Jednym z fundamentalnych problemów w naukach o ewolucji jest kierunek ewolucji na różnych poziomach organizacji materii. Zgodnie z tradycyjnymi interpretacjami teleologicznymi, ewoluujące układy powinny rozwijać się ku stanowi ostatecznemu – celowi. Jednak w większości przypadków taki cel jest nieokreślony; uczeni go nie znają. Jednak mogą oni odkryć ogólna tendencję lub serię zmian w czasie – teleonomię lub kierunkowość opartą głównie na wewnętrznym wzorcu ewoluującego układu, jednak modyfikowaną także przez oddziaływania z zewnątrz. Procesy teleonomiczne są odpowiedzialne za wszystkie procesy ewolucyjne włączając w to przejścia z jednego układu organizacji do innego.

This commentary on the Court of Justice’s ruling in the Pawlak case concentrates on questions of the judicial application of EU law, in particular EU Directives. On the basis of the recent jurisprudence of the Court the authors present three issues: 1) the incidental effects of EU law for the procedural provisions of Member States; 2) the inability to rely on an EU directive by a member state’s authority in order to exclude the application of national provisions which are contrary to a directive; 3) the limits of the duty to interpret national law in conformity with EU law from the perspective of the Court of Justice and the referring court. Further, the article presents the judicial practice of the Polish Supreme Court, and in particular the follow-up decision of this Court not only taking into the account the ruling of the ECJ but also showing how the limitation of a conforming interpretation can be overcome in order to give full effect to EU law. In the authors’ view, this case is worth noting as an example of judicial dialogue in the EU.

The study of emotion regulation constitutes a major area of research for having a complete picture of human emotional experience, and several lines of evidence claim that poor emotion regulation skills are particularly deleterious in different aspects of life. Previous tDCS studies have suggested the beneficial role of DLPFC stimulation to improve emotion processing and regulation. The present study was therefore conducted to confirm and extend the effects of DLPFC stimulation on emotion regulation by including both positive and negative emotional material. In this between subjects study, participants were randomly assigned to receive active or sham stimulation over the left DLPFC. Participants viewed negative, positive, and neutral pictures while attempting to decrease, increase, or not modulate their emotional reactions. Subjective reactions were assessed via on-line ratings. The main results show that anodal tDCS stimulation over the left DLPFC slightly improves the ability to increase emotion perception for positive emotions. More interestingly, the results demonstrate that tDCS enhances the regulation of both positive and negative emotions when the baseline is considered. This study provides additional data on the use of tDCS as a tool to increase emotion regulation not only for negative affective material, but also for positive ones.

The paper presents and discusses a method of azimuth determination of ultrasonic echo arrival in air. The basis of the presented approach is the assumption that the received signal is a narrowband one. In this way, the direction of the signal arrival can be determined based on its phase shift using two receivers. When the distance between the receivers exceeds half of the wavelength of the received signal, a problem of ambiguity in determining the angle of arrival arises. To solve this, a method using multiple pairs of receivers was used. Its robustness and temperature dependence is analysed. The most important advantages of the presented approach are simplified computations and low hardware requirements. Experimental data made it possible to show that for strong echoes, the accuracy is higher than 0.5X. In the case of weak echos, it is reduced to about 2X. Because the method is based on phase shift measurement, the ultrasonic sonar that uses this method can be compact in size. Moreover, owing to the theoretical analysis, certain properties of the mutual location of the receivers were found and formally proved. They are crucial for determining proper receivers’ inter-distances.

Obervations of wind directions and air temperatures in Hornsund, Spitsbergen, in 1978—1985 were used to compute frequency distribution of wind directions and mean air temperatures at particular wind directions. Prevailing easterly winds (60°, 90° and 120°) resulted in lower air temperatures (to —2.2°C) than winter and spring means and in higher (nearly 1°C) than summer and autumn mean temperatures. Greatest positive deviations from mean seasonal temperatures are observed in winter at southerly and southwesterly winds and reach 10°C. Greatest negative deviations from mean seasonal temperatures are noted at northerly winds (330° and 360°) in autumn and reach —3.7°C.

