The study reported in this paper was aimed at establishing the effect of values of parameters characterizing the process of superficial
remelting of a nodular iron casting on the quantity of introduced heat, geometry of remeltings as well as parameter λ and hardness of
cementite eutectic. The remelting process was carried out using GTAW method, at electric arc length of 3 mm in argon atmosphere,
welding current intensities I = 50, 130, 210, and 300 A, and electric arc scanning speeds vs = 200, 400, and 800 mm/min.
The measurements included estimation of the quantity of heat introduced to the casting in the electric arc-induced remelting process with
the use of flow calorimeter. Widths and depths of remetlings were assessed with the use of metallographic method. As a result of fast
solidification, cementite eutectic was obtained in remelted material in which, in the course of cooling down to ambient temperature,
austenite was subject to partial transformation into martensite. To characterize the cementite eutectic, value of the structural parameter λ
was assessed. Values of the parameter were similar for areas of occurrence of both fibrous and laminated eutectic. Remeltings were
examined at half of their depths. Micro-hardness measurements were taken in the same areas. The established quantitative relationships
may prove to be useful in practice for the purpose of predicting values of parameter λ and hardness of remeltings in studies aimed at
improving resistance of cast-iron castings to abrasive wear.
The paper discusses the possibility of improving resistance of heat exchangers made of gray cast iron with flake graphite to hightemperature
corrosion by providing them with metallic coatings. A metallic coating containing 76.9% Ni, 19.8% Cr, 1.7% Si, 0.9% Fe, and
0.9% Mn was applied by means of the plasma spraying method and subjected to cyclically variable thermal loads in the atmosphere of
solid fuels combustion products (oxygen, sulfur, chlorine, and sodium). In a 30-day thermal load test held at temperature 500°C it has been
found that thickness of the metallic coating decreased from the initial (240 ± 6) μm to (231 ± 6) μm. The depth to which sulfur, chlorine,
and sodium penetrated the coating was about 30 μm. Increased oxygen content occurred along the whole coating depth. In the coating area
adjacent to the substrate surface, the content was twice as high compared to this observed in the initial coating material. Although presence
of oxygen was found within the whole depth of the coating, i.e. (231 ± 6) μm, no signs of susceptibility of the sprayed metallic layer to
separation from substrate of gray cast iron with flake graphite were found.
Based on the example of the development process of the cast suspension of a special-purpose vehicle the application of the integrated
engineering design methodology (ICME – Integrated Computational Materials Engineering) and the development of construction has been
presented. Identification of the operating and critical loads, which are guidelines for carrying out the structure strength shaping process,
material and technological conversion, are due to the needs and requirements of the suspension system and the purpose and objectives of
the special mobile platform.
The developed cast suspension element construction includes the use of high-strength AlZnMgCu aluminum alloy. The properties of the
used alloy and designed shape allows for the transfer of assumed operating loads in normal exploitation conditions and in the dynamic,
critical loads to the susceptibility to damage in the assumed casting areas.
For the proposed design, conducted numerical analyzes includes the impact of the shock wave pulse on the occurrence of the destructive
stress fields. Based on their distribution, the areas of possible decomposition of the structure of the design element were estimated. The
results allowed to devise an element with predicted destructions that allow to absorb a significant part of the impact energy of the shock
wave front, which is also the buffer zone for the propagation of destruction for the critical kinematic nodes of the system.
A research of wear resistance of an austenitic cast iron with higher resistance to abrasive-wear and maintained corrosion resistance
characteristic for Ni-Resist cast iron is presented. For the examination, structure of raw castings was first formed by proper selection of
chemical composition (to make machining possible). Next, a heat treatment was applied (annealing at 550 °C for 4 hours followed by air
cooling) in order to increase abrasive-wear resistance. One of the factors deciding intensity of wear appeared to be the chilling degree of
castings. However, with respect to unfavourable influence of chilling on machining properties, an important factor increasing abrasivewear
resistance is transformation of austenite to acicular ferrite as a result of annealing non-chilled castings. Heat treatment of non-chilled
austenitic cast iron (EquNi > 16%) resulted in much higher abrasive-wear resistance in comparison to the alloy having pearlitic matrix at
ambient temperature (EquNi 5.4÷6.8%).
