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Statistical Models for Predicting the Mechanical Properties of Limestone Aggregate by Simple test Methods

Esma Kahraman

Archives of Mining Sciences | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 393-407 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2023.146858

Keywords aggregate P-wave velocity Schmidt Hardness Regression Mechanical Properties

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Abstract

The prediction of strength properties is a topic of interest in many engineering fields. The common tests used to evaluate rock strength include the uniaxial compressive strength test ( UCS), Brazilian tensile strength ( BTS) and flexural strength ( FS). These tests can only be carried out in the laboratory and involve some difficulties such as preparation of the samples according to standards, amount of samples, and the long duration of test phases. This article aims to suggest equations for the prediction of mechanical properties of aggregates as a function of the P-wave velocity ( Vp) and Schmidt hammer hardness ( SHH) value of intact or in-situ rocks using regression analyses. Within the scope of the study, 90 samples were collected in the south of Türkiye. The mechanical properties, such as uniaxial compressive strength, Brazilian tensile strength and flexural strength of specimens, were determined in the laboratory and investigated in relation to P-wave velocity, and Schmidt hardness. Using regression techniques, various models were developed, and comparisons were made to find the optimum models using a coefficient of determination (R²) and p value (sig) performance indexes. Simple and multiple regression analysis found powerful correlations between mechanical properties and P-wave velocity and Schmidt hammer hardness. In addition, the prediction equations were compared with previous studies. The results obtained from this study indicate that the results of simple test methods, such as Vp or SHH values, of rock used for aggregate could be used to predict some mechanical properties. Thus, it will be possible to obtain information about the mechanical properties of aggregates in the study area in a faster and more practical way by using predictive models.

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Authors and Affiliations

Esma Kahraman

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Çukurova University, Turkey

Defining the Computational Domain and Boundary Conditions for Fluid Flow in a Mining Excavation

Jakub Janus Jerzy Krawczyk

Archives of Mining Sciences | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 425-441 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2023.146860

Keywords CFD mine ventilation numerical model geometry laser scanning velocity profile boundary conditions

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Abstract

For underground mine workings, the shape of the computational domain may be difficult to define. Historically, the geometry models of mine drifts were not accurate representations of the object but rather a simplified approximation. To fully understand a phenomenon and save time on computations, simplification is often required. Nevertheless, in some situations, a detailed depiction of the geometry of the object may be necessary to obtain adequate simulation results. Laser Scanning enables the generation of 3D digital models with precision beyond the needs of applicable CFD models. Images composed of millions of points must be processed to obtain geometry suitable for computational mesh generation. A section of an underground mine excavation has been selected as an example of such transformation. Defining appropriate boundary conditions, especially the inlet velocity profile, is a challenging issue. Difficult environmental conditions in underground workings exclude the application of the most efficient and precise methods of velocity field measurements. Two attempts to define the inlet velocity profile have been compared. The first one used a sequence of simulations starting from a flat profile of a magnitude equal to the average velocity. The second one was based on the sixteen-point simultaneous velocity measurement, which gave consistency with measurement results within the range of applied velocity measurement method uncertainty. The article introduces a novel methodology that allows for more accurate replication of the mine excavation under study and the attainment of an appropriate inlet velocity profile, validated by a satisfactory correspondence between simulation outcomes and field measurements. The method involves analysing laser-scanned data of a mine excavation, conducting multi-point velocity measurements at specific cross-sections of the excavation that are unique to mining conditions, and utilising the k-ω SST turbulence model that has been validated for similar ventilation problems in mines.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jakub Janus

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jerzy Krawczyk

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Strata Mechanics Research Institutes of Polish Academy of Science, 27 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Kraków, Poland

Damage and Stability Analysis of Sandstone-Type Uranium Ore Body under Physical and Chemical Action of Leaching Solution

Yulong Liu Lei Huang Guicheng He Nan Hu Shuhui Zhou Qing Yu Dexin Ding

Archives of Mining Sciences | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 409-423 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2023.146859

Keywords Numerical simulation stability analysis Underground in-situ leaching Physicochemical interaction Collecting tunnel

