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Assessment of characteristics, water quality and groundwater vulnerability in Pakis District, East Java Province, Indonesia

Prasetyo Rubiantoro Mohammad Bisri Aminudin Afandhi
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2022 | No 52 | 124-132 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2022.140382
Keywords geoelectric groundwater intrinsic vulnerability pollution quality of groundwater specific vulnerability
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Abstract

Groundwater is a very important natural resource to support the activities of the residents of Pakis District, Malang Regency. On the other hand, increased activity puts pressure on groundwater quality. Agricultural intensification, urbanisation, and industrialisation can be sources of pollutants. Hydrological factors, topography, lithology, and surrounding rainfall are triggers for contamination of groundwater. The main objective of this research is to determine the characteristics, quality of groundwater, and its susceptibility to pollution. To complete this research, geoelectric measurements were carried out at 43 points spread throughout the study area and sampling of 18 shallow wells in agricultural, residential, and industrial areas for chemical analysis. All data obtained were analysed to create a map of the spatial distribution of groundwater vulnerability. The results show that the groundwater in the study location is in the transition zone and flows through the volcanic rock layers. The level of groundwater pollution is in the uncontaminated status to heavily polluted with pollutants in the form of heavy metal manganese and Escherichia coli bacteria. The spatial distribution of groundwater intrinsic vulnerability shows low, moderate, and high levels of vulnerability, respectively 32.99%, 60.87%, and 6.14% of the research area. Groundwater specific vulnerability associated with land use factors shows that 26.25% are negligible, 42.46% are low, and 31.29% are moderate. From this it can be concluded that the study area has been polluted both geogenically and anthropogenically, therefore, special actions must be taken to restore the quality of groundwater.
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Authors and Affiliations

Prasetyo Rubiantoro
1
Mohammad Bisri
1
Aminudin Afandhi
1
  1. Universitas Brawijaya, Postgraduate Program, Jalan Veteran, Malang 65142, Indonesia

Phase Analysis of Different Liquid Ratio on Metakaolin/Dolomite Geopolymer

Ahmad Syauqi Sauffi Wan Mastura Wan Ibrahim Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Masdiyana Ibrahim Romisuhani Ahmad Fakhryna Ahmad Zaidi
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 247-250 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137497
Keywords geopolymer Metakaolin dolomite phase analysis
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Abstract

Geopolymer is widely studied nowadays in various scope of studies. Some of the ongoing studies are the study of the various materials towards the geopolymer strength produced. Meanwhile, some of the studies focus on the mixing of the geopolymer itself. This paper discussed the phase analysis of metakaolin/dolomite geopolymer for different solid to the liquid ratio which was, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0, and the properties that affected the geopolymer based on the phases. The constant parameters in this study were the percentage of metakaolin and dolomite used. The metakaolin used was 80% meanwhile dolomite usage was 20%. Besides that, the molarity of NaOH used is 10M and the alkaline activator ratio used is 2.0. All the samples were tested at 28 days of curing. The results show that the 0.8 solid to the liquid ratio used gave better properties compare to other solid to liquid ratio. The phases analyzed were quartz, sillimanite, mullite, and faujasite. The 0.8 S/L ratio shows the better properties compared to others by the test of phase analysis, compressive strength morphology analysis, and functional group analysis.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ahmad Syauqi Sauffi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wan Mastura Wan Ibrahim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
2
ORCID: ORCID
Masdiyana Ibrahim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Romisuhani Ahmad
1
ORCID: ORCID
Fakhryna Ahmad Zaidi
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Engineering Technology, P. O. Box 77, d/a Pejabat, Pos Besar, 01007 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology, School of Material Engineering, P. O. Box 77, d/a Pejabat, Pos Besar, 01007 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia

Numerical-Experimental Research on Some Parameters of Hip and Knee Endoprostheses, Determining Value and Form of Contact Stress Between their Elements

M. Nabrdalik M. Sobociński
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 277-282 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137502
Keywords endoprosthesis stress strain FEM
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Abstract

The paper presents Finite Elements Method numerical analysis of strength of friction pairs most often used in hip and knee joints alloplasty. Analytic solutions are to indicate and define the areas where damages or premature wear of cooperating elements may occur. Analytical-experimental research states complete and thorough analysis. Accurate technical simulation of the joints of the human motor system, is difficult to conduct due to high level of complexity of human bio-bearings. All attempts to simulate the work of human joints, lead only to an approximate reflection of real human joint motion. To properly face the above problems, along with numerical analysis, there have been conducted empirical tests on the simulator of knee joint endoprosthesis
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Nabrdalik
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Sobociński
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Technology and Automation, 21 Armii Krajowej Av ., 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland

Reclamation and Reutilization of Incinerator Ash in Artificial Lightweight Aggregate

Norlia Mohamad Ibrahim Roshazita Che Amat Mustaqqim Abdul Rahim Nur Liza Rahim Abdul Rahim Abdul Razak
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 269-275 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137501
Keywords light weight aggregate incinerator bottom ash fly ash concrete
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Abstract

This study focused on the reclamation of ash from incineration process and development of new artificial lightweight aggregate (LWA) that have comparable properties with existing natural coarse aggregate. The main objective of this study is to examine potential use of recycled municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) ash as raw material in LWA production with a method of cold-bonded pelletization. Two types of incineration ash which is bottom ash (BA) and fly ash (FA) were collected from Cameron Highland Incineration Plant, Malaysia. The properties of BA and FA are studied by means of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and microstructure of these ashes were inspected using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The properties of BALA and FALA produced in this study is examined including loose bulk density, water absorption and aggregate impact value (AIV). From the results of both types of artificial LWA, the lowest loose bulk density of BALA is BALA50 with 564.14 kg/m3 and highest is at 831.19 kg/m3. For FALA50, lowest loose bulk density is 573.64 kg/m3 and highest is 703.35 kg/m3. Water absorption of BALA and FALA is quite similar with one another in with the value of 23.8% and 22.6%, respectively. Generally, FALA have better qualities of LWA comparing with BALA with lower bulk density and water absorption and can be categorized as strong aggregate. In summary, reclamation and reutilization of incinerator ash has generated acceptable qualities for artificial LWA. Both types of BA and FA shown a great potential to be recycled as additional materials in artificial aggregate production.
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Authors and Affiliations

Norlia Mohamad Ibrahim
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Roshazita Che Amat
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mustaqqim Abdul Rahim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nur Liza Rahim
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Abdul Rahim Abdul Razak
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Electrical Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia

Review on Mechanical Properties of Metakaolin Geopolymer Concrete by Inclusion of Steel Fibers

Meor Ahmad Faris Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Ratnasamy Muniandy Shamala Ramasamy Mohammad Firdaus Abu Hashim Subaer Junaedi Andrei Victor Sandu Muhammad Faheem Mohd Tahir
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 261-267 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137500
Keywords geopolymer Metakaolin fiber reinforced concrete steel fibers mechanical properties
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Abstract

This study summarised the recent achievement in developing fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete. The factor of replacing Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) which is due to the emission of carbon dioxide that pollutes the environment globally is well discussed. The introduction towards metakaolin is presented. Besides, the current research trend involved in geopolymer also has been reviewed for the current 20 years to study the interest of researchers over the world by year. Factors that contribute to the frequency of geopolymer research are carried out which are cost, design, and the practicality of the application for geopolymer concrete. Besides, the importance of steel fibers addition to the geopolymer concrete is also well discussed. The fundamental towards metakaolin has been introduced including the source of raw material, which is calcined kaolin, calcined temperature, chemical composition, geopolymerisation process, and other properties. Alkali activators which are mixing solution between sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) have been reviewed. The mechanical properties of fibers reinforced metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete which is compressive and flexural are thoroughly reviewed. The compressive and flexural strength of fiber-reinforced metakaolin geopolymer concrete shows some improvement to the addition of steel fibers. The reviews in this field demonstrate that reinforcement of metakaolin geopolymer concrete by steel fibers shows improvement in mechanical performance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Meor Ahmad Faris
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
Ratnasamy Muniandy
ORCID: ORCID
Shamala Ramasamy
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohammad Firdaus Abu Hashim
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Subaer Junaedi
4
ORCID: ORCID
Andrei Victor Sandu
5
ORCID: ORCID
Muhammad Faheem Mohd Tahir
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. University Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Center of Excellent Geopolymer and Green Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Universitas Negeri Makasssar, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Indonesia
  5. Gheorge Asachi Technical University of Lasi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Lasi, Romania

Surface Effect on Electronic, Magnetic and Optical Properties of PtCoBi Half-Heusler: A DFT Study

Hamed Rezazadeh Mohamadreza Hantehzadeh Arash Boochani
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 155-166 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137484
Keywords PtCoBi [001] film DFT Electronic property Optical property
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Abstract

The electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of PtCoBi half-Heusler compound [001] surfaces and its bulk state have been investigated in the framework of density functional theory using GGA approximation. The half-metallic behaviors of CoBi-term, CoPt-term and PtBi-term decrease with respect to its bulk state. The spin polarization at the Fermi level is 73.2% for the bulk state, and it is –64.4% and –64.1% for the CoBi-term and PtBi-term, respectively while less polarization has been observed for the ­CoPt-term. All terminations have given almost similar optical responses to light. Plasmon oscillations for the terminations occur in the range of 12.5 to 14.5 eV (21 to 22 eV) along xx (zz), and it occurs at 23 eV for the bulk state. The refractive index for the bulk and all three terminations is very high in the infrared and visible areas, meaning a very strong metallic trend in these compounds. The phenomenon of super-luminance occurs for the incident light with energy exceeding 5.5 eV for all three terminations, and it occurs in the range of 10 eV for the bulk mode. These terminations show transparent behavior after the energy of 10 eV.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hamed Rezazadeh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohamadreza Hantehzadeh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Arash Boochani
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Islamic Azad University, Department of Physics, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
  2. Islamic Azad University, Department of Physics, Kermanshah Branch, Kermanshah, Iran

The Effect of BN or SiC Addition on PEO Properties of Coatings Formed on AZ91 Magnesium Alloy

D. Pelczar P. Długosz P. Darłak A. Szewczyk-Nykiel M. Nykiel M. Hebda
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 147-154 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137483
Keywords composite oxide film abrasive wear resistance corrosion behavior scratch resistance protective coatings
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Abstract

Currently, due to the economic and ecological aspects, light alloys are increasingly important construction material, in particular in the transport industry. One of the popular foundry magnesium alloys is the alloy AZ91, which among others due to mechanical properties and technological features, is used, for example, for light structural parts.
The paper presents the results of research on modification of the AZ91 alloy surface layer in the plasma electrolytic oxidation process. The change of usable properties of the produced coatings was obtained by introducing additions of silicon carbide or boron nitride. The thickness and hardness of the protective layers produced, resistance to scratches and corrosion resistance were determined. Moreover, the friction coefficient of the coating-steel pair was investigated. The quality of the connections made between the coating and the substrate, i.e. the magnesium alloy, was also evaluated. The results obtained for coatings with silicon carbide or boron nitride additives were always compared to the results obtained for unmodified samples.
On the basis of the obtained results, it was shown that the introduction of boron nitride additive to the AZ91 alloy coating produced in the plasma electrolytic oxidation process significantly improves the resistance to: (i) corrosion and (ii) abrasive wear of the coating.
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Authors and Affiliations

D. Pelczar
1
P. Długosz
2
ORCID: ORCID
P. Darłak
2
ORCID: ORCID
A. Szewczyk-Nykiel
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Nykiel
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Hebda
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Department of Materials Engineering, 24 Warszawska St r., 31-155 Krakow, Poland
  2. Centre of Casting Technology, Research Network Lukasiewicz-Krakow Institute of Technology, Zakopiańska 73, 30-418 Krakow, Poland

Structure of 22Cr25NiWCoCu Austenitic Stainless Steel After Ageing

M. Sroka A. Zieliński T. Puszczało K. Sówka B. Hadzima
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 175-180 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137486
Keywords 22Cr25NiWCoCu steel microstructure precipitates ageing
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Abstract

The 22Cr25NiWCoCu austenitic stainless steel was developed by AB Sandvik Material Technology in Sweden. Due to its high creep strength and good corrosion resistance, this material is well suited for use in superheaters in advanced coal-fired power boilers as well as in other types of steam boilers using various types of fuel. The examined material was subject to long-term ageing for the time of annealing up to 20 000 h at 700 and 750°C. Precipitation processes and microstructure stability as-received and after ageing were investigated. Examination of the microstructure was conducted using scanning electron microscopy. The identification of secondary phases was carried out by X-ray phase composition.
Using the results of the investigations of precipitation processes in the microstructure, both within the grains and at the grain boundaries, their statistical analysis was carried out. To illustrate this impact, the following parameters were used: surface area and equivalent diameter of precipitates. Based on the surface area measurements, the percentage of the phase in the reviewed photo’s total area was calculated.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Sroka
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Zieliński
2
ORCID: ORCID
T. Puszczało
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
K. Sówka
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
B. Hadzima
4
  1. Silesian University of Technology, Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, S. Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute for Ferrous Metallurgy, K. Miarki 12-14, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  3. ZRE, ul. Gen. Jankego 13, 40-615 Katowice, Poland
  4. University of Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia

Numerical Investigation on the Gas Field Generated by High Pressure Gas Atomizer Focused on Physical Mechanisms of Gas Recirculation and Wake Closure Phenomenon

Mingxiang Liu Shan Zhou
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 167-174 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137485
Keywords Gas field Aspiration pressure Recirculation mechanism Wake closure Atomization
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Abstract