The paper describes influence of rare earth metals (REMs) on G20Mn5 cast steel microstructure and mechanical properties. The cerium
mixture of the following composition was used to modify cast steel: 49.8% Ce, 21.8% La, 17.1% Nd, 5,5% Pr and 5.35% of REMs. Cast
steel was melted in industrial conditions. Two melts of non-modified and modified cast steel were made. Test ingots were subject to heat
treatment by hardening (920°C/water) and tempering (720°C/air). Heat treatment processes were also performed in industrial conditions.
After cutting flashes off samples of cast steel were collected with purpose to analyze chemical composition, a tensile test and impact
toughness tests were conducted and microstructure was subject to observations. Modification with use of mischmetal did not cause
significant changes in cast steel tensile strength and yield strength, while higher values were detected for fractures in the Charpy impact
test, as they were twice as high as values for the data included in the PN-EN 10213:2008 standard. Observations performed by means of
light and scanning microscopy proved occurrence of significant differences in grain dimensions and morphology of non-metallic
inclusions. Adding REMs resulted in grain fragmentation and transformed inclusion shapes to rounded ones. Chemical composition
analyses indicated that round inclusions in modified cast steel were generally oxysulphides containing cerium and lanthanum. In the paper
the author proved positive influence of modification on G20Mn5 cast steel mechanical properties.
This article offers a new reading of the complex, multidimensional, palimpsest identity of
the eponymous hero of The King Spirit. Intended to be a total work of art (Gesamtkunstwerk),
Juliusz Słowacki’s epic poem remains unfi nished, in a number of versions that are driven by two
impulses, a centrifugal force reducing the poem to a string of inchoate fragments and a centripetal
counterforce working for the poem’s unity. The same vectors seem to exert a permanent tension on
the central character of the poem, a complex web of relations between body and soul, individual
and universal consciousness, boundless and limited knowledge, the bright light of revelation and
the inadequacy of words, and, last not least, between inspiration, memory and imagination. The
peculiar construction of the ‘I’ in The King Spirit may also be seen as an attempt to relinquish the
aesthetic mode of existence for the religious one (as described by Søren Kierkegaard). The poem
could then be read as a dramatic record of that transition.
This article examines some aspects of a broader theme indicated in the title with respect to the
diptych Tyrtaeus: A Tragedy and Behind the Scenes: A Fantastic Tale. While the present analysis
is based on the fi ndings of earlier critics, it develops various parallels suggested by the use of
musical motifs in Norwid’s twin dramas. Those associations act as an aid to a better understanding
of the differences between the attitudes and ideas presented in the plays. Moreover, by indirectly
marking the contrasts of truth and falsehood, they hold the key to the moral interpretation of the
plays. The overall pattern of the musical references and associations in Tyrtaeus and Behind the
Scenes appears to refl ect Norwid’s organic philosophy and his idea of creative originality. Finally,
the purported pushing of Tyrtaeus off a cliff, an episode symbolizing the rejection of the right path,
is analyzed along two similar poetic images of Norwid’s, Aesop’s fall into an abyss (On Freedom of
Speech) and the hurling of Chopin’s piano out of the window (‘Chopin’s Piano’).
This is the first study of Comrade October, the only drama in the oeuvre of Kazimierz Wierzyński (1894–1969). Written in 1950, it was not published until 1992. The article traces the
origins of the play and assigns it to the tradition of dystopian fi ction (as exemplifi ed primarily by George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four. A close reading of the structure of the play (the characters,
the plot and its temporal structure, etc.) reveals the originality of Wierzyński’s approach and the links between Comrade October and the poetry he wrote after the war in exile.
Without question Tadeusz Nowak reached the height of his poetic powers in a series of poems
he called psalms (Psalms for Home Use, 1959; Psalms, 1971; and New Psalms, 1978). Although
they form a distinctive group with common characteristics, it is hard to see what could possibly
connect them with the lofty verses of the Book of Psalms. Having said that it can be argued that they
belong to a Polish tradition of psalms developed by Kochanowski, Kochowski and Krasiński. The
Polish psalms come in two varieties, those with sweeping visions of national history and identity,
and the homely, or more personal, in focus and tone. Nowak rarely mentions the grand themes, yet
when he does so his utterances are pregnant with meaning (though with no touch of the messianic
fervour typical of the Polish psalms). His Psalms for Home Use are decidedly ‘homely’ in the sense
of being personal and private (even autobiographical), and because they exhibit a mind of the
common people from the country. If there is any connection between Nowak’s Psalms and their
Biblical prototype it is maintained not so much by the occasional literary allusion as by the casting
of the characters in the poems in the role of modern psalmists. Like King David, they know they
are sinners, and that knowledge imparts to their ‘psalms’ the candidness of a cry from the depth.
