The purpose of his paper is to present the modern or the artillery fortification as a special group of historical constructions with their determinants, as possible subjects of revitalization. The fortifications constitute a large group of architectural monuments in Poland. Because of their structural characteristics, they are objects diffi cult to maintain and manage, so they have remained in state of irreversible degradation for many decades. Due to the political and economic transformation in Poland, over recent decades the problem of chaotic and aggressive investment has arisen, which the fortifi cations are falling victims to. The text discusses the fortification as a part of the cultural heritage, the dichotomy between notions of “revitalization” and “revalorization”, and shows prospects of contemporary civil functioning and revitalization of the artillery fortifications.
The “Kępa Redłowska” reserve is located in the southern part of Kępa Redłowska. The location of the reserve is quite unique. Its eastern border runs along the coastline of the Baltic Sea, while on the other sides it is surrounded by highly urbanized districts of Gdynia. Its coastal location means that it is exposed to natural factors that operate in the coastal zone, whereas its urban surroundings are a threat to the natural environment through more or less controlled human activity. The landscape of the reserve owes its attractiveness mainly to the cliff coast it encompasses. Diversified geological structure of this area, both in terms of lithology and age, combined with progressive erosion, causes a continuous change in its appearance. It is this part of the reserve that is most exposed to the destructive activity of natural factors, mainly coast erosion as well as aeolian processes. The intensity of these processes is closely related to climate changes over the centuries, e.g. a significant reduction in the number of winters, during which there is ice cover in the shore zone means that cliffs are not protected against erosion by winter storms. A spectacular effect of winter storms in this area was a large landslide in the southern part of the cliff on February 15, 2018. The retreat of cliffs is a common phenomenon, however observations in recent decades clearly indicate its acceleration. The remaining part of the reserve area, not directly connected with the shore zone, is subjected to continuously growing anthropopressure. As mentioned above, the “Kępa Redłowska” reserve is located in Gdynia. The expansion of the Redłowo district has resulted in the housing development being located directly adjacent to the eastern border of the reserve. An additional element of anthropopressure is the creation of interpretive trails and tourist routes within the reserve. On the one hand, this is an attempt to “channel” tourist traffic in this area, on the other hand, it causes an increase in tourist traffic with all the negative phenomena associated with it, mainly for vegetation. Human interference in the reserve began already at the end of the 1930s. At that time, military facilities, such as bunkers and artillery positions, were built there. This process continued uninterrupted until the 1960s. Post-military objects are on the one hand an attraction for tourists, on the other hand they attract the attention of various types of seekers of military remnants who, during their explorations, cause additional damage to the surface of the area and vegetation.
Fortyfikacje są cennymi elementami dziedzictwa kulturowego obecnymi w wielu polskich miastach. Niestety nie zawsze są właściwie chronione i wykorzystywane, mimo że nierzadko mają status obiektów zabytkowych. Narzędzi potencjalnie umożliwiających wzmocnienie ochrony fortyfikacji dostarcza planowanie przestrzenne. Badania obejmowały szczegółową analizę zapisów zawartych w studiach uwarunkowań i kierunków zagospodarowania przestrzennego oraz miejscowych planach zagospodarowania przestrzennego, dotyczących twierdz pierścieniowych w Poznaniu i Wrocławiu. W studiach uwarunkowań i kierunków zagospodarowania przestrzennego obu miast można znaleźć odniesienia do położenia i wykorzystania twierdz pierścieniowych. Tereny fortyfikacji w Poznaniu objęte są 9 miejscowymi planami zagospodarowania przestrzennego, 5 kolejnych planów obejmujących swoim zasięgiem fortyfikacje znajduje się w przygotowaniu. Fortyfikacje twierdzy pierścieniowej we Wrocławiu objęte były 9 miejscowymi planami zagospodarowania przestrzennego. Wyniki analiz dokumentów planistycznych wskazują na niewykorzystywanie w pełni narzędzi umożliwiających ochronę fortyfikacji, oferowanych przez system planowania przestrzennego. W opracowaniach pomijany jest kontekst i walory krajobrazowe fortyfikacji, brak prób wiązania terenów zieleni fortecznej w system oraz – w przypadku Wrocławia – brak ujmowania zieleni na fortyfikacjach jako istotnego waloru. W większości przypadków w opracowaniach występuje niska szczegółowość zapisów związanych z ochroną obiektów historycznych.