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Abstract

In this paper, the typical sand-conglomerate uranium ore in north China was taken as the research object. The uniaxial compression and tensile tests of sand-conglomerate specimens under natural status and acidic solution status were used to research the compressive strength, tensile strength, Young’s modulus, cohesion and internal friction angle. Focusing on this type of uranium deposit, during the underground design of the in-situ leaching mining method, the three-dimensional finite element method was used to conduct a numerical simulation of the liquid collecting tunnel with different structural parameters of 10 m×2 m, 3 m×2 m, 2 m×2 m, and comprehensively analyse the vertical displacement, principal stress and plastic deformation zone changes of the tunnelbefore and after leaching. Based on the results, influenced by an acidic aqueous solution, the grain of the conglomerate became soft and secondary pores appeared, resulting in the superimposed effect of physical damage and chemical damage. Macroscopically, an obvious decrease was witnessed in mechanical property. Based on the stability and economy factor of three scenarios before and after leaching, the scenario was recommended as the experimental testing scenario, specifically, two longitudinal collecting tunnel were arranged along the strike of the orebody, with the size of 3 m×2 m and the width of the middle pillar of 4 m. The results of the numerical simulation are significant in guiding the design of underground in-situ leaching technology and determining the structural parameters of the deposit.

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Authors and Affiliations

Yulong Liu

1 2

Lei Huang

2

Guicheng He

1

Nan Hu

1

Shuhui Zhou

2

Qing Yu

1

Dexin Ding

1

Key Discipline Laborat ory for Nat ional Defensefor Biotechnology in Uranium Mining and Hydrometa llurgy, University of South China, China
China General Nuclear Power Group (CGN) Uranium Resources Co., Ltd, Beijing 100029, China

Application of BLSS-PE Mine 3D Laser Scanning Measurement System in Stability Analysis of a Uranium Mine Goaf

Gangyou Sun Yuandi Xia Qinrong Kang Weizhong Zhang Qingzhen Hu Wei Yuan

Archives of Mining Sciences | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 443-456 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2023.146861

Keywords 3D laser goafs stability

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Abstract

Accurate understanding of the three-dimensional (3D) morphology of a complex goaf and its relative displacement in space is a precondition to further analyzing the stability of the cavity. In this study, to make an accurate stability analysis of the goaf, laser detection and numerical simulation are used to study the interior space form of goaf and the change characteristics of stress and displacement in goaf. The results of the study show that the BLSS-PE mining 3D laser system as a field detection tool can detect the morphology of the cavity more comprehensively and improve the accuracy of the detection data to a certain extent. Combined with the numerical simulation software analysis, it can be seen that the maximum principal stress in the 818-2# goaf increases after excavation. In addition, the maximum value appears in the top and bottom plates of the goaf, and the minimum stress remains nearly unchanged. The tensile stress appears in the upper and lower plates but is lower than the surrounding rock. The maximum horizontal and vertical displacements of the 818-2# goaf are small. The plastic zone appears in the surrounding rock of the goaf as the mining work progresses, but the area is small. It is concluded that the goaf is relatively stable overall. The research results may provide a strong reference for ground pressure management in mines and comprehensive control of goaves.

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Authors and Affiliations

Gangyou Sun

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Yuandi Xia

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Qinrong Kang

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Weizhong Zhang

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Qingzhen Hu

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wei Yuan

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

The Fourth Research and Design Engineering Corporat ion, China
School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, China

Dip-Angle-Effect-Based Deformation and Failure Law of Steeply Dipping Stope Roofs with Large Mining Heights

Panshi Xie Baofa Huang Yongping Wu Shenghu Luo Tong Wang Zhuangzhuang Yan Jianjie Chen

Archives of Mining Sciences | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 507-524 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2023.146865

Keywords Steeply dipping coal seam large mining height working face dip angle effect stabilitycontrol of the roof support-surrounding rock

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Abstract

The deformation and failure law of stope roofs is more complicated than horizontal coal seams affected by the angle of the coal seam during the mining process of steeply dipping coal seams. This study focused on and analysed the working face of a 2130 coal mine with steep dipping and large mining height. Through the use of numerical calculation, theoretical analysis, physical similar material simulation experiments, and field monitoring, the distribution characteristics of roof stress, as well as the threedimensional caving migration and filling law, in large mining height working faces under the dip angle effect was investigated. The influence mechanism of the dip angle change on the roof stability of large mining heights was investigated. The results revealed that the roof stress was asymmetrically distributed along the inclination under the action of the dip angle, which resulted in roof deformation asymmetry. With the increase in the dip angle, the rolling and sliding characteristics of roof-broken rock blocks were more obvious. The length of the gangue support area increased, the unbalanced constraint effect of the filling gangue on the roof along the dip and strike was enhanced, and the height of the caving zone decreased. The stability of the roof in the lower inclined area of the working face was enhanced, the failure range of the roof migrated upward, and the damage degree of the roof in the middle and upper areas increased. Furthermore, cross-layer, large-scale, and asymmetric spatial ladder rock structures formed easily. The broken main roof formed an anti-dip pile structure, and sliding and deformation instability occurred, which resulted in impact pressure. This phenomenon resulted in the dumping and sliding of the support. The ‘support-surrounding rock’ system was prone to dynamic instability and caused disasters in the surrounding rock. The field measurement results verified the report and provided critical theoretical support for field engineering in practice.

