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Abstract

The results presented in this article are part of the research on fatigue life of various foundry alloys carried out in recent years in the Lukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Precision Mechanics and AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering. The article discusses the test results obtained for the EN-GJS-600-3 cast iron in an original modified low-cycle fatigue test (MLCF), which seems to be a beneficial research tool allowing its users to evaluate the mechanical properties of materials with microstructural heterogeneities under both static and dynamic loads. For a comprehensive analysis of the mechanical behaviour with a focus on fatigue life of alloys, an original modified low cycle fatigue method (MLCF) adapted to the actually available test machine was used. The results of metallographic examinations carried out by light microscopy were also presented. From the analysis of the results of the conducted mechanical tests and structural examinations it follows that the MLCF method is fully applicable in a quick and economically justified assessment of the quality of ductile iron after normalizing treatment.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Maj
K. Pietrzak
A. Klasik
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Abstract

In this study, Strontium Bismuth Niobate (SrBi2-xTmxNb2O9 with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1) doped by Tm was synthesized using by the hydrothermal method. The microstructure and electrical properties were mainly investigated. XRD analysis showed a single-phase orthorhombic structure for Tm-doped SrBi2Nb2O9 samples. The crystallite size is anisotropic and the strain is apparently independent of Tm amount. Dielectric properties for doped SrBi2Nb2O9 with Tm3+ ion have the same trend discussed for the pure sample. FTIR resulats showed that NbO6 octahedral is formed, on one hand, and on the other hand, it shows that spectras for doped and undoped samples are nearly the same. The Cross-section of ceramics showed the plate-like morphology, also the distribution of the pore in ceramics are observed for all samples. Tm dopants produce only minor changes in the impendence parameter values at room temperature. The luminescent (PL) properties of Tm-doped SrBi2Nb2O9 ceramic powders were investigated. The optimum Tm3+ concentration for the maximum PL intensity was found to be at x = 0.075.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mohamed Afqir
1
ORCID: ORCID
Stevan Stojadinović
2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohamed Elaatmani
1
ORCID: ORCID
Abdelouahad Zegzouti
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nabiha Tahiri
1
Mohamed Daoud
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Université Cadi Ayyad, Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Laboratoire des Sciences des Matériaux et Optimisation des Procédés, Marrakech, Morocco
  2. University of Belgrade, Faculty of Physics, Studentskitrg 12-16, Belgrade, Serbia
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Abstract

The phase transformation dynamic and electrical conductivity equations of the aged Cu-2.7Ti-2.5Ni-0.8V alloy were established in this work. The microstructure evolution and precipitated phases were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mechanical properties were tested using a hardness testing machine and universal test machine, and the electrical conductivity was measured by the eddy conductivity gauge. The results show that NiTi intermetallic compounds are formed during the solidification, and these phases such as Ni3Ti and NiV3 are precipitated after aging treatment. The fracture morphology displays that a large number of shallow and equiaxed dimples occur on the tensile fracture, indicating a typical ductile fracture. After aging treatment at 450°C for 240 min, the hardness, tensile strength, elongation and electrical conductivity of the Cu-2.7Ti-2.5Ni-0.8V alloy are 184 HV, 459 MPa, 6.3% and 28.72% IACS, respectively.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jia Liu
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Jituo Liu
3
ORCID: ORCID
Xianhui Wang
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Xi’an Polytechnic University, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an 710048, P.R. China
  2. Xi’an University of Technology, School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi’an 710048, P. R. China
  3. Xi’an University of Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an 710048, P. R. China
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Abstract

The paper presents research results on the selection of parameters for the asymmetric rolling process of bimetallic plates 10CrMo9-10 + X2CrNiMo17-12-2. They consisted in determining the optimum parameters of the process, which would be ensured to obtain straight bands. Such deformation method introduces in the band the deformations resulting from shear stress, which affect changes in the microstructure. But their effect on the structure is more complicated than in the case of homogeneous materials. It has been shown that the introduction of asymmetric conditions into the rolling process results in greater grain refinement in the so-called hard layer. There was no negative effect on the structural changes in the soft layer observed.

