaystvennykh Kultur [Seed and Planting Material of Agricultural Plants]. BML/fransform, Berlin, Vol. I, 311 pp., Vol. 2, 380 pp. (In Russian).

Boev S. 2000. Spravochnik Za Bolesti Po Kulturnite Rasteniya [Compendium on Diseases of Cultivated Plants]. Publish Say-Set-Eko, Sofia, 304 pp. ISBN 954-749-014-1 (In Bulgarian).

Davis R.M., Raid R.N. 2002. Compendium of Umbelliferous Crop Diseases. APS Press The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. 75 pp. ISBN-089054-287-2.

Studies on Ichneumonidae were carried out in the years 1999-2001 in the fruit-growing environment and in shrubs growing in its closest surroundings. The occurrence of 45 Pimplinae species was recorded (32.8% of the Polish fauna of this subfamily) and one species each ofDiacritinae and Poemeniinae subfamilies. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the Ichneumonidae groups occurring on fruit trees and shrubs were carried out.

The group composition of epicuticular waxes of the five Polish varieties of Solanum tuberosum were studied by HPLC, GC, and GC/MS. Alkanes, alcohols (primary and secondary), fatty acids and ketones (terminal and internal) were identified and quantified. The quantitative compositional results were analysed by chemometrie methods such as cluster and principal component analysis. A correlation was found between Colorado potato beetle infestation and quantities of specific chemical groups in epicuticular waxes.

The rate of damages caused by the field slug Deroceras reticulatum to winter oilseed rape and winter wheat was investigated under field and laboratory conditions. The number and degree of seedling damages were estimated on the basis of the intensity of slug occurrence, which were caught in baited traps. It was found that over a 3-4-week period after sowing, damages caused by D. reticulatum slugs constituted 60% in young oilseed rape and 40% in wheat plants. Under laboratory conditions, one slug damaged almost completely 10 rape seedlings (95%) during 13 days of its feeding. The percentage damage caused by the pest to wheat seedlings was considerably lower (53%), whereas wheat seeds appeared to be severely damaged (83%) after 9 days of the slug feeding.

Roots of winter wheat grown in the field were examined for the occurrence of the fungi Gaeumannomyces graminis, Phialophora and Fusarium spp. Plants were sampled and examined in the autumn of 2000 and 2001 and in the following spring. Root systems were visually assessed and a percentage of affected roots were determined on 100 plants per field. More and less virulent members of the G. graminis- Phialophora complex and other fungi were isolated from infected roots. Above 85% of isolated fungi were classified as Gaeumannomyces-Phialophora complex. Morphological characteristics of the fungi isolated from plant roots were analysed in laboratory tests. In pathogenicity tests were assessed: disease severity, height of plants, percentage of chlorotic or necrotic leaves and biomass of whole plants.

Three fungicides were tested in field experiments in Winna Góra (Wielkopolska District) in the years 1995, 1996 and 1998. Disease incidence was assessed visually before and after fungicide treatment. Isolations were performed to determine the fungus species what allowed finally evaluating the efficiency of applied fungicides. The best result were achieved with Sportak Alpha 380 EC and Folicur Plus 375 EC. Obtained results suggested that control of Fusarium foot rot could be achieved after routinely fungicide wheat treatment. The predominant species were Microdochium nivale and Fusarium culmorum.

The effectiveness of 1 O azole fungicides (Bayfidan 250 EC, Bumper 250 EC, Domark 100 EC, Magnate 50 EC, Mirage 450 EC, Opus 125 SC, Saprol 190 EC, Score 250 EC, Spartak 450 EC and Systhane 125 EC) in the control of Puccinia horiana was tested on chrysanthemum cv. Fiji Yellow. Additionally, their influence on plant growth, size of pustules and eventual phytotoxicity was assessed. Plants were sprayed 4 times at weekly intervals. On shrubs treated with Bayfidan 250 EC, Domark 100 EC, Magnate 50 EC, Mirage 450 EC, Opus 125 SC, Saprol 190 EC, Score 250 EC, and Systhane 125 EC only sporadic disease symptoms were observed. Mirage 450 EC and Spartak 450 EC were slightly less effective than the other tested fungicides. When most of the tested fungicides were applied curatively, except Mirage 450 EC and Spartak 450 EC, only sporadic pustules on leaves were noticed and over than 95% of pustules were destroyed.