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Authors and Affiliations

Panshi Xie

1 2

Baofa Huang

1 2

Yongping Wu

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Shenghu Luo

2 3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Tong Wang

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Zhuangzhuang Yan

1 2

Jianjie Chen

4

Xi’an University of Science and Technology, School of Energy Engineering, Xi’an 710054, China
Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Western Mine Exploitation and Hazard Prevention Ministry of Educat ion, Xi’an 710054, China
Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Department of Mechanics, Xi’an, 710054, China
Xinjiang Coking Coal Group Corporat ion Limited, Xinjiang 830025, China

Failure Rate of Longwall System Machines by the Type of Failure – Case Study

Łukasz Bołoz Zbigniew Rak Jerzy Stasica

Archives of Mining Sciences | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 457-473 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2023.146862

Keywords Machine failure rate plow complexes shearer complexes effective working time

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Abstract

Deposits in the form of seams are most often exploited by means of mechanised longwall systems. Hard coal seams of various thicknesses are mined by plowing and shearer complexes. Both solutions are commonly used in Polish and global mining. Mechanised longwall systems consist of many machines, the most important of which are the mining machine, powered support, armoured face conveyor and beam stage loader. The article is concerned with the failure frequency of longwalls equipped with plow and shearer longwall systems in one of the Polish hard coal mines. The analysis covers a period of 13 months of the mine’s operation, during which 2,589 failures were recorded. It was carried out for all longwalls exploited in that period, i.e. five plow and five shearer ones, operating in six different sections. In the analysed period, these longwalls worked for an average of 150 days, and a total of 1,484 days. The analysis takes into account the basic division of failures used in the mining branch, i.e. mining, electrical and mechanical failures. The plow and shearer complexes were analysed separately, taking into account the failure category for all devices. A comprehensive analysis of the failure rates has revealed that the failure rate of longwalls equipped with plow complexes is noticeably higher than that of shearer ones. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that mining failures are prevalent in the analysis of both the number of failures and the average duration of failures.

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Authors and Affiliations

Łukasz Bołoz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Zbigniew Rak

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jerzy Stasica

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, Department of Machinery Engineering and Transport, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Resource Management, Department of Mining Engineering and Occupational Safety, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland

Size-Dependent Model to Determine the Effects of Operational Parameters on the Performance of the Falcon Concentrator

Namik Atakan Aydogan Murat Kademli

Archives of Mining Sciences | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 495-505 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2023.146864

Keywords Falcon concentrator gravity concentration artificial gravity force effect empirical model

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Abstract

The present study modelled the effects of operational parameters on the performance of the Falcon concentrator. For this purpose, the Falcon L40 concentrator was tested in narrow particle-size fractions (−600 + 425 μm, −425 + 300 μm, −300 + 212 μm, −212 + 150 μm, −150 + 106 μm, and −106 + 75 μm) at different washing water pressures and artificial gravity forces generated by a spinning bowl. The test samples were prepared artificially, comprising 2% magnetite (Fe3O4) and 98% calcite (CaCO3) by weight. The recovery and grade values of the 60 experimental conditions were investigated and compared for different operational parameters, including particle-size distributions, water pressures, and artificial gravity forces. Two empirical models were developed using non-linear regression analysis to indicate the effects of the operating parameter of the Falcon concentrator on its recovery and grade values. The operational parameters were found to impact the separation performance considerably. Therefore, the Falcon concentrator should operate under optimum conditions, which can be easily predicted using these models, to achieve improved recovery and grade values.

