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Abstrakt

This article describes some selected aspects of a preliminary treatment of measurement cycle results obtained by a new Pen206_18 type hydraulic borehole penetrometer (a borehole jack type), a tool of an in situ determining of mechanical properties of rocks. The pre-treatment of the measurement cycle results is a necessary step to prepare the data for a following appropriate analysis of stress-strain parameters of rocks. Aforementioned aspects are focused mainly on a pre-treatment of hydraulic pressure readouts.
The Pen206_18 type penetrometer is a modified version of a standard Pen206 type penetrometer. The standard version, based on a digital measurement of a critical hydraulic pressure, has been in use in polish hard coal mines for almost 15 years to determine various rock strength parameters. In contrary, the Pen206_18 type penetrometer now provides simultaneous recording of two main measurement cycle parameters (hydraulic pressure and a head pin stroke) during the whole measurement cycle duration. A recent modification of the penetrometer has given an opportunity to look closer at various factors having an influence on the measurement cycle data readouts and, as a consequence, to lay a foundation for a development a new penetrometric method of determining stress-strain parameters of rocks.
In this article it was shown that just before a main stage of the measurement cycle, a transitional stage could occur. It complicates a determination of the beginning of an useful set of measurement cycle data. This problem is widely known also in other static in situ methods of determining stress-strain parameters. Unfortunately, none of various known workouts of this problem were sufficiently adequate to the pre-treatment of the penetrometric measurement cycle results. Hence, a new method of determining the beginning of the useful set of pressure readouts has been developed. The proposed method takes into account an influence of an operational characteristics of the measuring device. This method is an essential part of a new pre-treatment procedure of the Pen206_18 measurement cycle’s pressure readouts.
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Bibliografia

[1] A . Kidybiński, J. Gwiazda, Z. Hładysz, Ocena mechanicznych własności skał oraz stateczności górotworu hydraulicznym penetrometrem otworowym. Prace Głównego Instytutu Górnictwa, Seria Dodatkowa. Katowice (1976).
[2] R.E. Goodman, T.K. Van, F.E. Heuze, Measurement of Rock Deformability in Boreholes. In: Proceedings of the 10th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 523-555 (1970).
[3] AS TM D4971-02, Standard Test Method for Determining the In situ Modulus of Deformation of Rock Using the Diametrically Loaded 76-mm (3-in.) Borehole Jack. AS TM International, West Conshohocken, PA, (2002). DOI : https://doi.org/10.1520/D4971-16
[4] R. Pierszalik, S. Rajwa, A. Walentek, K. Bier, 2020. A Pen206 borehole jack suitability assessment for rock mass deformability determination. Arch. Min. Sci. 65 (3), 639-660 (2020). DOI : https://doi.org/10.24425/ams.2020.134135
[5] P.H.V. Nguyen, M. Rotkegel, H.D. Van, Analysis of Behaviour of the Steel Arch Support in the Geological and Mining Conditions of the Cam Pha Coal Basin, Vietnam. Arch. Min. Sci. 65 (3), 551-567 (2020). DOI : https://doi.org/10.24425/ams.2020.134134
[6] A . Walentek, T. Janoszek, S. Prusek, A. Wrana, Influence of longwall gateroad convergence on the process of mine ventilation network-model tests. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 29, 585-590 (2019). DOI : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2019.06.013
[7] I RB Ogrodzieniec. Penetrometr otworowy typu Pen206. Dokumentacja techniczno-ruchowa + Załącznik A – pulpit Pen206E (2008).
[8] A . Nierobisz, Oznaczanie własności mechanicznych skał za pomocą hydraulicznego penetrometru otworowego nowej generacji. Górnictwo i Geoinżynieria 34 (2), 491-500 (2010).
[9] A . Nierobisz, J. Gawryś, K. Bier, Analiza konstrukcji hydraulicznego penetrometru otworowego i jego modernizacja dla zwiększenia zakresu pomiarowego. Przegląd Górniczy 72 (6), 1-15 (2016).
[10] F .E. Heuze, Estimating the Deformability and Strength of Rock Masses – In-Situ Tests, and Related Procedures. In: STRATCOM Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD), Albuquerque (2003). DOI : https://doi.org/10.2172/15005085
[11] M. Rezaei, M. Ghafoori, R. Ajalloeian, Comparison between the In situ Tests’ Data and Empirical Equations for Estimation of Deformation Modulus of Rock Mass. Geosciences Research 1 (1), 47-59 (2016). DOI : https://doi.org/10.22606/gr.2016.11005
[12] A . Palmström, R. Singh, The deformation modulus of rock masses – comparisons between in situ tests and indirect estimates. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 16 (3), 115-131 (2001). DOI : https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-7798(01)00038-4
[13] M. Bukowska, A. Kidybiński, Wpływ czynników naturalnych masywu skalnego na jego wytrzymałość określaną metodami penetrometryczną i laboratoryjną. Prace Naukowe Głównego Instytutu Górnictwa, Research reports mining and environment 1, 35-46 (2002).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Rafał Pierszalik
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Central Mining Institute (GIG ), 1 Gwarków Sq., 40-166 Katowice, Poland
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Abstrakt

This article aims at presenting research on the sorption of carbon dioxide on shales, which will allow to estimate the possibility of CO2 injection into gas shales. It has been established that the adsorption of carbon dioxide for a given sample of sorbent is always greater than that of methane. Moreover, carbon dioxide is the preferred gas if adsorption takes place in the presence of both gases. In this study CO2 sorption experiments were performed on high pressure setup and experimental data were fitted into the Ambrose four components models in order to calculate the total gas capacity of shales as potential CO2 reservoirs. Other data necessary for the calculation have been identified: total organic content, porosity, temperature and moisture content. It was noticed that clay minerals also have an impact on the sorption capacity as the sample with lowest TOC has the highest total clay mineral content and its sorption capacity slightly exceeds the one with higher TOC and lower clay content. There is a positive relationship between the total content of organic matter and the stored volume, and the porosity of the material and the stored volume.
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Bibliografia