Content of total phenols in not treated plants of Chenopodium album biotype susceptible to atrazine was 40% higher compared to resistant one. Atrazine applied at 1 kg per hectare increased the amount of these compounds in both biotypes, especially as regards on the level of monophenols in susceptible biotype, which was 3 times higher than in untreated plants. Amount of monophenols in atrazine-resistant biotype increased slightly due to atrazine application. After application of atrazine the polyphenols/monophenols ratio decreased from 4.2 to 1.1 in susceptible biotype, while it was not much changed in resistant biotype. Atrazine increased the content of flavanols in S biotype eight-times compared with untreated plants, while in resistant one this phenomenon was not observed. IAA-oxidase activity measured in vitro was modified by leaf extracts from C. album and Echinochloa crus-galli. Than the extracts from triazine-treated resistant biotype were more capable of protecting the indoloacetic acid (IAA) against enzyme activity. It may suggest that the mechanism susceptibility or resistance to herbicide is not only involved with PS II complex, but consists also in formation in plant the systems which favour or protect the auxin degradation, respectively.

The data was collected from yellow water trays and Johnson suction trap placed in the urban area of Poznań. The aphids were caught from May to October, every decade in yellow trays and from May to December daily by suction trap (high ofl2.2 m) from 1999 to 2001. A total of 120 tree-dwelling aphid species from 8 families were found: 2 from Adelgidae. l from Phylloxeridae, 15 from Pemphigidae, 3 from Anoeciidae, 19 from Phyllaphididae, 10 from Chaitophoridae, 8 from Lachnidae and 59 from Aphididae. Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), Anoecia corni (F.), Hyalopterus pruni (Geoff.) were the most frequent aphid species caught in the suction trap and Rhopalosiphum pad i (L.), Drepanosiphum platanoidis (Schrk.), Myzus persicae (Sulz.), Phyllaphis fagi (L.) and Anoecia c orni (F.) in yellow trays.

The research on the repellent effect of Tanacetum vulgare L. on Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) was conducted in 1997-2000. The results, which were obtained from the laboratory and field examinations, showed a good effectiveness against beetles as well as their individual development stages. Powdered leaves and flowers of the plant both in powdered form and in water slurry were used in the experiments. Due to the lack of its toxic effect on man, T. vulgare can be used in small potato plantations near settlements as well as in ecological farms.

The aim of this study was to compare various methods of anti fungal activity determination in model experiments. For the investigations Bacillus coagulans (No. 6) isolate with the high anti fungal activity, isolated from lupine composts was used. Anti fungal activity of the examined isolate was estimated against five pathogenic species of fungi: Rhizoctonia so/ani, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Trichothecium roseum and Fusarium oxysporum. Determination of fungal growth was carried out by three methods: ergosterol assessment, counting colony-forming units (CFU) and agar plate diffusion assay. Statistically significant Spearman's rank coefficients were recorded between ergosterol assessment and two other methods. On the basis of this data the assessment of ergosterol is the best way ofdetermination of antifungal activity and may be used as a reference procedure.

In the years 1999-2001 studies were conducted with the aim w evaluate biological, farm and economic effectiveness of plant protection products used in controlling fungal diseases and pests in spring barley. The following chemical compounds were tested in the experiments: Spartak Alpha 380 EC, Alert 375 SC, Amis tar 250 SC, Juwel 250 SC, Karate 025 EC, Tango 500 SC. The infection of barley leaf area on non- protected plots amounted, on the average, w 52.0%, whereas che damage caused by leaf beetle larvae averaged 25.0%. The tested fungicides exhibited a high efficacy from 31.6% w 92.3%, while the effectiveness of the applied insecticide constituted, on average, 91.6%. The use of the above plant protection products contributed w the increase of barley grain yield from 3.2 dt/ha to 15.9 de/ha. The defrayal index was, on average, 1.8 and the index of chemical treatment profitability constituted 5.3.

The influence of glucosinolates isolated from oilseed rape seeds on the growth of pathogenic fungi infecting oilseed rape was studied. The activity of those compounds against 3 fungal species was tested in vitro. It was stated that glucosinolates present in the medium did not totally inhibit the growth of the fungi, but considerably confined the area of colonies of 2 out of 3 fungal species studied.

The influence of saponins isolated from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) leaves and glucosinolates isolated from mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seeds on the fertility of Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) reared on potato leaves treated with these substances was tested. It was observed that both compounds restrained the process of egg laying however, the action of saponins was stronger.

The invasion, development and number of generations of Heterodera goettingiana in pea plants were examined in a glasshouse experiment after plants were treated with herbicides, recommended for pea cultivation (terbutryn + terbuthylazine, methabenz rhiazuron, prometryne, bentazone, cyanazine, pendimethalin, benthiocarb and fluazifop-butyl). There was a non-target effect of herbicides. Prometryne, cyanazine and benthiocarb reduced female number in the roots. This effect may be due to the inhibition of hatching or/and retardation of female development.

Karssen G. 2002. The Plan t Parasitic Nematode Genus Meloidogyne Goldi, 1872 (Tylenchida) in Europe. Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden, 160 pp., ISBN 90-04-12790-9.