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Authors and Affiliations

Namik Atakan Aydogan

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Murat Kademli

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Hacettepe University, Mining Engineering Department, Turkey

Automated Real-Time Absolute Positioning Technology on Intelligent Fully Mechanised Coal Faces Using the Gyro RTS System

Ben Li Shanjun Mao Haoyuan Zhang Xinchao Li Huazhou Chen

Archives of Mining Sciences | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 475-493 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2023.146863

Keywords Fully mechanised faces absolute positioning adaptive mining gyro RTS automated measuring

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Abstract

The absolute positions of shearers on advancing coal faces are requisite for providing references for adaptive mining combined with geological models. Common coalmine localization techniques (e.g. UWB, INS, etc.) are not fully applicable to adaptive mining due to their drifting error or the messy environment. The gyro robotic total station (RTS) is versatile and precise in measuring coordinates in coal mines, while its conventional usage is of low automation and poor timeliness, impeding its application on mining faces. This article proposed an automated gyro RTS system for real-time absolute positioning on fully mechanised coal faces. The measuring process was changed to fit mining requirements, and a new state-transferring model was used to automate it. Programs were developed and installed in available instruments, forming a prototype. Field experiments were carried out on a simulative working face, verifying the system’s accuracy and applicability. Results show that the relative positioning error is better than 2.6143×10-4, which meets the demand of advancing faces. The error of the gyro is estimated at 55.5187”, justifying its nominal indicators. To sum up, the automated gyro RTS system proposed in this paper can offer real-time and accurate absolute positions of equipment on working faces, supporting adaptive mining combined with the geological model.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ben Li

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Shanjun Mao

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Haoyuan Zhang

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Xinchao Li

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Huazhou Chen

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Peking University, Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Informat ion System, Beijing 100871, China
Beijing Longruan Technologies Co., Ltd., Beijing 100871, China

Methane Hazard during the Closure of Mine Excavations in Liquidated Mine – Numerical Simulation

Wacław Dziurzyński Jerzy Krawczyk Teresa Pałka Andrzej Krach Przemysław Skotniczny

Archives of Mining Sciences | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 525-538 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2023.146866

Keywords mine closure mine ventilation network simulators methane hazard shut down of main fans

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Abstract

The closure of deep mines, featuring multi level seam extraction, lasts many years. During this time period, the ventilation system must ensure adequate working conditions, and ensure the safety and stability of fan operation in gas and fire hazards conditions. The analysis of air flows and methane inflows during the progress of mining mine excavations closure, is the primary object of the article. Execution of such analysis requires knowledge of the mining mine excavations’ closure schedule, the structure of the ventilation system under consideration, the values of the parameters describing the air flows delivered to the mine excavations, and the current characteristics of operating fans and predicted methane exhalation. A computer database, currently being updated by a mine ventilation department for the VentGraph-Plus computer software, has been used simulate the various ventilation scenarios experienced, during the final stage of closure, including the shutdown of the main fans and the backfilling of shafts. The results of case study, containing 2 variants of simulated examples, are presented in the form of diagrams of methane concentration changes in time at characteristic places of the mine. The completed simulations of ventilation processes during the closure of mine excavations and transfer of inflowing methane, indicate useful possibilities of the computational tool used.

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Authors and Affiliations

Wacław Dziurzyński

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jerzy Krawczyk

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Teresa Pałka

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Andrzej Krach

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Przemysław Skotniczny

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Strata Mechanics Research Institutes of Polish Academy of Science, 27 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Kraków, Poland

Effect of Corrosion on Wear Resistance of the Composite Based on GX120Mn13 Cast Steel Zonally Reinforced with Particles (Al2O3+ZrO2)

Daniel Medyński

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 3 | 133-139 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146675

Keywords abrasive wear cast steels ceramics composites corrosion

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Abstract

The subject of the work are modern composite materials with increased wear resistance intended for elements of machines operating in difficult conditions in the construction and mining industries. The study determined the effect of zone reinforcement of GX120Mn13 cast steel with macroparticles (Al ₂O ₃+ZrO ₂) on the corrosion resistance and abrasion wear of the composite thus obtained. SEM studies have shown that at interface between two phases, and more precisely on the surface of particles (Al ₂O ₃+ZrO ₂) a durable diffusion layers are formed. During the corrosion tests, no significant differences were found between the obtained parameters defining the corrosion processes of GX120Mn13 cast steel and GX120Mn13 with particles (Al ₂O ₃+ZrO ₂) composite. No intergranular corrosion was observed in the matrix of the composite material, nor traces of pitting corrosion at both phases interface. This is very important in terms of tested material’s service life. Reinforcement of cast steel with particles (Al ₂O ₃+ZrO ₂) resulted in a very significant improvement in the abrasion resistance of the composite – by about 70%. After corrosion tests, both materials were subjected to further operational investigations. These examinations consisted in determining the impact of corrosion processes on the durability of the composite in terms of abrasion. The obtained results indicate that corrosion processes did not significantly deteriorate the wear resistance of both the cast steel and the composite.