The paper presents selected results of KOBO extrusion process of circular profile ϕ10 mm from aluminum alloy 2099. The main aim of the performed research was to determine the influence of the oscillation frequency of a die on the magnitude of extrusion force. During the process such parameters, as extrusion force, rate of stem and frequency of die oscillation were recorded; oscillating angle of a die was constant and equal ±8°. The die oscillation frequency was changeable in performed tests in the range of 2 ÷ 7 Hz. The obtained results allowed to determine the relation between the maximum extrusion force and the die oscillation frequency during extrusion of aluminum 2099 alloy.

The paper focuses on the experimental analysis of mechanical characteristics of the KOBO process. Basing on the recorded force versus stem position, three stages of KOBO extrusion process were determined, i.e. initialization, stabilization and uniform extrusion. Points separating these stages are two inflection points of recorded diagram. The analysis of each stage was made basing on the results of force diagrams and literature data.

Złoże węgla brunatnego Bełchatów położone jest w centralnej Polsce w rowie tektonicznym Kleszczowa. Jest podzielone na szereg części, którym odpowiadają pola górnicze: Kamieńsk (wschodnia część złoża), Bełchatów (centralna część złoża) i Szczerców (zachodnia część złoża). Obszarem prezentowanych badań było pole Bełchatów. Przedmiotem badań była zależność lokalnej, regionalnej i generalnej, horyzontalnej zmienności wybranych parametrów technologiczno-chemicznych węgla w stanie roboczym (wilgoci całkowitej, zawartości popiołu i zawartości siarki całkowitej), w funkcji kierunku obserwacji. Zastosowano geostatystyczny opis zmienności parametrów złożowych za pomocą semiwariogramów.

Badania, które były prowadzone w różnych skalach obserwacji (od zmienności lokalnej w obrębie tzw. pola doświadczalnego o rozmiarach 8 x 8 m, w wydzielonych większych jednorodnych częściach pola Bełchatów - tzw. obszarach, aż po analizy generalne w skali całego pola górniczego). Wykazały one istnienie wyraźnej anizotropii zmienności parametrów węgla. Struktura anizotropii obserwowana w skalach regionalnej i globalnej nawiązuje do przebiegu struktury bełchatowskiej. Szczegółowe badania wskazują na zróżnicowany poziom anizotropii obserwowany w różnych obszarach pola Bełchatów. Nie udało się udowodnić zależności zmienności poziomu anizotropii zawartości popiołu i siarki całkowitej od środowisk sedymentacji pokładu głównego węgla w różnych częściach pola Bełchatów. Oba badane parametry cechują się silnym bądź średnim poziomem anizotropii w badanych obszarach. Anizotropia ujawnia się także w skali lokalnej. Badania wykazały, że w skali regionalnej przeważa anizotropia typu zonalnego. W skali całego złoża, zawartość siarki całkowitej wykazywała anizotropię typu zonalnego, a zawartość popiołu - typu geometrycznego.

In order to maintain and improve water quality, man has an increasing need to understand the relations among basin land use and in stream water quality. Being concerned about quality and quantity status of European waters European Union has adopted Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EU). The process of pressure and impact analyses and water status assessment is termed, in short, as “first characterisation” of water bodies. In accordance to WFD programmes of measures have to be developed by 2009. In WFD programmes existing measures for water protection directed by other EU directives such are Nitrate, Urban Waste Water, Dangerous Substances and IPPC will be further developed and new added. In the paper, we describe the first characterisation of the Slovene waters and show cross compliance of the Nitrate and Water Framework Directives in Slovenia