[1] A. Szurlej, P. Janusz, Natural gas economy in the United States and European markets. Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi (Mineral Resources Management) 29 (4), 77-94 (2013). DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/gospo-2013-0043
[2] B. Dudley, BP Statistical Review of World Energy 4 (2019).
[3] J. Siemek, M. Kaliski, S. Rychlicki, P. Janusz, S. Sikora, A. Szurlej, Wpływ shale gas na rynek gazu ziemnego w Polsce. Rynek Energii 5, 118-124 (2011).
[4] K . Król, A. Dynowski, Eksploatacja gazu ziemnego z formacji łupkowych w Polsce – nadzieje i fakty (komunikat). Bezp. Pr. Ochr. Śr. w Gór. 10 (2015).
[5] M. Iijima, T. Nagayasu, T. Kamijyo, S. Nakatani, MHI’s Energy Efficient Flue Gas CO2 Capture Technology and Large Scale CCS Demonstration Test at Coal-fired Power Plants in USA. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review 49 (1), 37-43 (2012).
[6] R . Khosrokhavar, Mechanisms for CO2 sequestration in geological formations and enhanced gas recovery. Springer Theses (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4233/uuid:a27f5c1d-5fd2-4b1e-b757-8839c0c4726c
[7] D . Liu, Y. Li, S. Yang, R.K. Agarwal, CO2 sequestration with enhanced shale gas recovery. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 43 (24) 1-11 (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2019.1587069
[8] R . Heller, M. Zoback, Adsorption of methane and carbon dioxide on gas shale and pure mineral samples. Journal of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources 8, 14-24 (2014). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juogr.2014.06.001
[9] J.A. Cecilia, C. García‐Sancho, E. Vilarrasa‐García, J. Jiménez‐Jiménez, E. Rodriguez‐Castellón, Synthesis, Characterization, Uses and Applications of Porous Clays Heterostructures: A Review. Chem. Rec. 18, 1085-1104 (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.201700107
[10] O.P. Ortiz Cancino, D. Peredo Mancilla, M. Pozo, E. Pérez, D. Bessieres, Effect of Organic Matter and Thermal Maturity on Methane Adsorption Capacity on Shales from the Middle Magdalena Valley Basin in Colombia. Energy Fuels 31, 11698-11709 (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b01849
[11] S. Zhou, H. Xue, Y. Ning, W. Guo, Q. Zhang, Experimental study of supercritical methane adsorption in Longmaxi shale: Insights into the density of adsorbed methane. Fuel 211, 140-148 (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.09.065
[12] H . Bi, Z. Jiang, J. Li, P. Li, L. Chen, Q. Pan, Y. Wu, The Ono-Kondo model and an experimental study on supercritical adsorption of shale gas: A case study on Longmaxi shale in southeastern Chongqing, China. J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 35, 114-121 (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2016.08.047
[13] M. Gasparik, P. Bertier, Y. Gensterblum, A. Ghanizadeh, B.M. Krooss, R. Littke, Geological controls on the methane storage capacity in organic-rich shales. Int. J. Coal Geol., Special issue: Adsorption and fluid transport phenomena in gas shales and their effects on production and storage 123, 34-51 (2014). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2013.06.010
[14] X. Luo, S. Wang, Z. Wang, Z. Jing, M. Lv, Z. Zhai, T. Han, Adsorption of methane, carbon dioxide and their binary mixtures on Jurassic shale from the Qaidam Basin in China. Int. J. Coal Geol. 150, 210-223 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2015.09.004
[15] L . Wang, Q. Yu, The effect of moisture on the methane adsorption capacity of shales: A study case in the eastern Qaidam Basin in China. J. Hydrol. 542, 487-505 (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.09.018
[16] S.M. Kang, E. Fathi, R.J. Ambrose, I.Y. Akkutlu, R.F. Sigal, Carbon Dioxide Storage Capacity of Organic-Rich Shales. SPE J. 16, 842-855 (2011). DOI: https://doi.org/10.2118/134583-PA
[17] D .L. Gautier, J.K. Pitman, R.R. Charpentier, T. Cook, T.R. Klett, C.J. Schenk, Potential for Technically Recoverable Unconventional Gas and Oil Resources in the Polish-Ukrainian Foredeep. USGS Fact Sheet, 2012-3102 (2012).
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[19] R . Span, W. Wagner, A New Equation of State for Carbon Dioxide Covering the Fluid Region from the Triple‐Point Temperature to 1100 K at Pressures up to 800 MPa. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 25 (6), 1509-1596 (1996). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555991
[20] U . Setzmann, W. Wagner, A New Equation of State and Tables of Thermodynamic Properties for Methane Covering the Range from the Melting Line to 625 K at Pressures up to 100 MPa. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 20, 1061-1155 (1991). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555898
[21] M. Lutynski, M. A. Gonzalez Gonzalez, Characteristics of carbon dioxide sorption in coal and gas shale – The effect of particle size. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 28, 558-565. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2015.12.037
[22] R . Aguilera, Shale gas reservoirs: Theoretical, practical and research issues. Petroleum Research 1 (1), 10-26 (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2096-2495(17)30027-3
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[24] K . Sepehrnoori, Y. Wei, Shale Gas and Tight Oil Reservoir Simulation. Elsevier (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/ C2017-0-00263-X
[25] R .J. Ambrose, R.C Hartman, M. Diaz-Campos, I.Y. Akkutlu, C.H. Sondergeld, New Pore-scale Considerations for Shale Gas in Place Calculations. Presented at the SPE Unconventional Gas Conference, Society of Petroleum Engineers (2010). DOI: https://doi.org/10.2118/131772-MS
[26] R .J. Ambrose, R.C. Hartman, M. Diaz Campos, I.Y. Akkutlu, C.H. Sondergeld, Shale Gas-in-Place Calculations Part I: New Pore-Scale Considerations. Spe Journal 17 (01), 219-229 (2012). DOI: https://doi.org/10.2118/131772-PA
[27] P. Such, Co to właściwie znaczy porowatość skał łupkowych. Nafta-Gaz LXX (7), 411-415 (2014).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Patrycja Waszczuk-Zellner
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Lutyński
2
ORCID: ORCID
Aleksandra Koteras
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. LNPC Patrycja Waszczuk, Pszczyna, Poland
  2. Silesian University of Technology, 2A Akademicka Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  3. Central Mining Institute (GIG), 1 Gwarków Sq., 40-166 Katowice, Poland
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Abstrakt

One of the most hazardous places in mines are longwall areas. They emit a considerable amount of methane to the ventilation air. The emission depends on many but mostly known factors. The article presents the research results on changes in the methane concentration along the longwall excavations and longwall. The distributions were obtained based on a measurement experiment at the ZG Brzeszcze mine in Poland. The author’s research aimed to experimentally determine the concentration of methane as a function of the length of excavation for the longwall excavations and longwall. As a result, methane concentration trends along the excavations were obtained. The conclusions show the pros and cons of the method used, and it allows to set the right direction in the development of measurement systems and sensors.
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Bibliografia

[1] S .R. Deokar, J.S. Wakode, Coal Mine Safety Monitoring and Alerting System. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 4, 3, 2146-2149 (2017).
[2] D .A. Jakkan, P. Bhagat, Coal Mine Monitoring System Based on Wireless Technology and ARM . International Journal of Engineering Research 2, 6 (2013).
[3] M . Li, Y. Liu, Underground Coal Mine Monitoring with Wireless Sensor Networks. ACM Trans. Sen. Netw. 5, 1-29 (2009). DOI : https://doi.org/10.1145/1498915.1498916
[4] L . Liao, G. Lou, M. Chen, An Integrated RFID and Sensor System for Emergency Handling in Underground Coal Mines Environments. In J. Zheng, S. Mao, S.F. Midkiff, H. Zhu, (Eds.); Ad Hoc Networks, Springer Berlin Heidelberg 28, 818-824 (2010). DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11723-7_56 [5] F . Ma, Sensor Networks-Based Monitoring and Fuzzy Information Fusion System for Underground Gas Disaster. In Proceedings of the 2012 9th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, 596-600 (2012).
[6] M .A. Moridi, M. Sharifzadeh, Y. Kawamura, H.D. Jang, Development of Wireless Sensor Networks for Underground Communication and Monitoring Systems (the Cases of Underground Mine Environments). Tunneling and Underground Space Technology 73, 127-138 (2018). DOI : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.12.015
[7] A . Zagórecki, Application of Sensor Fusion and Data Mining for Prediction of Methane Concentration in Coal Mines. Mining – Informatics, Automation and Electrical Engineering 43, 4 (2015).
[8] H . Zhao, W. Yang, An Emergency Rescue Communication System and Environmental Monitoring Subsystem for Underground Coal Mine Based on Wireless Mesh Network. Int. J. Distrib. Sens. N. 14, (2018). DOI : https://doi.org/10.1177/1550147718805935
[9] Polish Legal Act, Dz.U. 2017 poz. 1118, Rozporządzenie Ministra Energii z Dnia 23 Listopada 2016 r.
[10] A . Tomczyk, K. Rutecki, Monitorowanie i Kontrola Zmian Ciśnienia Atmosferycznego Kopalni dla Potrzeb Bezpieczeństwa. Mechanizacja i Automatyzacja Górnictwa 47, 7, 99-107 (2009).
[11] S . Wasilewski, Modern Systems of Gas Hazard Monitoring in Polish Hard Coal Mines. Arch. Min. Sci. 53, 4, 511-524 (2008).
[12] H . Badura, D. Araszczuk, Analiza Zagrożenia Metanowego w Ścianie G-6 w Pokładzie 412\lg+\ld i 412\lg w KWK „A” – Studium Przypadku. Przegląd Górniczy 73, 47-55 (2017).
[13] W . Dziurzyński; P. Skotniczny, J. Krawczyk, M. Gawor, T. Pałka, P. Ostrogórski, J. Kruczkowski, J. Janus, Wytyczne Rozmieszczenia Anemometrów Stacjonarnych Wzdłuż Długości Wyrobiska Kopalni jak i w Samym Polu Przekroju Poprzecznego Wyrobiska. In: Zasady pomiarów przepływów powietrza w wyrobiskach kopalnianych. Wybrane sposoby kontroli i kalibracji przyrządów pomiarowych (2017).
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[15] P. Skotniczny, Transient States in the Flow of the Air-Methane Mixture at the Longwall Outlet, Induced by a Sudden Methane Outflow. Arch. Min. Sci. 59, 4, 887-896 (2014). DOI : https://doi.org/10.2478/amsc-2014-0061
[16] A . Zagórecki, Prediction of Methane Outbreaks in Coal Mines from Multivariate Time Series Using Random Forest. In Proceedings of the Rough Sets, Fuzzy Sets, Data Mining, and Granular Computing; Y. Yao, Q. Hu, H. Yu, J.W. Grzymala-Busse, (Eds.) Springer International Publishing: Cham, 494-500 (2015).
[17] H . Badura, A. Niewiadomski, Jednodniowe prognozy średniego stężenia metanu na wylocie z rejonu wentylacyjnego jako podstawa do doboru środków profilaktyki metanowej – studium przypadku. Przegląd Górniczy 71, 12 (2015).
[18] M . Uszko, L. Kloc, M. Szarafiński, H. Potoczek, Zagrożenia Naturalne w Kopalniach Kompanii Węglowej SA . Część III . Zagrożenie Metanowe. Wiadomości Górnicze 65, 1 (2014).
[19] P. Skotniczny, P. Ostrogórski, Three-Dimensional Air Velocity Distributions in the Vicinity of a Mine Heading’s Sidewall. Arch. Min. Sci. 63, 2, 335-352 (2018). DOI : https://doi.org/10.24425/122451
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Piotr Ostrogórski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Przemysław Skotniczny
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mieczysław Pucka
2