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Bibliography

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[4] Marcus, P. (2017). Corrosion mechanisms in theory and practice. London–New York: CRC Press.
[5] Podrzucki, C. (1991). Cast iron. Structure, properties, application. vol. 2. Krakow: ZG STOP Publ (in Polish).
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Authors and Affiliations

Daniel Medyński

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Witelon Collegium State University, Poland

Experimental and Numerical Comparison of Lead-Free and Lead-Containing Brasses for Fixture Application

Grzegorz Radzioch Dariusz Bartocha Marcin Kondracki

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 3 | 124-132 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146672

Keywords Lead-Free Brass ATD shrinkage simulation validation

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Abstract

A comparative analysis of brasses alloys, namely lead-free CuZn (CB771) and lead containing CuZn (CB770), was conducted in this article. The results of the comparative analysis and experimental investigations aimed to provide comprehensive knowledge about the thermophysical properties and solidification characteristics of these alloys. Thermodynamic simulations using Thermo-Calc software and modifications in the chemical composition of the CB771 alloy were employed to approximate its characteristics to those of the lead containing CuZn alloy. Thermal-derivative analysis of the alloys and a technological trial were carried out to determine their solidification characteristics, fluidity, and reproducibility. The casting trials were conducted under identical conditions, and the results were compared for a comprehensive analysis. Additionally, a solidification process simulation was performed using MagmaSoft software to match the thermophysical properties. The aim of this research was to achieve maximum consistency between the simulation results and experimental investigations.

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Bibliography

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[6] Acceptance of metallic materials used for products in contact with drinking water, 4MS Common Approach Part B “4MS Common Composition List” Retrieved July, 12, 2022 from http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/topics/water/drinking-water/distributing-drinking-water/guidelines-evaluation-criteria.
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[8] Podrzucki, C. (1991). Cast iron. STOP. (in Polish).
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[14] Ignaszak, Z. & Wojciechowski, J. (2020). Analysis and validation of database in computer aided design of jewellery casting. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 20(1), 9-16. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.131275.

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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Radzioch

1 2

Dariusz Bartocha

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Marcin Kondracki

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Foundry Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 7 Towarowa Str. 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, 2A Akademicka Str. 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Effect of the Entire Coal Basin Flooding on the Land Surface Deformation

Krzysztof Tajduś Anton Sroka Mateusz Dudek Rafał Misa Stefan Hager Janusz Rusek

Archives of Mining Sciences | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 375-392 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2023.146857

Keywords Uplifts land surface deformation underground mining excavation flooding mining damages environmental problems Ruhr District Python

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Abstract

This paper presents one of the environmental problems occurring during underground mine closures: according to the underground coal mine closure programme in Germany, the behaviour of the land surface caused by flooding of the entire planned mining area – the Ruhr District – had to be addressed. It was highlighted that water drainage would need to be continuous; otherwise, water levels would rise again in the mining areas, resulting in flooding of currently highly urbanised zones. Based on the variant analysis, it was concluded that the expected uniform ground movements caused by the planned rise in the mining water levels (comprising a part of two concepts – flooding up to the level of –500 m a.s.l. and −600 m a.s.l.), in the RAG Aktiengesellschaft mines, will not result in new mining damage to traditional buildings. The analysis included calculations of the maximum land surface uplift and the most unfavourable deformation factor values on the land surface, important from the point of view of buildings and structures: tilt T, compressive strain ε– and tensile strain ε+. The impact of flooding on potential, discontinuous land surface deformation was also analysed.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Tajduś

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Anton Sroka

2

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Mateusz Dudek

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Rafał Misa

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Stefan Hager

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Janusz Rusek

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AGH University of Krakow, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
Strata Mechanics Research Institutes of Polish Academy of Science, 27 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Kraków, Poland
R AG Aktiengesellschaft, Essen, Germany

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