Physical mechanisms of gas recirculation and wake closure were investigated by modeling the gas field generated by High Pressure Gas Atomizer using computational fluid dynamics. A recirculation mechanism based on axial and radial gas pressure gradient was proposed to explain the gas recirculation. The occurrence of wake closure is regarded as a natural result when elongated wake is gradually squeezed by expansion waves of increasing intensity. An abrupt drop could be observed in the numerical aspiration pressure curve, which corresponds well with the experimental results. The axial gradient of gas density is considered as the reason that results in the sudden decrease in aspiration pressure when wake closure occurs. Lastly, it is found that a shorter protrusion length and a smaller melt tip diameter would lead to a smaller wake closure pressure, which could benefit the atomizer design to produce fine metal powder with less gas consumption.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mingxiang Liu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Shan Zhou
2
  1. Shanghai University, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Advanced Solidification Technology, Shanghai 200444, China
  2. Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Institute of Forming Technology and Equipment, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China

The influence of Iron and Aluminium Powder Pressing on the Course of Shrinkage and Properties of the Fe40Al Phase Obtained by Reaction Sintering

M. Berendt-Marchel D. Siemiaszko
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 121-126 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137480
Keywords intermetallic powder metallurgy reaction sintering mechanical properties
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Abstract

The effect of the compaction rate on the structure, microstructure and properties of Fe-Al sinters obtained during the SHS reaction is presented in this paper. It was found that increasing the uniaxial pressing pressure led to the increase of the contact area between iron and aluminium particles, which improved the conduction and lowered heat losses during the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) reaction and thus result with a sintered material with an improved phase homogeneity. On the other hand, an increase in the pressing pressure causes air be trapped in the pores and later on reacts with iron and aluminium to form oxides. In this work, the shrinkage course was analysed at six different pressing pressures: 50, 100, 150, 200, 300 and 400 MPa. The green compacts were then subjected to the PAIS process (pressure-assisted induction sintering) at a temperature of 1000°C under a load of 100 kN for 5 min. Such prepared samples were subjected to density, porosity, and microhardness (HV0.1) measurements. X-ray diffraction phase analysis and SEM observations were performed together with EDS chemical composition measurements. For studied chemical composition of the samples and sample geometry, 200 MPa compacting pressure was found to be optimal in order to obtain the best sample homogeneity.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Berendt-Marchel
1
D. Siemiaszko
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Military University of Technology, 2 Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego Str., 00-908 Warszawa, Poland

Microstructure Evolution and Wear Resistance of Boron-Bearing High Speed Steel Roll

Cheng Xiaole Hou Jianqiang Fu Hanguang
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 113-119 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137479
Keywords Boron-bearing high speed steel rolls Microstructure evolution Modification treatment wear resistance
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Abstract

The microstructure evolution of boron-bearing high speed steel roll materials after casting and tempering was investigated. The results indicate that as-cast boron-bearing high speed steel consists of martensitic matrix, retained austenite and different borocarbides. The as-cast alloy has a hardness above 64 HRC, and the borocarbides distribute along the grain boundaries. After RE-Mg-Ti compound modification treatment, obvious necking and broken network appear in the grain boundaries. The hardness of boron-bearing high speed steel roll materials reduces gradually with the increase of tempering temperature. Under the same conditions, the toughness of the modified roll material is higher than that of the unmodified roll material. Wear tests show that the wear resistance of boron-bearing high-speed steel modified by RE-Mg-Ti compound modification treatment is better.
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Authors and Affiliations

Cheng Xiaole
1
Hou Jianqiang
2
Fu Hanguang
1
  1. School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, Shaanxi province, P. R. China
  2. MCC Jingcheng Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, P.R. China

Enhancing the Strength of Al/Mg Dissimilar Friction Stir Lap Welded Joint by Zn Filler Addition Combined with an Appropriate Heat Input

Huaxia Zhao Peng Gong Shude Ji Xue Gong
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 137-146 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137482
Keywords Friction stir lap welding Al/Mg dissimilar alloys Zn filler Heat input Tensile shear load
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Abstract

7075-T6 Al and AZ31B Mg dissimilar alloys were friction stir lap welded with or without a Zn filler, and the effect of heat input on the joint quality was systematically studied. The experimental and finite element simulation results displayed that the formation characteristics and microstructures of the joint with or without the Zn filler were significantly affected by the heat input. The tensile shear load of joint with or without the Zn filler increased first and then decreased with the decrease of the welding speed from 200 to 50 mm/min. Moreover, the peak temperature in the stir zone was significantly decreased by the Zn filler addition, and the high temperature zone narrowed along the plate thickness direction. These changes of heat input made that longer mixing region boundary length and larger effective lap width were attained as the Zn filler was used. In addition, due to the replacement of Al-Mg intermetallic compounds (IMCs) by Al-Mg-Zn and Mg-Zn IMCs which were less harmful to the joint, the tensile shear load of the joint with the Zn filler was obviously enhanced compared to that of the joint without the Zn filler at each welding speed. The maximum tensile shear load of 7.2 kN was obtained at the welding speed of 100 mm/min.
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Authors and Affiliations