  1. Strata Mechanics Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 27 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Kraków, Poland
  2. Tauron Wydobycie S.A. ZG Brzeszcze, ul. Kościuszki 1, 32-620 Brzeszcze, Poland
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Abstrakt

The ventilation system in underground mine is an important guarantee for workers’ safety and environmental conditions. As the mining activities continue, the mine ventilation system is constantly changing. Therefore, to ensure ventilation on demand, the mine ventilation network regulation and optimization are very important. In this paper, the path method based on graph theory is studied. However, the existing path algorithms do not meet the needs of actual mine ventilation regulation and optimization. Therefore, in this paper, the path algorithm is optimized and improved from four aspects. First, based on the depth-first search algorithm, the independent path search algorithm is proposed to solve the problem of false paths in the independent path searched when there is a unidirectional circuit in the ventilation network. Secondly, the independent path calculation formula is amended to ensure that the number of the independent path for the ventilation network with a downcast and an upcast shaft, multi-downcast and multi-upcast shaft and unidirectional circuits is calculated accurately. Thirdly, to avoid both an increase in the number of control points in the multi-fan ventilation network and disturbances in the airflow distribution by determining the reference path through all the independent paths, all the independent paths with the shared fan must be identified. Fourthly, The number and the position of the regulators in the ventilation network are determined and optimized, and the final optimization of air quantity regulation for the ventilation network is realized. The case study shows that this algorithm can effectively and accurately realize the regulation of air quantity of a multi-fan mine ventilation network.
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Bibliografia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jinmiao Wang
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mingtao Jia
1
ORCID: ORCID
Lin Bin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Liguan Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Deyun Zhong
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
  2. School of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
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Abstrakt

It is commonly known that the cause of serious accidents in underground coal mining is methane. Thus, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) becomes a useful tool to simulate methane dispersion and to evaluate the performance of the ventilation system in order to prevent mine accidents related to methane. In this study, numerical and experimental studies of the methane concentration and air velocity behaviour were carried out. The experiment was conducted in an auxiliary ventilated coal heading in Turkish Hard Coal Enterprises (TTK), which is the most predominant coal producer in Turkey. The simulations were modeled using Fluent-Ansys v.12. Significant correlations were found when experimental values and modeling results were compared with statistical analysis. The CFD modeling of the methane and air velocity in the headings especially uses in auxiliary ventilation systems of places where it is hard to measure or when the measurements made are inadequate.
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Bibliografia

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[7] J.C. Kurnia, A.P. Sasmito, A.S. Mujumdar, Simulation of Methane Dispersion and Innovative Methane Management in Underground Mining Faces. Appl. Mathematical Modelling 38, 3467-3484 (2014).
[8] J.C. Kurnia, A.P. Sasmito, A.S. Mujumdar, Simulation of A Novel Intermittent Ventilation System for Underground Mines. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 42, 206-215 (2014).
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[15] N .I. Vlasin, C. Lupu, M. Şuvar, V.M. Pasculescu, S. Arad, Computerised modelling of methane releases exhaust from a retreating logwall face. In: 4th European Conference on Recent Advances in Civil and Mining Engineering (ECCIE’13), 274-277 (2013).
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[17] S .M. Radui, G. Dolea, R. Cretan, Modeling and simulation of coal winning process on the mechanized face. In: 4th European Conference on Recent Advances in Civil and Mining Engineering (ECCIE’13), 30-35 (2013).

[18] J. Cheng, S. Li, F. Zhang, C. Zhao, S. Yang, A. Ghosh, J. of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 40, 285-297 (2016).
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[21] Y . Lu, S. Akhtar, A.P. Sasmito, J.C. Kurnia, Prediction of air flow, methane, and coal dust dispersion in a room and pillar mining face. Int. J. of Mining Science and Technology 27, 657-662 (2017).
[22] Q. Zhang, G. Zhou, X. Qian, M. Yuan, Y. Sun, D. Wang, Diffuse pollution characteristics of respirable dust in fully-mechanized mining face under various velocities based on CFD investigation. J. of Cleaner Production 184, 239-250 (2018).
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[24] T . Skjold, D. Castellanos, K.L. Olsen, R.K. Eckhoff, Experimental and numerical investigations of constant volume dust and gas explosions in a 3.6-m flame acceleration tube. J. of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 30, 164-176 (2014).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Gülnaz Daloğlu
1
Mustafa Önder
1
Teresa Parra
2

  1. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Müh. Mim. Fak. Maden Mühendi sliği Bölümü, 26480 Eskişehir, Turkey
  2. University of Valladolid, Department of Energy and Fluid Mechanics, Valladolid, Spain

Abstrakt

Contemporary mine exploitation requires information about the deposit itself and the impact of mining activities on the surrounding surface areas. In the past, this task was performed using classical seismic and geodetic measurements. Nowadays, the use of new technologies enables the determination of the necessary parameters in global coordinate systems. For this purpose, the relevant services create systems that integrate various methods of determining interesting quantities, e.g., seismometers / GNSS / PSInSAR. These systems allow detecting both terrain deformations and seismic events that occur as a result of exploitation. Additionally, they enable determining the quantity parameters that characterise and influence these events. However, such systems are expensive and cannot be set up for all existing mines. Therefore, other solutions are being sought that will also allow for similar research. In this article, the authors examined the possibilities of using the existing GNSS infrastructure to detect seismic events. For this purpose, an algorithm of automatic discontinuity detection in time series “Switching Edge Detector” was used. The reference data were the results of GNSS measurements from the integrated system (seismic / GNSS / PSInSAR) installed on the LGCB (Legnica-Głogów Copper Belt) area. The GNSS data from 2020 was examined, for which the integrated system registered seven seismic events. The switching Edge Detector algorithm proved to be an efficient tool in seismic event detection.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Dariusz Tomaszewski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jacek Rapiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Lech Stolecki
2
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Śmieja
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of Geoengineering, Institute of Geodesy and Civil Engineering, 2 Oczapowskiego Str., Olsztyn, 10-900, Poland
  2. KGHM CUPRUM Sp. z.o.o. Research and Development Centre, gen. W. Sikorskiego Street 2-8, Wrocław, 53-659, Poland
  3. University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Chair of Mechatronics, 2 Oczapowskiego Str., Olsztyn, 10-900, Poland
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Abstrakt