This article examines the origins and the early decades of the history of the feuilleton in Poland
and in France. A comparative analysis shows that the career of this journalistic genre is closely
connected with the rise of Romanticism. Both its formal characteristic as well as its hybrid topicality
established the feuilleton as an emblematic example of the Romantic poetic. The feuilleton
owes its success to the contemporary vogue for commingling literary and journalistic discourses as
well as the impact of Romantic writers whose opinion columns became a regular feature of many
newspapers.
This article presents the results of a genealogical and biographical archive search to collect
reliable evidence (chiefl y birth certifi cates) and reconstruct Maria Konopnicka’s family tree on as
broad as a scale as possible, inclusive of both the agnatic and cognitive lines (with the exception
of data available from offi cial heraldry guides). On the strength of the newly obtained data we may
now introduce some corrections into the established version of Maria Konopnicka’s biography
and identify a number of persons from Maria Konopnicka’s circle of friends, acquaintances and
correspondents.
Samoregulacja mediów może mieć istotny wpływ na kształtowanie się kultury dziennikarskiej
i poziomu etycznego mediów. Jej skuteczność jest jednak uzależniona od stopnia instytucjonalizacji
narzędzi samoregulacyjnych i ich powszechnej akceptacji. Różny jest ten poziom w różnych
systemach medialnych, co często warunkowane jest historycznie. Artykuł za cel przyjmuje prezentację
historycznego rozwoju samoregulacji trzech systemów medialnych (francuskiego, brytyjskiego
i fińskiego) wpisujących się w trzy różne modele systemów medialnych opisane przez Daniela
Hallina i Paolo Manciniego i zestawienie ich z rozwojem samoregulacji mediów w Polsce.
Artykuł charakteryzuje pismo „Moriah” wydawane we Lwowie w latach 1903–1924
jako miesięcznik młodzieży żydowskiej. Pismo ukazywało się w języku polskim i było
trybuną środowiska syjonistycznego. „Moriah” zamieszczała teksty popularnonaukowe,
głównie z zakresu historii i literatury żydowskiej oraz utwory literackie
przedstawicieli literatury jidysz i hebrajskiej. Pismo realizowało model wychowania
w duchu narodowo-żydowskim, ale przede wszystkim popularyzowało idee syjonizmu.
Czasopisma studenckie lat siedemdziesiątych i osiemdziesiątych były alternatywą dla systemu
oficjalnej prasy literackiej i młodych PRL. Chociaż wydawane oficjalnie przez organizacje
studenckie (ZSP, później SZSP), to ze względu na takie cechy komunikatu prasowego jak
nieregularność ukazywania się, określenie gatunkowe - jednodniówka, niewielki nakład i nieoficjalny
kolportaż ich redakcje posiadały względny atrybut samodzielności. Oczywiście w kontekście
ówczesnego systemu kultury studenckiej, częściowo zideologizowanego.
Do najważniejszych nieprofesjonalnych czasopism środowiskowych należały jednodniówki: „Dwukropek”,
„Faktor”, „Gaudeamus”, „Konfrontacje”, „Linia”, „Magazyn Studencki”, „Spojrzenia”, „Smar”.
W niniejszym tekście przedstawiono współczesny obieg wydawnictw periodycznych w ramach
wtórnego rynku książki. W swojej masie stanowią one w stosunku do książek marginalny
dział asortymentu, aczkolwiek jest on stale obecny w ofercie wszystkich segmentów rynku,
obejmujących zarówno obiekty zabytkowe, jak i nowsze, w tym bieżącą produkcję. Obecność ta jest jednak zróżnicowana pod względem
jakościowym i ilościowym, na podaż i popyt zaś w istotny sposób wpływają zmiany
technologiczne w zakresie rozpowszechniania prasy (Internet) oraz udostępniania jej zbiorów archiwalnych i bibliotecznych (digitalizacja).