Huaxia Zhao
1
ORCID: ORCID
Peng Gong
2
ORCID: ORCID
Shude Ji
2
ORCID: ORCID
Xue Gong
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. AVIC Manufacturing Technology Institute, Beijing 100024, P. R. China
  2. Shenyang Aerospace University, College of Aerospace Engineering, Shenyang 110136, P. R. China

Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on Wear Resistance and Microstructure of 42CrMo Steel

Haidong Zhang Xianguo Yan Zhi Chen Minna Zhao Liang Tang Yuan Gao Fan Li Yao Huang Junji Li
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 127-135 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137481
Keywords cryogenic treatment orthogonal design method hardness coefficient of friction wear resistance microstructure
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Abstract

In this work, thermo-mechanically treated 42CrMo steel was subjected to cryogenic treatment conducted by means of orthogonal design method, followed by low-temperature tempering to investigate the effect of different parameters of cryogenic treatment on wear resistance of 42CrMo steel and to optimize parameters of cryogenic treatment for improving wear resistance. The results of hardness test and wear test show that cryogenic treatment significantly improves wear resistance with marginal changes in coefficient of friction and hardness. Specifically, cryogenic temperature has the largest impact on wear resistance of 42CrMo steel, holding time has medium impact, and the parameter of treatment cycles has the least impact. The optimum parameters of cryogenic treatment are −196°C for 12 hours with one cycle for improving wear resistance. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) analysis indicate that marginal changes in hardness and coefficient of friction may be owing to little amount of transformation of retained austenite, and the significant influence of cryogenic treatment on improving wear resistance of 42CrMo steel can be mainly attributed to segregation of carbon atoms promoted by cryogenic treatment resulting in more precipitation of carbides in subsequent tempering.
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Authors and Affiliations

Haidong Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xianguo Yan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zhi Chen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Minna Zhao
1
ORCID: ORCID
Liang Tang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yuan Gao
1
ORCID: ORCID
Fan Li
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yao Huang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Junji Li
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering , Taiyuan 030024, China
  2. Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Jincheng School District, Jincheng 048011, China

Mechanical Effects on Different Solid to Liquid Ratio of Geopolymer Filler in Epoxy Resin

Mohammad Firdaus Abu Hashim Che Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali Yusrina Mat Daud Meor Ahmad Faris Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Farah Farhana Zainal Saloma Hasyim Muhammad Taqiyuddin Lokman
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 215-220 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137492
Keywords Geopolymer filler fly ash tensile flexural morphology solid/liquid ratio
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Abstract

Geopolymer is formed from the alkali activation of materials rich in Si and Al content with the addition of a silicate solution to enhance the properties of the materials. This paper presents research on the mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymer filler in epoxy resin by varying different solid to liquid ratios using sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate as the alkaline activator. However, the common problem observed from the solid to liquid ratio is the influence of curing time and compressive strength of geopolymer to have the best mechanical property. The mix design for geopolymers of solid to liquid ratio is essential in developing the geopolymer’s mechanical strength. A series of epoxy filled with fly ash-based geopolymer materials with different solid to liquid ratio, which is prepared from 0.5 to 2.5 solid to liquid ratio of alkaline activator. The tensile strength and flexural strength of the epoxy filled with fly ash-based geopolymer materials is determined using Universal Testing Machine under tensile and flexural mode. It was found that the optimum solid to liquid ratio is 2.0, with the optimum tensile and flexural strength value. However, both the tensile and flexural properties of epoxy filled with fly ash-based geopolymer suddenly decrease at a 2.5 solid to liquid ratio. The strength is increasing with the increasing solid to liquid ratio sample of geopolymer filler content.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mohammad Firdaus Abu Hashim
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Che Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
Yusrina Mat Daud
1 4
ORCID: ORCID
Meor Ahmad Faris
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1 4
ORCID: ORCID
Farah Farhana Zainal
1 4
ORCID: ORCID
Saloma Hasyim
5
ORCID: ORCID
Muhammad Taqiyuddin Lokman
2
  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), School of Materials Engineering, (UniMAP), 02600 Jalan Kangar-Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, (UniMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatic, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia
  4. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, 02600 Jalan Kangar-Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  5. Sriwijaya University, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Indonesia