In order for the ultimate state methods to be applied in dimensioning of the load-bearing elements in a conveyance, it is required that their design loads during their normal duty cycle and under the emergency braking conditions should be first established. Recently, efforts have been made to determine the interaction forces between the shaft steelwork and the conveyance under the normal operating condition [1,2]. Thus far, this aspect has been mostly neglected in design engineering. Measurement results summarised in this paper and confronted with the theoretical data [3] indicate that the major determinant of fatigue endurance of conveyances is the force acting horizontally and associated with the conveyance being hoisted in relation to the vertical force due to the weight of the conveyance and payload.
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Bibliografia

[1] F . Matachowski, PhD thesis, Opracowanie kryteriów projektowania wybranych elementów nośnych naczynia wydobywczego. AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland (2011).
[2] S. Wolny, F. Matachowski, Operating Loads of the Shaft Steelwork – Conveyance System dne to Ranchon Irregularities of the Guiding Strings. Arch. Min. Sci. 55 (3), 589-603 (2010).
[3] S. Wolny, Wybrane problemy wytrzymałościowe w eksploatacji górniczych urządzeń wyciągowych. Monografia. Problemy Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Robotyki, AGH, Nr 20, Kraków (2003).
[4] M. Płachno, Metoda dynamiczna badań stanu zmienności naprężeń w cięgnach naczyń wyciągowych powodowanego nierównościami torów prowadzenia. In monograph: Transport szybowy 2007, Wydawnictwo KO MAG, Gliwice, II , 51-60 (2007).
[5] M. Płachno, Mathematical model of transverse vibrations of a high-capacity mining skip due misalignment of the guiding tracks in the hoisting shaft. Arch. Min. Sci. 63 (1), 3-26 (2018).
[6] D . Fuchs, H. Noeller, Untersuchungen an Haupttraggliedern hochbeanspruchter Fördermittel. Sonderabdruck aus Glückauf 124 (9), 512-514 (1998).
[7] M. Płachno, Z. Rosner, Możliwości wczesnego wykrywania procesów zmęczeniowych w cięgnach naczyń wyciągów górniczych. Bezpieczeństwo Pracy i Ochrona Środowiska w Górnictwie, Wydanie Specjalne, 241-246 (1997).
[8] S. Wolny, Interactions in mechanical systems due to random inputs on the example of a mine hoist. International Education & Research Journal, Engineering 1 (5), 70-74 (2015).
[9] S. Wolny, Displacements in mechanical systems due to random inputs in a mine hoist installation. Engineering Transactions 65 (3), 513-522 (2017).
[10] S. Wolny et al., Research work, Opracowanie kryteriów oceny konstrukcji nośnej naczyń górniczych wyciągów szybowych w aspekcie przedłużenia okresu bezpiecznej eksploatacji. Katedra Wytrzymałości Materiałów i Konstrukcji, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków (2003) (unpublished).
[11] A . Pieniążek, J. Weiss, A. Winiarz, Procesy stochastyczne w problemach i zadaniach. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Krakowskiej, Kraków (1999).
[12] V.A. Sretlickij, Slucajnye kolebanija mechaniceskich system. Moskva: Masinostroenie (1976).
[13] S. Wolny, Loads experienced by load-bearing components of mine hoist installations due to random irregularities and misalignments of the guide strings. Journal of Machine Construction and Maintenance 3 (110), 79-86 (2018).
[14] S. Wolny, S. Badura, Wytrzymałość cięgien nośnych górniczego naczynia wydobywczego. Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture 34 (64), 149-158 (2017).
[15] S. Kawulok, Oddziaływanie zbrojenia szybu na mechanikę prowadzenia naczynia wyciągowego. Prace GIG, Katowice (1989).
[16] Przepisy górnicze „Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 30 kwietnia 2004 r. w sprawie dopuszczenia do stosowania w zakładach górniczych (Dz.U. Nr 99, poz. 1003 z 2005 r. Nr 80, poz. 695 oraz z 2007 r. Nr 249, poz. 1853, pkt 1.2 Naczynia wyciągowe” (2004).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Stanisław Wolny
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland

Abstrakt

The rheological behaviour of cemented paste backfill (CPB) has an important influence on the stability of its transportation in pipelines. In the present study, the time-dependent rheological behaviour of CPB was investigated to elucidate the effects of time and solid content. Experimental results showed that when CPB is subjected to a constant shear rate, the shear stress gradually decreases with time before finally stabilis ing. When the solid content was 60%~62%, a liquid network structure was the main factor that influenced the thixotropy of CPB, and the solid content had less influence. When the solid content was 64%~66%, a floc network structure was the main factor that influenced the thixotropy of CPB, and the solid content had a more significant influence on the thixotropy than the shear rate. The initial structural stability of CPB increased with the solid content, and this relationship can be described by a power function. Based on the experimental results, a calculation model of pipeline resistance considering thixotropy was proposed. The model was validated by using industrial experimental data. The current study can serve as a design reference for CPB pipeline transportation.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Yingjie Chang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Youzhi Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Deqing Gan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xinyi Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Shuangcheng Du
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. North China University of Science and Technology, College of Mining Engineering, China
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Abstrakt

Stability control of the roof is the key to safe and efficient mining of the longwall working face for a steeply dipping coal seam. In this study, a comprehensive analysis was performed on the roof destruction, migration, and filling characteristics of a steeply dipping longwall working face in an actual coalmine. Elastic foundation theory was used to construct a roof mechanics model; the effect of the coal seam inclination angle on the asymmetric deformation and failure of the roof under the constraint of an unbalanced gangue filling was considered. According to the model, increasing the coal seam angle, thickness of the immediate roof, and length of the working face as well as decreasing the thickness of the coal seam can increase the length of the contact area formed by the caving gangue in the lower area of the slope. Changes to the length of the contact area affect the forces and boundary conditions of the main roof. Increasing the coal seam angle reduces the deformation of the main roof, and the position of peak deflection migrates from the middle of the working face to the upper middle. Meanwhile, the position of the peak rotation angle migrates from the lower area of the working face to the upper area. The peak bending moment decreases continuously, and its position migrates from the headgate T-junction to the tailgate T-junction and then the middle of the working face. Field test results verified the rationality of the mechanics model. These findings reveal the effect of the inclination coal seam angle on roof deformation and failure and provide theoretical guidance for engineering practice.
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Bibliografia