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Authors and Affiliations

D. Rydz
ORCID: ORCID
B. Koczurkiewicz
G. Stradomski
T. Garstka
J. Wypart
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Abstract

The paper deals with the possibilities of influencing the final microstructure of aluminium alloy castings by changing the external conditions of crystallization and solidification. Aluminum alloys, especially Al-Si alloys, are nowadays one of the most used non-ferrous metal alloys, especially due to their mass application in the automotive field. It is in this industry that extreme emphasis is placed on the quality of cast parts with regard to safety. For this reason, a key production parameter is the mastery of the control of the resulting microstructure of the castings and the associated internal quality, which is subject to high demands defined by international standards. The aim of the experiment of this paper is to evaluate the effect of different preheating of the metal mould on the resulting structure and hardness of test castings made of AlSi7Mg0.3 material. The hardness measurement will be evaluated on a hardness tester. The parameter SDAS, Microporosity, Content of excluded eutectic will be evaluated. Dependencies will be found and plotted.
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Authors and Affiliations

F. Radkovský
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Gawronová
1
ORCID: ORCID
I. Kroupová
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Abstract

Iron aluminides are iron-aluminum alloys that have excellent resistance to oxidation at high temperatures with low density, high resistance/weight ratio and a low manufacturing cost. Due to its characteristics, these alloys are presented as an option to replace stainless steels in certain applications. This works intends report the casting process and subsequent analyses involving microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of two Fe-Al-C alloys (Fe-11wt%Al and Fe-25wt%Al, containing 0.31-0.37%C), which were prepared in an induction furnace and poured in a permanent mold. Samples of these alloys were characterized and presented elevated hardness values of 37 HRC (alloy Fe-11wt%Al) and 49.6HRC (alloy Fe-25wt%Al) and microstructure with aluminides type Fe3Al and FeAl and also carbides type K. The Fe-11wt%Al alloy exhibited superior resistance to uniform corrosion, although both Fe-Al-C alloys exhibited significantly higher corrosion rates compared to a binary iron aluminide in 0.5M H2SO4 containing naturally dissolved oxygen.
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Bibliography

[1] Zamanzade, M., Barnoush, A. & Motz, C. (2016). A review on the properties of iron aluminide intermetallics. Crystals. 6(10), 1-29. DOI: 10.3390/cryst6010010.
[2] Stoloff, N.S. (1998). Iron aluminides: present status and future prospects. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 258(1-2), 1-14. DOI: 10.1016/S0921-5093(98)00909-5.
[3] Cinca, N., Lima, C.R.C. & Guilemany, J.M. (2013). An overview of intermetallics research and application: Status of thermal spray coatings. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2(1), 75-86. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2013.03.013.
[4] Palm, M., Stein, F. & Dehm, G. (2019). Iron Aluminides. Annual Review of Materials Research. 49, 297-326. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-matsci-070218-125911.
[5] Deevi, S.C. & Sikka, V.K. (1996). Nickel and iron aluminides: an overview on properties, processing, and applications. Intermetallics. 4(5) 357-375. DOI: 10.1016/0966-9795(95)00056-9.
[6] Shankar Rao, V., Baligidad, R. G. & Raja, V. S. (2002). Effect of carbon on corrosion behaviour of Fe3Al intermetallics in 0.5N sulphuric acid. Corrosion Science. 44, 521-533. DOI: 10.1016/S0010-938X(01)00084-1.
[7] Shankar Rao, V. (2005). Repassivation behaviour and surface analysis of Fe3Al based iron aluminide in 0.25M H2SO4. Corrosion Science. 47, 183-194. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2004.05.014.
[8] Nigam, A.K., Balasubramaniam, R., Bhargava, S. & Baligidad, R.G. (2006). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry study of carbon-alloyed iron aluminides in sulfuric acid. Corrosion Science. 48(7), 1666-1678. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2010.05.006.
[9] Schneider, A., Falat, L., Sauthoff, G. & Frommeyer, G. (2005). Microstructures and mechanical properties of Fe3Al-based Fe-Al-C alloys. Intermetallics. 13(12), 1322-1331. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2005.01.0.
[10] Brito, P., Pinto, H., Klaus, M., Genzel, C. & Kaysser-Pyzalla, A. (2010). Internal stresses and textures of nanostructured alumina scales growing on polycrystalline Fe3Al alloy. Powder Diffraction. 25(2), 114-118. DOI: 10.1154/1.3402764
[11] Brito, P., Schuller, E., Silva, J., Campos, T.R., Araújo, C.R. & Carneiro, J.R. (2017). Electrochemical corrosion behaviour of (100), (110) and (111) Fe3Al single crystals in sulphuric acid. Corrosion Science. 126, 366-373. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2017.05.029.
[12] Brito, P.P., Carvalho Filho, C.T. & Oliveira, G.A. (2020). Electrochemical corrosion behavior of iron aluminides in sulfuric acid. Materials Science Forum. 1012, 395-400. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.1012.395.
[13] Hernández-Hernández, M., Liu, H. B., Alvarez-Ramirez, J. & Espinosa-Medina, M. A. (2017). Corrosion behavior of Fe-40at.%Al-Based intermetallic in 0.25M H2SO4 solution. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 26, 5983-5996. DOI: 10.1007/s11665-017-3036-5.