The Investigation of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Geopolymer at High Temperature by Using Electron Backscatter Diffraction Analysis

Ikmal Hakem Aziz Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh Sorachon Yoriya Rafiza Abd Razak Rosnita Mohamed Madalina Simona Baltatu
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 227-231 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137494
Keywords geopolymer ground granulated blast furnace slag electron backscatter diffraction
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Abstract

This paper elucidated the potential of electron backscatter diffraction analysis for ground granulated blast furnace slag geopolymers at 1000°C heating temperature. The specimen was prepared through the mechanical ground with sandpaper and diamond pad before polished with diamond suspension. By using advanced technique electron backscatter diffraction, the microstructure analysis and elemental distribution were mapped. The details on the crystalline minerals, including gehlenite, mayenite, tobermorite and calcite were easily traced. Moreover, the experimental Kikuchi diffraction patterns were utilized to generate a self-consistent reference for the electron backscatter diffraction pattern matching. From the electron backscatter diffraction, the locally varying crystal orientation in slag geopolymers sample of monoclinic crystal observed in hedenbergite, orthorhombic crystal in tobermorite and hexagonal crystal in calcite at 1000°C heating temperature.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ikmal Hakem Aziz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh
2
ORCID: ORCID
Sorachon Yoriya
3
ORCID: ORCID
Rafiza Abd Razak
4
ORCID: ORCID
Rosnita Mohamed
1
ORCID: ORCID
Madalina Simona Baltatu
5
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Geopolymer & Green Technology, Centre of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. National Metal and Material Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 114, Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Rd., Khlong 1, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
  4. Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02100 Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia
  5. Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, 700050, Iasi, Romania

Thermal Insulation and Mechanical Properties in the Presence of Glas Bubble in Fly Ash Geopolymer Paste

Noor Fifinatasha Shahedan Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Norsuria Mahmed Liew Yun Ming Shayfull Zamree Abd Rahim Ikmal Hakem A Aziz Aeslina Abdul Kadir Andrei Victor Sandu Mohd Fathullah Ghazali
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 221-226 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137493
Keywords glass bubble thermal insulation geopolymers fly ash
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Abstract

The density, compressive strength, and thermal insulation properties of fly ash geopolymer paste are reported. Novel insulation material of glass bubble was used as a replacement of fly ash binder to significantly enhance the mechanical and thermal properties compared to the geopolymer paste. The results showed that the density and compressive strength of 50% glass bubble was 1.45 g/cm3 and 42.5 MPa, respectively, meeting the standard requirement for structural concrete. Meanwhile, the compatibility of 50% glass bubbles tested showed that the thermal conductivity (0.898 W/mK), specific heat (2.141 MJ/m3K), and thermal diffusivity (0.572 mm2/s) in meeting the same requirement. The improvement of thermal insulation properties revealed the potential use of glass bubbles as an insulation material in construction material.
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Authors and Affiliations

Noor Fifinatasha Shahedan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Norsuria Mahmed
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Liew Yun Ming
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Shayfull Zamree Abd Rahim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ikmal Hakem A Aziz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Aeslina Abdul Kadir
3
ORCID: ORCID
Andrei Victor Sandu
4
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Fathullah Ghazali
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Center of Excellence Geopolyme & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Johor, Malaysia
  4. Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania

Numerical Evaluation of the Impact of Riser Geometry on The Shrinkage Defects Formation in the Solidifying Casting

L. Sowa T. Skrzypczak P. Kwiatoń
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 181-187 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137487
Keywords numerical simulations solidification casting defects FEM
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Abstract

The work concerns of modeling the process of manufacturing machine parts by casting method. Making a casting without internal defects is a difficult task and usually requires numerous computer simulations and their experimental verification at the prototyping stage. Numerical simulations are then of priority importance in determining the appropriate parameters of the casting process and in selecting the shape of the riser for the casting fed with it. These actions are aimed at leading shrinkage defects to the riser, so that the casting remains free from this type of defects. Since shrinkage defects usually disqualify the casting from its further use, this type of research is still valid and requires further work. The paper presents the mathematical model and the results of numerical simulations of the casting solidification process obtained by using the Finite Element Method (FEM). A partial differential equation describing the course of thermal phenomena in the process of 3D casting creating was applied. This equation was supplemented with appropriate boundary and initial conditions that define the physical problem under consideration. In numerical simulations, by selecting the appropriate shape riser, an attempt was made to obtain a casting without internal defects, using a simple method of identifying their location. This is the main aim of the research as such defects in the casting disqualify it from use.
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Authors and Affiliations

L. Sowa
1
ORCID: ORCID
T. Skrzypczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Kwiatoń
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Czestochowa University of Technology, Department of Mechanics and Machine Design Fundamentals, Dąbrowskiego 73, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland

Effect of Rare Earth Cerium Addition on Oxidation Behavior of Co-Al-W Alloys at 800°C

D. Migas T. Liptáková G. Moskal
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 203-208 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137490
Keywords rare earth elements REE cyclic oxidation γ-γ′ cobalt-based superalloys Co-Ce
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Abstract

The γ/γ′ Co-based alloys are a new class of cobalt superalloys, which are characterized by remarkable high temperature strength owing to strengthening by γ′-Co3(Al, X) phases. In this investigation, the effect of cerium addition on oxidation behavior of model Co-Al-W alloys was studied. The introduction of Ce aimed at improvement of the oxidation resistance of γ′-forming Co-based superalloys. The minor additions of cerium (0.1, 0.5 at.%) were added to the base alloy Co-9Al-9W. The alloys were prepared via induction vacuum melting (VIM). Further, a primary microstructure of the alloys was analyzed with particular regard to a segregation of Ce. The thermogravimetric analysis (TG) under non-isothermal conditions was used to preliminary estimate the oxidation behavior of alloys at different temperatures. During experiment, differential thermal analysis (DTA) was performed simultaneously. After this test, cyclic oxidation expermients was carried out at 800°C for 500 h. In as-cast state, Ce segregates to interdendritic areas and forms intermetallic phases. The effect connected with melting of interdendritic precipitates was observed at 1160°C. Ce-containing alloys were less prone of oxide spallation. Moreover, oxidation rate of these alloys substantially decreased after 100h of oxidation, whereas mass of the sample corresponding to base alloy continued to increase.
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Authors and Affiliations

D. Migas
1
ORCID: ORCID
T. Liptáková
2
ORCID: ORCID
G. Moskal
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Department of Materials Technologies , Katowice, Poland
  2. University of Zilina, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Material Engineering, Zilina, Slovak Republic

Effect of Silica Fume and Alumina Addition on the Mechanical and Microstructure of Fly Ash Geopolymer Concrete

Fong Sue Min Heah Cheng Yong Liew Yun Ming Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah Hasniyati Md Razi Foo Wah Low Ng Hui-Teng Ng Yong-Sing
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 197-202 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137489
Keywords geopolymer concrete silica fume alumina
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Abstract

This paper discussed the effect of the addition of silica fume (2 wt.% and 4 wt.%) and alumina (2 wt.% and 4 wt.%) on the properties of fly ash geopolymer concrete. The fly ash geopolymer concrete achieved the highest 28-day compressive strength with 2 wt.% of silica fume (39 MPa) and 4 wt.% of alumina (41 MPa). The addition of 2 wt.% of silica fume increased the compressive strength by 105% with respect to the reference geopolymer (without additive). On the other hand, the compressive strength surged by 115% with 4 wt.% of alumina compared to the reference geopolymer. The addition of additives improved the compactness of the geopolymer matrix according to the morphology analysis.
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Authors and Affiliations

Fong Sue Min
1
Heah Cheng Yong
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Liew Yun Ming
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
Hasniyati Md Razi
4
Foo Wah Low
5
Ng Hui-Teng
1 2
Ng Yong-Sing
1 2
  1. Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600 Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Reactor Technology Center, Technical Support Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia
  5. Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering & Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia

Mechanical Behavior of Nitrocarburised Austenitic Steel Coated with N-DLC by Means of DC and Pulsed Glow Discharge

T. Borowski K. Kulikowski M. Spychalski K. Rożniatowski B. Rajchel B. Adamczyk-Cieślak T. Wierzchoń
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 317-324 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137761
Keywords DLC nitrocarburizing surface engineering hardness adhesion wear
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Abstract

AISI 316L steel was subjected to nitrocarburizing under glow discharge conditions, which was followed by DLC (diamond-like carbon) coatings deposition using the same device. The coatings were applied under conditions of direct current and pulsed glow discharge. In order to determine the influence of the produced nitrocarbon austenite layer and the type of discharge on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the coatings, the following features were analysed: surface roughness, coating thickness, structure, chemical composition, adhesion and resistance to frictional wear. For comparison purposes, DLC coatings were also deposited on steel without a nitrocarburised layer. The obtained results indicate a significant influence of the type of glow discharge on the roughness, hardness, nitrogen content and of the nitrocarburised layer on the resistance to wear by friction and adhesion of the produced coatings.
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Authors and Affiliations

T. Borowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Kulikowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Spychalski
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Rożniatowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
B. Rajchel
2
B. Adamczyk-Cieślak
1
ORCID: ORCID
T. Wierzchoń
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, 141 Wołoska Str., 02-507 Warszawa, Poland
  2. Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Poland