[1] Y.P. Wu, D.F Yun, P.S. Xie et al., Progress, practice and scientific issues in steeply dipping coal seams fullymechanized mining. J. China Coal Soc. 45 (01):24-34 (2020) (in Chinese).
[2]. Y.P. Wu, B.S. Hu, D Lang et al., Risk assessment approach for rockfall hazards in steeply dipping coal seams. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 138, 104626 (2021). doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2021.104626
[3] D .Y. Zhu, W.L. Gong, Y. Su et al., Application of High-Strength Lightweight Concrete in Gob-Side Entry Retaining in Inclined Coal Seam. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering (2020). doi: 10.1155/2020/8167038
[4] H .W. Wang, Y.P. Wu, J.Q. Jiao et al., Stability Mechanism and Control Technology for Fully Mechanized Caving Mining of Steeply Inclined Extra-Thick Seams with Variable Angles. Mining, Metall. Explor. (2020). doi: 10.1007/ s42461-020-00360-0
[5] R .A. Frumkin, Predicting rock behaviour in steep seam faces (in Russian). International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 20 (1), A12-A13 (1983). doi: 10.1016/0148-9062(83)91717-5
[6] A. Ladenko, Improvements in working steep seams. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 11 (12), 247. (1974). doi: 10.1016/0148-9062(74)92108-1
[7] Z. Rak, J. Stasica, Z. Burtan et al., Technical aspects of mining rate improvement in steeply inclined coal seams: A case study. Resources 9 (12), 1-16 (2020). doi: 10.3390/resources9120138
[8] H .S. Tu, S.H. Tu, C. Zhang et al., Characteristics of the Roof Behaviours and mine pressure manifestations during the mining of steep coal seam. Arch. Min. Sci. 62 (4), 871-890 (2020).
[9] P .S. Xie, Y.P. Wu, Deformation and failure mechanisms and support structure technologies for goaf-side entries in steep multiple seam mining disturbances. Arch. Min. Sci. 64 (3), 561-574 (2019). doi: 10.24425/ams.2019.129369
[10] Z.Y.Wang, L.M. Dou, J. He et al., Experimental investigation for dynamic instability of coal-rock masses in horizontal section mining of steeply inclined coal seams. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 13, 15 (2020). doi: 10.1007/ s12517-020-05753-5
[11] P .S. Xie, Y. Luo, Y.P. Wu et al., Roof Deformation Associated with Mining of Two Panels in Steeply Dipping Coal Seam Using Subsurface Subsidence Prediction Model and Physical Simulation Experiment. Mining, Metall. Explor. 37 (2), 581-591 (2020). doi: 10.1007/s42461-019-00156-x
[12] X.P. Lai, H. Sun, P.F. Shan et al., Structure instability forecasting and analysis of giant rock pillars in steeply dipping thick coal seams. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater. 22 (12), 1233-1244 (2015). doi: 10.1007/s12613-015-1190-z
[13] Y.P. Wu, B.S. Hu, P.S. Xie, A New Experimental System for Quantifying the Multidimensional Loads on an on-Site Hydraulic Support in Steeply Dipping Seam Mining. Exp. Tech. 43 (5), 571-585 (2019). doi: 10.1007/s40799-019- 00304-4
[14] Y.D. Zhang, J.Y. Cheng, X.X. Wang et al., Thin plate model analysis on roof break of up-dip or down-dip mining stope. J. Min. Saf. Eng. 27 (4), 487 (2010) (in Chinese).
[15] J.R. Cao, L.M. Dou, G.A. Zhu et al., Mechanisms of Rock Burst in Horizontal Section Mining of a Steeply Inclined Extra-Thick Coal Seam and Prevention Technology. Energies 13 (22), 6043 (2020). doi: 10.3390/en13226043
[16] H .W. Wang, Y.P. Wu, M. Liu et al., Roof-breaking mechanism and stress-evolution characteristics in partial backfill mining of steeply inclined seams. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk 11 (1), 2006-2035 (2020). doi: 10.1080/1 9475705.2020.1823491
[17] S.R. Islavath, D. Deb, H. Kumar, Numerical analysis of a longwall mining cycle and development of a composite longwall index. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 89, 43-54 (2016).
[18] H . Basarir, O.I. Ferid, O. Aydin, Prediction of the stresses around main and tail gates during top coal caving by 3D numerical analysis. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 76, 88-97 (2015). doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2015.03.001
[19] J.A. Wang, J.L. Jiao, Criteria of support stability in mining of steeply inclined thick coal seam. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 82, 22-35 (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2015.11.008
[20] W.Y. Lv, Y.P. Wu, M. Liu et al., Migration law of the roof of a composited backfilling longwall face in a steeply dipping coal seam. Minerals 9 (3) (2019). doi: 10.3390/min9030188
[21] C.F. Huang, Q. Li, S.G.Tian, Research on prediction of residual deformation in goaf of steeply inclined extra- thick coal seam. PLoS ONE 15, 1-14 (2020). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240428
[22] Y.C. Yin, J.C. Zou, Y.B. Zhang et al., Experimental study of the movement of backfilling gangues for goaf in steeply inclined coal seams. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 11 (12) (2018). doi: 10.1007/s12517-018-3686-0
[23] G .S.P Singh, U.K. Singh, Prediction of caving behavior of strata and optimum rating of hydraulic powered support for longwall workings. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 47, 1-16 (2010).
[24] P .S. Xie, Y.Y. Zhang, S.H. Luo et al., Instability Mechanism of a Multi-Layer Gangue Roof and Determination of Support Resistance Under Inclination and Gravity. Mining, Metall. Explor. 37 (5), 1487-1498 (2020). doi: 10.1007/ s42461-020-00252-3
[25] G .J. Wu, W.D. Chen, S.P. Jia et al., Deformation characteristics of a roadway in steeply inclined formations and its improved support. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 130, 104324 (2020). doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2020.104324
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Shenghu Luo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tong Wang
2
ORCID: ORCID
Yongping Wu
2
ORCID: ORCID
Jingyu Huangfu
2
ORCID: ORCID
Huatao Zhao
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Department of Mechanics, China
  2. Xi’an University of Science and Technology, School of Energy Engineering, China
  3. Shandong Mining Machinery Group Co., Ltd. China

Abstrakt

The article describes the behaviour of the flysch rock massif (Carpathian flysch) during the drilling of three tunnels in the preliminary lining. These tunnels were excavated in: “Naprawa”, “Laliki”, and “Świnna Poręba”. The distance between these tunnels in a straight line was 50 km to 90 km. The results of the displacement of the contours of these tunnels and their convergence were analysed in detail. These values were compared with the indices used to assess the behaviour of the rock mass in the tunnel environment (Zasławski index and Hoek index) and the adopted limit values of displacements and deformations. On this basis, a critical analysis of the selection of initial supports in the completed tunnels was made, showing errors at the design stage.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Antoni Tajduś
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Tajduś
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Civil Engineering and Resource Management, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 av., 30-059 Cracow, Poland
  2. Strata Mechanics Research Institute, Polish Academy of Science, 27 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Abstrakt

The impact of caulking of goafs after mining exploitation of a hard coal seam with caving is expressed as the change in value of a a exploitation coefficient which, as defined, is the quotient of the maximum reduction in the surface height of a complete or incomplete trough to the thickness of the exploited seam. The basis for determining the value of the exploitation coefficient was geological and mining data combined with the results of the measurement of subsidence on the surface – measuring line 1222-1301 – of the Ruda mine. There, mining was carried out between 2005 and 2019, with a transverse longwall system and the caulking of goafs. The research team used two methods to determine the impact of the caulking applied in the goafs on the value of the exploitation coefficient. In the first method the goafs are filled evenly along the whole longwall, and in the second method unevenly and on a quarterly basis. The determination of the values of the exploitation coefficients for selected measuring points was preceded by the determination of the parameters of the Knothe-Budryk theory, which was further developed by J. Białek. The obtained dependencies are linear and the values of the correlation coefficients fall between –0.684 and –0.702, which should be considered satisfactory in terms of experimental data. It is possible to reduce the value of the exploitation coefficient by caulking the goafs by about 18%, when filling the goafs to 0.26% of the height of the active longwall.
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Bibliografia