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Authors and Affiliations

A.P. Silva
1
ORCID: ORCID
P.P. Brito
1
N. Martins
1

  1. PUC Minas, Brazil
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Abstract

The study presented in this paper concerned the possibility to apply a heat treatment process to ductile cast-iron thin-walled castings in order to remove excessive quantities of pearlite and eutectic cementite precipitates and thus meet the customer’s requirements. After determining the rates of heating a casting up to and cooling down from 900°C feasible in the used production heat treatment furnace (vh = 300°C/h and vc = 200°C/h, respectively), dilatometric tests were carried out to evaluate temperatures Tgr, TAc1start, TAc1end, TAr1start, and TAr1end. The newly acquired knowledge was the base on which conditions for a single-step ferritizing heat treatment securing disintegration of pearlite were developed as well as those of a two-step ferritization process guaranteeing complete disintegration of cementite and arriving at the required ferrite and pearlite content. A purely ferritic matrix and hardness of 119 HB was secured by the treatment scheme: 920°C for 2 hours / vc = 60°C/h / 720°C for 4 hours. A matrix containing 20–45% of pearlite and hardness of 180–182 HB was obtained by applying: 920°C for 2 hours or 4 hours / vc = 200°C/h to 650°C / ambient air.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Mróz
ORCID: ORCID
A.W. Orłowicz
ORCID: ORCID
M. Tupaj
ORCID: ORCID
B. Kupiec
M. Kawiński
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of microstructural and mechanical investigation of long-term aged TP347HFG austenitic stainless steel. Ageing was performed at a time of up to 30 000 hours and the temperature of 600 and 650◦C. Ageing was proved to lead to the precipitation of secondary phase particles not only inside grains but also on the boundaries of grains and twins. The MX precipitates were observed inside the grains. However, M23C6 carbides and sigma phase precipitates were observed on grain boundaries. The changes in the microstructure of the examined steel translated into the mechanical properties, i.e. initially observed growth and then the decrease of yield strength and a gradual decrease in impact energy. The overageing process – a decrease in strength properties – was associated with the growth of the size of M23C6 carbides and the precipitation of the sigma phase. The reduction of impact energy in TP347HFG austenitic stainless steel was found to be associated with the precipitation of M23C6 carbides in the case of the 600◦C temperature, and the M23C6 carbides and sigma phase in the case of the 650◦C temperature. The rate of changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties depended on the ageing temperature.
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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Golański
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hanna Purzyńska
2

  1. Czestochowa University of Technology, Department of Materials Science, Armii Krajowej 19, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
  2. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute for Ferrous Metallurgy, K. Miarki 12-14, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

Effect of annealing treatment on deep drawing behavior of hot-rolled Q235 carbon steel/410/304 stainless steel three-layer composite plate was investigated. Deep drawability of the unannealed composite plates exhibits a sharp difference for various contact surfaces with the die. The limit drawing ratio (LDR) of the composite plate with the carbon steel contacting the die is 1.75, while it is 1.83 with the stainless steel contacting the die due to the different mechanical responses to the tensile stress at the corner of the die. After annealing at 900°C for 2 h, however, the deep drawabilities of the composite plates both for various contact surfaces with the die are significantly improved and becomes almost identical, which are attributed to the stress relief, the enhanced ductility and the improved interface bonding strength of the hot-rolled component plates during annealing.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zehua Lv
1 2 3
Zhixiong Zhang
1 2 3
Jianchao Han
1 2 3
Tao Wang
1 2 3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Taiyuan University of Technology, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
  2. Taiyuan University of Technology, Engineering Research Center of Advanced Metal Composites Forming Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
  3. Taiyuan University of Technology, Tyut-Uow Joint Research Centre, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
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Abstract