Synthesis of magnesium aluminate spinel doped TiO2 from magnesite waste

N. Canikoğlu
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 311-316 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137757
Keywords Magnesium aluminate spinel (MgAl2O4) Titanium dioxide (TiO2) Magnesite waste Alumina (Al2O3)
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Abstract

Magnesium aluminate spinel (MgAl2O4) is an important refractory material of magnesia origin. It is formed by the reaction of magnesium and aluminum oxides. In this study, TiO2 was added to magnesite waste and alumina (Al2O3) powders in different proportions and the mixtures were sintered at different temperatures after shaping. The aim of this study was to produce spinel economically by recycling waste materials. Therefore, titanium dioxide (TiO2) added magnesium aluminate spinel was produced and the products obtained were characterized by XRD and SEM-EDS analyses. In addition, bulk density, apparent porosity and microhardness values were measured and the effects of TiO2 additive on magnesium aluminate properties were examined. The better values were determined in samples doped 4 wt.% TiO2 at the sintering temperature of 1400°C.
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Authors and Affiliations

N. Canikoğlu
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Sakarya University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Sakarya/Turkey

Changes in Thermal Properties of Printouts Made of PETG and PLA Doped with Copper After Electrocorrosive Ageing Process

J. Redutko A. Kalwik A. Szarek
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 333-339 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137763
Keywords 3D printing thermal properties DMA DSC Simulated Body Fluid conditions
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Abstract

The article presents the results of research on selected thermal, mechanical properties, as well as the microscopic structure of filaments and details made on a 3D printer in FDM technology. The materials used in the study were PETG (polyethylene terephthalate doped with glycol) and PLA (polylactide) doped with copper. As part of the study, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was performed in order to determine the temperatures of phase transformations and changes in melting enthalpy values of filaments before the printing process and also elements made of them. The second part of the research was electrocorrosive ageing process of printouts, carried out in the Simulated Body Fluid solution in a device generating 0.3 A direct current, voltage with value 4.3 V for the entire duration of the test, which was 720 h. After this process DSC test was conducted again. The next stage of the research was Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) of printouts before and after electrocorrosive ageing process. This test was carried out to characterize the dynamic-mechanical properties as a function of frequency, temperature and time. Additionally, microscopic analyses of the surfaces of the tested printouts were performed in order to assess the changes after electrolysis.
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Authors and Affiliations

J. Redutko
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Kalwik
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Szarek
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Technology and Automation, 21 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland

Analysis of the Influence of the Mould Temperature in the Weld Line Areas on Strength of the Injection Mouldings

R. Humienny P. Postawa A. Kalwik
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 325-331 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137762
Keywords strength injection moulding mould temperature Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
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Abstract

The weld lines that occur in injection mouldings are critical areas on which depends on the strength of the mouldings. The flow of the material in the injection mould takes place through the gate and then gradually in the mould cavity. Depending on the shape of the formed object, the weld line may or may not occur. In the case of spreading of plastic streams or bypassing obstacles in the form of cores in the mould, the joining lines run down. Most often, the strength of the moulded part is the lowest in these areas and the resulting lines can cause cracking. The aim of the research presented in the publication was to evaluate the properties of particular parts of mouldings obtained from an experimental injection mould equipped with 4 weld line areas. The tests were performed using the method of thermal analysis by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis DMA. Tensile tests were performed on the parts with weld areas and the maximum crack force was determined. The morphology of the obtained fractures was observed using an optical microscope.
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Authors and Affiliations

R. Humienny
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Postawa
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Kalwik
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Technology and Automation, 21 Armii Krajowej Av., 42- 201 Czestochowa, Poland

Influence of Initial Charge Temperature and Furnace Exploitation on Steel Loss

J. Boryca T. Wyleciał D. Urbaniak
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 289-291 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137504
Keywords heating of steel charge loss of steel initial charge temperature furnace exploitation
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Abstract

Steel loss related to the formation of scale is a parameter that is of great importance in the charge heating process. The value of steel loss determined by the thickness of the scale layer affects the intensity of the heat transfer process in the heating furnace, but also constitutes a significant element in the heat-material balance. Reducing the loss of steel during charge heating has a positive effect on heat consumption and material losses, which is extremely important in the context of energy and resource savings, the main elements of sustainable development processes. The methodology of determining the loss of steel to scale in an industrial heating furnace is presented in the paper. The results of calculations for various charge temperatures at the entrance to the furnace are presented. The influence of furnace operating conditions on steel loss is discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

J. Boryca
1
ORCID: ORCID
T. Wyleciał
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Urbaniak
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Czestochowa University of Technology, 19 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland

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