[1] J. Białek, Opis nieustalonej fazy obniżeń terenu górniczego z uwzględnieniem asymetrii wpływów końcowych. Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Śląskiej (1), 1991.
[2] J. Białek, Algorytmy i programy komputerowe do prognozowania deformacji terenu górniczego. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej 2003.
[3] Y. Jiang, R. Misa, K. Tajduś, A. Sroka, A new prediction model of surface subsidence with Cauchy distribution in the coal mine of thick topsoil condition. Archives of Mining Sciences 65 (1), 147-158 (2020), doi: 10.24425/132712
[4] S. Knothe, Prognozowanie wpływów eksploatacji górniczej. 1984 Wydawnictwo Śląsk, Katowice.
[5] A. Kowalski, Deformacje powierzchni terenu górniczego kopalń węgla kamiennego. 2020 Wydawnictwo Głównego Instytutu Górnictwa, Katowice.
[6] H . Kratzsch Bergschadenkunde, 2008 Deutscher Markscheider-Verein e.v., Bochum.
[7] M. Mazurkiewicz, Z. Piotrowski, Grawitacyjne podsadzanie płytkich zrobów zawiesiną popiołów lotnych w wodzie. Ochrona Terenów Górniczych 66, 6-8 (1984).
[8] M. Mazurkiewicz, Technologiczne i środowiskowe aspekty stosowania stałych odpadów przemysłowych do wypełniania pustek w kopalniach podziemnych. Zeszyty Naukowe AGH, Górnictwo nr 152, (1990).
[9] T. Niemiec, Porowatość zrobów a współczynnik eksploatacyjny. Sbornik referatu XVIII, Konference SDMG, 161- 167 (2011).
[10] W . Piecha, S. Szewczyk, T. Rutkowski, Ochrona powierzchni dzielnicy Wirek w świetle dokonanej i prowadzonej podziemnej eksploatacji górniczej. Przegląd Górniczy (2) 55-66, (2019).
[11] Z . Piotrowski, M. Mazurkiewicz, Chłonność doszczelnianych zrobów zawałowych. Górnictwo i Geoinżynieria 30 (3), 37-45 (2006).
[12] F. Plewa, Z. Mysłek., G. Strozik, Zastosowanie odpadów energetycznych do zestalania rumowiska skalnego. Polityka Energetyczna XI (1), 351-360 (2008).
[13] P. Polanin, A. Kowalski, A. Walentek, Numerical simulation of subsidence caused by roadway system. Archives of Mining Sciences 64 (2), 385-397 (2019), doi: 10.24425/1286090
[14] E . Popiołek, Z. Niedojadło, P. Sopata, T. Stoch, Możliwości wykorzystania pogórniczych niecek obniżeniowych do oszacowania objętości pustek w zrobach poeksploatacyjnych. (2014).
[15] T. Rutkowski, Ocena wpływu podsadzania zrobów zawałowych na obniżenia powierzchni terenu w warunkach górnośląskiego zagłębia węglowego. Główny Instytut Górnictwa, praca doktorska, Katowice, 2019.
[16] R. Ślaski, Warunki zatapiania kopalni „Morcinek”. Materiały konferencyjne SITG Oddział Rybnik. Ochrona środowiska na terenach górniczych podziemnych i odkrywkowych zlikwidowanych zakładów górniczych w subregionie zachodnim województwa śląskiego, (2010).
[17] Subsidence Engineers’ Hand book, National Coal Board Mining Department, 1975.
[18] A. Stanisz, Przystępny kurs statystyki z zastosowaniem STATISTICA PL na przykładach z medycyny (1). Statystyki podstawowe, StatSoft Polska, 2006, Kraków.
[19] P. Strzałkowski, Doszczelnianie zrobów zawałowych a deformacje powierzchni terenu. Materiały Konferencyjne Szkoły Eksploatacji Podziemnej. Centrum Podstawowych Problemów Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN , 27-40 (1995).
[20] D .N. Whittaker, D.J Reddish, Subsidence. Occurrence, Prediction and Control, 1989 Elsevier, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, Tokyo.
[21] J . Zhang, Q. Sun, N. Zhou, J. Haiqiang, D. Germain., S. Abro, Research and application of roadway backfill coal mining technology in western coal mining area. Arab J. Geosci. (9:558), 1-10 (2016).
[22] H . Zhu, F. He, S. Zhang, Z. Yang, An integrated treatment technology for ground fissures of shallow coal seam mining in the mountainous area of southwestern China a typical case study. Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi- Mineral Resources Management (34), 119-138 (2018), doi: 10.24425/118641
[23] J. Zych, R. Żyliński, P. Strzałkowski, Wpływ doszczelniania zrobów zawałowych na wielkość deformacji powierzchni. Materiały Konferencji naukowo-technicznej II Dni Miernictwa Górniczego i Ochrony Terenów Górniczych, 307-311 (1993).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Andrzej Kowalski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jan Białek
2
ORCID: ORCID
Tadeusz Rutkowski
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Central Mining Institute, 1 Gwarków Sq., 40-166 Katowice, Poland
  2. Silesian University of Technology, 2A Akademicka Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  3. PGG S.A. KWK Ruda, Ruda Śląska, Poland

Abstrakt

The stability of longwall mining is one of the most important and the most difficult aspects of underground coal mining. The loss of longwall stability can threaten lives, disrupt the continuity of the mining operations, and it requires significant materials and labour costs associated with replacing the damages. In fact, longwall mining stability is affected by many factors combined. Each case of longwall mining has its own unique and complex geological and mining conditions. Therefore, any case study of longwall stability requires an individual analysis. In Poland, longwall mining has been applied in underground coal mining for years. The stability of the longwall working is often examined using an empirical method. A regular longwall mining panel (F3) operation was designed and conducted at the Borynia-Zofiówka-Jastrzębie (BZJ) coal mine. During its advancement, roof failures were observed, causing a stoppage. This paper aims to identify and determine the mechanisms of these failures that occurred in the F3 longwall. A numerical model was performed using the finite difference method - code FLAC2D, representing the exact geological and mining conditions of the F3 longwall working. Major factors that influenced the stability of the F3 longwall were taken into account. Based on the obtained results from numerical analysis and the in-situ observations, the stability of the F3 longwall was discussed and evaluated. Consequently, recommended practical actions regarding roof control were put forward for continued operation in the F3 longwall panel.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Phu Minh Vuong Nguyen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sylwester Rajwa
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Płonka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Waldemar Stachura
2

  1. Central Mining Institute (GIG), 1 Gwarków Sq., 40-166 Katowice, Poland
  2. Jastrzębska Spółka Węglowa SA, Poland
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Abstrakt

This paper provides an analysis of the evacuation process in a road tunnel in the event of a fire, using the example of the tunnel under the Luboń Mały mountain currently being constructed on Expressway S7’s Lubień – Rabka-Zdrój section. As fires are the largest and most dangerous events occurring in road tunnels, it is important to predict the evacuation process as early as at the design stage. The study described here used numerical modelling to simulate evacuation, which made it possible to determine the required safe evacuation time of all tunnel users in a fire. On the basis of the parameters of the tunnel under Luboń Mały, numerical studies were performed for four different fire scenarios, three of which assumed various fire locations with the currently designed two traffic lanes. The fourth variant accounted for the planned extension of the roadway to include three traffic lanes. Eventually, four numerical models were developed involving various fire ignition locations and numbers of potential tunnel users. The values of initial-boundary conditions used in the simulation, such as movement speed during evacuation, shoulder breadth and pre-movement time, were specified on the basis of experimental data for an evacuation performed in smoke conditions in the Emilia tunnel in Laliki. The results lead to the conclusion that if the time of reaching critical conditions in the tunnel is not shorter than 5 minutes 40 seconds for the current design state and 5 minutes 47 seconds for three lanes, the distribution of evacuation exits in the tunnel under Luboń Mały will ensure safe evacuation.
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Bibliografia