In this study, the effects of heat-treatment conditions of Fe powder compacts on densification, microstructure, strength and magnetic properties were investigated. The prepared Fe powder was compressed in a mold of diameter 20 mm at a pressure of 800 MPa for 30 sec. This Fe powder compact was heat-treated under different atmospheres (air and 90% Ar + 10% H2 and heat-treatment temperatures (300 and 700℃). The Fe powder compacts heat-treated in an Ar+H2 mixed gas atmosphere showed a denser microstructure and higher density than the Fe powder compacts heat-treated in an air atmosphere. Oxygen content in the heat-treatment conditions played a significant role in the improvement of the densification and magnetic properties.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hyo-Sang Yoo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yong-Ho Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Cheol-Woo Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hyeon-Taek Son
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Automotive Materials & Components R&D Group, 1110-9 Oryong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61012, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

In this investigation, Copper Matrix Surface Composites (CMSCs) were reinforced with various ceramic particles like Aluminum Nitrate (AlN), Titanium diboride (TiB2), and Rice Husk Ash (RHA) are used to increase the metallurgical and mechanical properties by Friction Stir Processing (FSP). The Design of the Experiment (DOE) Taguchi L9 orthogonal array method was used. The process parameters considered were groove width and various types of reinforcement particles. The fabrication of CMSCs was achieved by using optimized process parameters, such as the tool transverse speed of 40 mm/min, rotational tool speed of 1000 rpm, and an axial load of 10 kN with one pass. The influence of FSP process parameters on CMSCs in the stir zone is observed through Optical Microscope (OM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). Mechanical properties such as microhardness and wear rate are studied and compared. It reveals that good interfacial bonding was produced between ceramic particles in CMSCs. TiB2 reinforced with copper matrix surface composites enhance microhardness and had a lesser wear rate.
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Authors and Affiliations

S. Saravanakumar
1
ORCID: ORCID
S. Gopalakrishnan
2
ORCID: ORCID
K. Kalaiselvan
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, M. Kumarasamy College of Engineering, Karur, Tamilnadu, India
  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, KS Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode, Tamilnadu, India
  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. NGP Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
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Abstract

Laser-generated surface patterns provide the means for local mechanical interlocking between the joined materials, tunes the wettability of surfaces that come in contact, and generally are the main factor for bonding strength enhancement, especially between dissimilar materials. This paper presents the influence of different patterning overlays generated with a pulsed laser on the surface of stainless-steel sheets. For all experiments, an overlapping degree of 90% has been chosen between three different patterns, while the engraving speed, pulse frequency and number of passes have varied. The textured surfaces’ morphology was assessed through optical microscopy, and the roughness of the surfaces was correlated with the corresponding experimental parameters. The results have indicated promising insights for joining stainless steel to plastic materials, which is otherwise difficult to assess through usual welding techniques.
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Authors and Affiliations

E.R. Moldovan
1
ORCID: ORCID
C. Concheso Doria
2
ORCID: ORCID
J.L. Ocaña Moreno
3
ORCID: ORCID
L.S. Baltes
1
ORCID: ORCID
E.M. Stanciu
1
ORCID: ORCID
C. Croitoru
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Pascu
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.H. Tierean
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
  2. BSH Electrodomésticos España S.A., Zaragoza, Spain
  3. Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract

Laser cladding is a method that can be applied to repair the crack and break on the mold and die surfaces, as well as generate new attributes on the surface to improve toughness, hardness, and corrosion resistance. It is used to extend the life of the mold. It also has the advantages of superior bonding strength and precision coating on a local area compared with the conventional thermal spraying technology. In this study, we investigated the effect of cladding on low carbon alloy steel using 18%Cr-2.5%Ni-Fe powder (Rockit404), which showed high hardness on the die surface. The process conditions were performed in an argon atmosphere using a diode laser source specialized for 900-1070 nm, and the output conditions were 5, 6, and 10 kW, respectively. After the cladding was completed, the surface coating layer’s shape, the hardness according to the cross-section’s thickness, and the microstructure were analyzed.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Cheol-Woo Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hyo-Sang Yoo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jae-Yeol Jeon
1
Kyun-Taek Cho
1
Se-Weon Choi
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Smart Mobility Materials and Components R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 1110-9 Ory ong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwan gju, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