This article concerns constitutional problems related to the implementation of EU directives seen from both the legal and comparative perspectives. The directives are a source of law which share a number of characteristic features that significantly affect and determine the specificity of Member States’ constitutional review of the directives as well as the legal acts that implement them. The review of the constitutionality of EU directives is carried out in accordance with the provisions of national implementing acts. Member States’ constitutional courts adopt two basic positions in this respect. The first position (adopted by, inter alia, the French Constitutional Council and German Federal Constitutional Court) is based on the assumption of a partial “constitutional immunity” of the act implementing the directive, which results in only a partial control of the constitutionality of the implementing acts, i.e. the acts of national law implementing such directives. The second position, (adopted, explicitly or implicitly by, inter alia, the Austrian Federal Constitutional Court, Czech Constitutional Court, Polish Constitutional Court, Romanian Constitutional Court and Slovak Constitutional Court) concerns the admissibility of a full review of the implementing acts. This leads to the admissibility of an indirect review of the content of the directive if the Court examines the provision as identical in terms of content with an act of EU law. Another issue is related to the application of the EU directives as indirect yardsticks of review. The French Constitutional Council case-law on review of the proper implementation of EU directives represents the canon in this regard. Nonetheless, interesting case studies of further uses of EU directives as indirect yardsticks of review can be found in the case law of other constitutional courts, such as the Belgian Constitutional Court or Spanish Constitutional Court. The research presented in this paper is based on the comparative method. The scope of the analysis covers case law of the constitutional courts of both old and new Member States. It also includes a presentation of recent jurisprudential developments, focusing on the constitutional case-law regarding the Data Retention Directive and the Directive on Combating Terrorism.

In EU law a lot of attention has recently been paid to personal data protection standards. In parallel to the development of the general EU rules on data protection, the Members States also develop cooperation between law enforcement agencies and create new information exchange possibilities, including the processing of personal data of participants in criminal proceedings. The aim of this article is to analyse whether the personal data of victims of crime are safeguarded according to the standards of the Charter of Fundamental Rights. For this purpose, the author analyses two directives: 2012/29/EU, which regulates minimum standards of victims of crime; and 2016/680/EU (also known as the Law Enforcement Directive), which regulates personal data processing for the purpose of combating crime. Based on the example of the Polish legislation implementing both directives, the author comes to the conclusion that the EU legislation is not fully coherent and leaves too much margin of appreciation to the national legislator. This results in a failure to achieve the basic goals of both directives. The author expects the necessary reflection not only from the national legislator, but also from the European Commission, which should check the correctness of the implementation of the directives, as well as from national courts, which should use all possible measures to ensure that the national law is interpreted in the light of the objectives of the directives.

In this study, effects of political stability, economic freedom and trade freedom of above-stated Fragile Five Countries consisting of Brazil, Indonesia,India, Turkey, and South Africa on the performance of FDI appeal was analyzed with first generation panel data analysis method for the 1996-2017 period. The cointegration analysis between series was conducted by means of Kao (1999) and Pedroni (2004) test. The analyses showed that political stability and trade freedom have a significant positive coefficient on the Fragile Five Countries’FDI. It was also determined that the impact of economic freedom on FDI was statistically insignificant. Thus, it was concluded that the most important determinant of FDI entry into countries is political stability. Error correction mechanisms of models have been working well. In addition, it was found that political stability, economic freedom, and trade freedom are the cause of foreign direct investment in the long-run.

In order to determine the leading phase of the Fe - 4.25% C eutectic alloy, the method of directional crystallization, which allows to study the character of the solid / liquid growth front, was used. Examined eutectic was directionally solidified with a constant temperature gradient of G = 33,5 K/mm and growth rate of v = 125 μm/s (450 mm/h). The Bridgman technique was used for the solidification process. The sample was grown by pulling it downwards up to 30 mm in length. The alloy quenched by rapid pulling down into the Ga-In-Sn liquid metal. The sample was examined on the longitudinal section using a light microscope and scanning electron microscope. The shape of the solid/liquid interface and particularly the leading phase protrusion were revealed. The formation of the concave – convex interface has been identified in the quasi-regular eutectic growth arrested by quenching. The cementite phase was determined to be a leading phase. The total protrusion d is marked in the adequate figure.

In direct-detection OFDM systems, the nonlinear effects caused by optical modulation and fiber transmission can degrade the system performance severely. In this study, we propose a new nonlinear companding transform to improve the performance of direct detection optical OFDM transmission systems. The demonstration is realized by Monte-Carlo simulation of the intensity modulation and direct detection DCOOFDM optical transmission system at 40 Gbps over a 80 km of standard single mode fiber link. The influence of the companding parameters on the performance of system in different nonlinear transmission conditions has been investigated via simulation.