[1] C . Caliendo, M.L. De Guglielmo, Accident rates in road tunnel and social costs evaluation. SIIV – 5th International Congress – Sustainability of Road tunnels Infrastructures. In Procedia – Social and Behavioural Sciences 53, 166- 177 (2012).
[2] A . Voeltzel, A. Dix, A comparative analysis of the Mont Blanc, Tauern and Gotthard tunnel fires. World Road Association (PIARC ) 324, 18-34 (2004).
[3] I . Maevski, Design Fires in Road Tunnels, A synthesis of Highway Practice. New York: Transportation Research Board NCHR P National Cooperative Highway Research Program Synthesis 415. (2011).
[4] British Standard. The application of fire safety engineering principles to fire safety design of buildings. Human factors. Life safety strategies. Occupant evacuation, behaviour and condition, BSI. PD 7974-6:2004.
[5] E . Ronchi, P. Colonna, J. Capote, D. Alvear, N. Berloco, A. Cuesta, The evaluation of different evacuation models for assessing road tunnel safety analyses. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 30, 74-84 (2012). doi: 10.1016/j.tust.2012.02.008
[6] E . Ronchi, M. Kinsey, Evacuation models of the future: insights from an online survey of user’s experiences and needs. Advanced Research Workshop – Evacuation and Human Behaviour in Emergency Situations 145-155 (2011).
[7] N. Schmidt-Polończyk. Ocena możliwości stosowania wentylacji wzdłużnej w długich tunelach drogowych. Assessment of the possibility to apply longitudinal ventilation in long road tunnels. PhD thesis, AGH UST (2016).
[8] Road Tunnels: Operational Strategies for Emergency Ventilation. France: PIARC Committee on Road Tunnels (2011).
[9] M . Kinateder, P. Pauli, M. Müller, J. Krieger, F. Heimbecher, I. Rönnau, Human behaviour in severe tunnel accidents: Effects of information and behavioural training. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 17, 20-32 (2013). doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2012.09.001
[10] E . Ronchi, K. Fridolf, H. Frantzich, D. Nilsson, A.L. Walter, H. Modig, A tunnel evacuation experiment on movement speed and exit choice in smoke. Fire Safety Journal 97, 126-136 (2018). doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.06.002
[11] M . Seike, N. Kawabata, M. Hasegawa, Evacuation speed in full-scale darkened tunnel filled with smoke. Fire Safety Journal 91, 901-907, (2017). doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.04.034
[12] C. Casse, S. Caroly, Analysis of critical incidents in tunnels to improve learning from experience. Safety Science 116, 222-230 (2019), DOI : 10.17632/scrdwnzc7t.1
[13] K . Fridolf, E. Ronchi, D. Nilsson, H. Frantzich, The representation of evacuation movement in smoke-filled underground transportation systems. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 90, 28-41 (2019), doi: 10.1016/j. tust.2019.04.016
[14] J. Porzycki, N. Schmidt-Polończyk, J. Wąs, Pedestrian behavior during evacuation from road tunnel in smoke condition – Empirical results. PLOS ONE 13 (8), e0201732 (2019). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201732
[15] I. Donald, D. Canter, Intentionality and fatality during the King’s Cross underground fire. European Journal of Social Psychology 22 (3), 203-218 (1992).
[16] K . Fridolf, D. Nilsson, H. Frantzich, Fire Evacuation in Underground Transportation Systems: A Review of Accidents and Empirical Research. Fire Technology 49 (2), 451-475 (2013). doi: 10.1007/s10694-011-0217-x
[17] Thunderhead Engineering. Pathfinder 2014.2 Verification and Validation (2014).
[18] Thunderhead Engineering. Pathfinder 2016. User Manual (2016).
[19] P. Liszka, Ocena bezpieczeństwa ewakuacji w tunelu pod Luboniem Małym. Master’s Thesis, AGH University of Science and Technology (2018).
[20] P.G. Gipps, B. Marksjo, A microsimulation model for pedestrian flows. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 27, 95-105 (1985).
[21] M . Moussaïd, N. Perozo, S. Garnier, D. Helbing, G. Theraulaz, The Walking Behaviour of Pedestrian Social Groups and Its Impact on Crowd Dynamics. PLOS ONE. 5 (4), 1-7 (2010). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010047
[22] RABT : Forschungsgesellschaft fur Strassen-and Verkehrswesen, Richtlinien fuer Ausstattung und Betrieb von Strassentunneln (2006).

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Natalia Schmidt-Polończyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zbigniew Burtan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Liszka
1

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland

Abstrakt

The dynamic characteristics of the hydraulic leg are essential for determining the safe working range of roof supports operating in seams threatened by rock mass tremors. The systematic increase in the support of the hydraulic legs due to deteriorating geological-mining conditions has increased their diameters, which currently exceed 0.32 m for the 1st hydraulic stage. Evaluation of the dynamic properties of the roof support and the hydraulic legs are carried out by the Central Mining Institute through calculation methods as an implementation of the Regulation of the Minister of Energy on occupational safety and health. However, the issue of validating the calculations concerning natural scale studies still needs to be addressed. There are significant limitations in this area due to the technical and metrological capabilities of the testing stations. This paper presents an attempt to evaluate bench testing of a hydraulic leg with 0.32 m of the 1st hydraulic stage diameter for the validation of computational and test methods. Results of previous studies affecting the evaluation of the research methods used are also cited. According to the authors, the optimal and economically justifiable direction is to undertake model tests using numerical analyses and to validate these results, based on the study of models of hydraulic legs that are in use at a reduced scale. The construction of testing stations to ensure adequate dynamic loading for the support of the largest diameter hydraulic legs is currently not economically viable. The problem presented, however, is important given the constantly deteriorating geological-mining conditions and the associated threat of rock mass tremors.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Kazimierz Stoiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Płonka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Janina Świątek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Central Mining Institute (GIG ), 1 Gwarków Sq., 40-166 Katowice, Poland
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Abstrakt

The authors of the paper describe the way in which the longitudinal working Gussmann was mined in level V and the longitudinal working Kosocice in level VI, which in both cases resulted in a water flux from behind the northern boundary of the salt deposit. Only after concrete dams were seated on both levels, the brine flux was stopped leaving a direct contact of the dams with the pressurized water around the mine. For the sake of controlling water beyond the dams, steel pipelines were conducted through both dams and equipped with gauges before the dams. Their use in a saline environment, the developing corrosion increased the possibility that the tightness of the pipelines would be damaged. For this reason a decision was made to protect the mine by making a tight reconstruction of the safety pillar in both levels along the longitudinal working for about 600 m from the dams eastwards. For this purpose the pipeline injection method was applied. As the volume of voids to be tightly filled equaled to about 3800 m3, the task had to be divided into stages. Because of considerable distances of the liquidated workings from the closest shaft, the sealing slurries were prepared in a special injection center on the surface from where they were transported to the destination with a pumping pipeline through the Kościuszko shaft. The most important aspect of liquidating the end parts of the longitudinal working was to properly select the sealing slurries in view of their best cooperation with the rock mass, and such parameters as tightness, durability and cost. At the end stage of works, both longitudinal workings were equipped with dams, which were sealed up with the hole injection method. The innovative technology was implemented in the Wieliczka Salt Mine to reconstruct the safety pillar in levels VI and V in the most westward workings, the mine was shortened by about 600 m, the length of the ventilation system was reduced, systematic observations and pressure read-outs in dams 3 and 4 were systematically eliminated in dams 3 and 4. In this way the costs were lowered and safety of the mine improved.
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Bibliografia

1] M. Cała, A. Stopkowicz, M. Kowalski, M. Blajer, K. Cyran, K. d’Obyrn, Stability analysis of underground mining openings with complex geometry. Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 38, 1, 25-32 (2016).
[2] K . d’Obyrn, K. Brudnik, Results of hydrogeological monitoring in ‘Wieliczka’ Salt Mine after closing water inflow in transverse working Mina, level IV (Wyniki monitoringu hydrogeologicznego w Kopalni Soli „Wieliczka” po zamknięciu dopływu wody w poprzeczni Mina na poz. IV). Mining Review (Przegląd Górniczy) 6, 90-96 (2011).
[3[ K . d’Obyrn, Possible way of protecting Jakubowice chambers in ‘Wieliczka’ Salt Mine (Możliwości zabezpieczenia komór Jakubowice w Kopalni Soli „Wieliczka”). Mining and Geoengineering (Górnictwo i Geoinżynieria), Yearly 35, 2, 171-182 (2011).
[4] D . Flisiak, K. Cyran, Geomechanical parameters of miocene rock salt (Właściwości geomechaniczne mioceńskich soli kamiennych). Geological Bulletin of the Polish Geological Institute (Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego) 429, 43-49 (2008).
[5] A . Garlicki, A. Gonet, S. Stryczek, Reinforcement of saline rock mass on the example of the salt mine Wieliczka. Proc. of the 2001 ISRM Intern. Symposium Frontiers of Rock Mechanics and Sustainable Development in the 21st Centry Beijing, China., A.A. Balkema Publishers, 581-583 (2001).
[6] A . Garlicki, Z. Wilk, Geological and hydrogeological background of water breakdown at level IV in ‘Wieliczka’ Salt Mine (Geologiczne i hydrogeologiczne tło awarii wodnej na poziomie IV kopalni soli Wieliczka). Geological Review (Przegląd Geologiczny) 41, 3, 183-192 (1993).
[7] A . Gonet, S. Stryczek et al., Patent PL 170267 of 29.11.1996. Method of filling empty voids in the rock mass (Sposób wypełniania pustych przestrzeni górotworu).
[8] A . Gonet, S. Stryczek, A. Garlicki, W. Brylicki, Protection of Salt Mines against Water Inflow Threat on the Example of Wieliczka Salt Mine. 8th World Symposium Hague, Elsevier 1, 363-368 (2000).
[9] S. Stryczek et al., Patent PL 171213 of 28.03.1997. Mixture for filling and sealing empty spaces in the rock mass (Mieszanina do wypełniania i uszczelniania pustych przestrzeni górotworu).
[10] S. Stryczek, A. Gonet, Selection of slurries for reinforcing saline rock mass (Dobór zaczynów do wzmacniania górotworu solnego). Conference proceedings ‘Restoring usability value to mining areas. Old mines – new perspectives’ (Materiały konferencyjne pt. Przywracanie wartości użytkowych terenom górniczym. Stare kopalnie – nowe perspektywy), PAN -IGSMiE, Kraków, 327-335 (2001).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Andrzej Gonet
1
ORCID: ORCID
Stanisław Antoni Stryczek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Drilling, Oil and Gas, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland

Abstrakt

The Euler multiphase flow and population equilibrium model were used to simulate the three-phase flow field in the bubble expansion stage of the outlet curved pipe section. The influence of the ratio of the bending diameter and the volume fraction of the gas phase on the pressure loss is revealed, and the safety range of the optimum bending diameter ratio and the volume fraction of the outlet gas phase is determined. The results show that the three-phase flow in the tube is more uniformly distributed in the vertical stage, and when the pipe is curved, the liquid-phase close to the pipe wall gathers along the pipe flank to the outside of the pipe, the solid phase is transferred along the pipe flank to the inside of the pipe, and the gas phase shrinks along the pipe flank to the inner centre. The maximum speed of each phase of the three-phase flow in the elbow is at the wall of the tube from 45° to 60° inside the elbow, and the distribution law along the axial direction of the pipe is about the same as the distribution law of volume fraction. The pressure loss of the elbow decreases with the increase of the bend diameter ratio, when the bend diameter ratio increases to 6, the pressure loss of the pipe decreases sharply, and the pressure loss decreases slowly with the increase of the bend diameter ratio. When the gas phase volume score in the elbow reaches 70%, there will be an obvious wall separation phenomenon, to keep the system in a stable working state and prevent blowout, the gas phase volume score should be controlled within 60%.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Wei Chen
1 2 3
ORCID: ORCID
Hai-liang Xu
2 3
ORCID: ORCID
Bo Wu
2 3
ORCID: ORCID
Fang-qiong Yang
2 3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Hunan University of Humanities, Department of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan 417000, China
  2. Central South University, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
  3. State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
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Abstrakt

As the duration of a rock burst is very short and the roadway is seriously damaged after the disaster, it is difficult to observe its characteristics. In order to obtain the dynamic characteristics of a rock burst, a modified uniaxial compression experiment, combined with a high-speed camera system is carried out and the process of a rock burst caused by a static load is simulated. Some significant results are obtained: 1) The velocity of ejected particles is between 2 m/s and 4 m/s. 2) The ratio of elastic energy to plastic energy is about five. 3) The duration from integrity to failure is between 20 ms and 40 ms. Furthermore, by analyzing the stress field in the sample with a numerical method and crack propagation model, the following conclusions can be made: 1) The kinetic energy of the ejected particles comes from the elastic energy released by itself. 2) The ratio of kinetic energy to elastic energy is between 6% and 15%. This can help understand the source and transfer of energy in a rock burst quantitatively.
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Bibliografia

[1] F. Ren, C. Zhu, M. He, Moment Tensor Analysis of Acoustic Emissions for Cracking Mechanisms During Schist Strain Burst. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 53, 1-2(2019). DOI: 10.1007/s00603-019-01897-3
[2] G . Su Y. Shi, X. Feng, J. Jiang, J. Zhang, Q. Jiang, True-Triaxial Experimental Study of the Evolutionary Features of the Acoustic Emissions and Sounds of Rockburst Processes. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 51, 375-389 (2018). DOI: 10.1007/ s00603-017-1344-6
[3] F. Gong, Y. Luo, X. Li, X. Si, M. Tao, Experimental simulation investigation on rockburst induced by spalling failure in deep circular tunnels. Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Tech. 81, 413-427(2018). DOI: 10.1016/j.tust.2018.07.035
[4] S.H. Cho, Y. Ogata, K. Kaneko, A method for estimating the strength properties of a granitic rock subjected to dynamic loading. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. 42 (4), 561-568(2005). DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2005.01.004
[5] J. Wang, H.D. Park, Comprehensive prediction of rockburst based on analysis of strain energy in rocks. Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Tech. 16 (1), 49-57(2001). DOI: 10.1016/S0886-7798(01)00030-X
[6] M.N. Bagde, V. Petorš, Fatigue properties of intact sandstone samples subjected to dynamic uniaxial cyclical loading. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 42 (2), 237-250(2005). DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.08.008
[7] M. Cai, H. Morioka, P.K. Kaiser, Y. Tasaka, H. Kurose, M. Minami, T. Maejima, Back-analysis of rock mass strength parameters using AE monitoring data. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. 44 (4), 538-549(2007). DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2006.09.012
[8] K. Du, M. Tao, X. Li, J. Zhou, Experimental Study of Slabbing and Rockburst Induced by True-Triaxial Unloading and Local Dynamic Disturbance. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 49 (9), 3437-3453(2016). DOI: 10.1007/s00603-016-0990-4
[9] R . Simon, PhD thesis, Analysis of fault-slip mechanisms in hard rock mining, McGill University, Quebec/Montreal, Canada (1999).
[10] N .G. Cook, The failure of rock. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. 2 (4), 389-403(1965). DOI: 10.1016/0148-9062(65)90004-5
[11] P.N. Calder, D. Madsen, High frequency precursor analysis prior to a rockburst. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Geomech. Abstr.26, 3-4 (1989). DOI: 10.1016/0148-9062(89)92469-8
[12] Z.T. Bieniawski, Mechanism of brittle fracture of rock: Part II—experimental studies. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. 4 (4), 407-423 (1967). DOI: 10.1016/0148-9062(67)90031-9
[13] S.P. Singh, Burst energy release index. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 21 (2), 149-155 (1988). DOI: 10.1007/BF01043119
[14] A. Kidybiński, Bursting liability indices of coal. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 18 (4), 295-304 (1981). DOI: 10.1016/0148-9062(81)91194-3
[15] A. Tajduś, M. Cala, K. Tajduś, Seismicity and Rock Burst Hazard Assessment in Fault Zones: a Case Study. Arch. Min. Sci. 63 (3), 747-765 (2018). DOI: 10.24425/123695
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Weiyu Zheng
1 2

  1. China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), School of Energy and Mining Engineering, China
  2. State Key Laboratory of Coal Mining and Clean Utilization, China

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