This research investigates the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of LM25 (Al-Si-Mg) alloy and Cr-modified LM25-Cr (Al-Si-Mg-Cr) alloy. Microstructural analysis reveals distinctive ε-Si phase morphologies, with Cr addition refining dendritic structures and reducing secondary dendrite arm spacing in the as-cast condition. Cr modification results in smaller-sized grains and a modified ε-Si phase, enhancing nucleation sites and reducing ε-Si size. Microhardness studies demonstrate significant increases in hardness for both alloys after solutionising and aging treatments. Cr-enriched alloy exhibits superior hardness due to solid solution strengthening, and prolonged aging further influences ε-Si particle size and distribution. The concurrent rise in microhardness, attributed to refined dendritic structures and unique ε-Si morphology, underscores the crucial role of Cr modification in tailoring the mechanical properties of aluminium alloys for specific applications.
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Bibliography

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[22] Cui, J., Chen, J., Li, Y. & Luo, T. (2023). Enhancing the strength and toughness of A356.2-0.15Fe aluminum alloy by trace Mn and Mg Co-addition. Metals. 13(8), 1451, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13081451.

[23] Zhan, H. & Hu, B. (2018). Analyzing the microstructural evolution and hardening response of an Al-Si-Mg casting alloy with Cr addition. Materials Characterization. 142, 602-612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2018.06.026.

[24] Tocci, M., Donnini, R., Angella, G. et al. (2019). Tensile Properties of a Cast Al-Si-Mg Alloy with Reduced Si Content and Cr Addition at High Temperature. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 28, 7097-7108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04438-9.

[25] Kumar, A., Sharma, G., Sasikumar, C., Shamim, S. & Singh, H. (2015). Effect of Cr on grain refinement and mechanical properties of Al-Si-Mg alloys. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 789-790, 95-99. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.789-790.95.

[26] Möller, H., Stumpf, W.E. & Pistorius, P.C. (2010). Influence of elevated Fe, Ni and Cr levels on tensile properties of SSM-HPDC Al-Si-Mg alloy F357. Transactions of the Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 20, 842-846. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(10)60592-4.

[27] Raj, A.N. & Sellamuthu, R. (2016). Determination of hardness, mechanical and wear properties of cast Al–Mg–Si alloy with varying Ni addition. ARPN Journaol of Engineering and Applied Science. 11(9), 5946-5952.

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Authors and Affiliations

V.V. Ramalingam
1
K.V. Shankar
2
B. Shankar
2
R. Abhinandan
3
A. Dineshkumar
3
P.A. Adhithyan
3
K. Velusamy
3
A. Kapilan
3
N. Sudheer
3

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, 64112, India
  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, India; Centre for Flexible Electronics and Advanced Marerials, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, India
  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, India
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Abstract

This study investigated the improvement in the electrical conductivity and mechanical properties obtained by adjusting the amount of the Sr addition to the Al-Zn-Mg-Mn alloy. The addition of Sr formed an intermetallic compounds, and the volume fraction of the intermetallic compounds increased with increasing Sr content. As the amount of Sr added increased from 0 to 1.0 wt%, the electrical conductivity of the extruded alloy decreased to 48.9, 45.2 and 42.5% IACS. As the addition amount of Sr increased, the average grain size of the rolled alloy decreased to 55.5, 53.1 and 42.3 μm. And, the ultimate tensile strength increased to 195, 212 and 216 MPa.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hyo-Sang Yoo
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Yong-Ho Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Byoung-Kwon Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
Eun-Chan Ko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sang-Chan Lee
2
ORCID: ORCID
Seong-Hee Lee
2
ORCID: ORCID
Hyeon-Taek Son
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Automotive Materials & Components R&D Group, 1110-9 Oryong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61012, Republic of Korea
  2. Mokpo National University, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

The corrosion behaviour of a thermo-mechanically treated Beta C titanium alloy in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution was investigated in this study. Thermomechanical processing prejudges titanium alloys to improve corrosion properties. Scanning electron microscopy and electron-backscattered diffractions were used to investigate the microstructural evolution and grain orientation after thermo-mechanical processing. The electrochemical characteristics of Beta C titanium alloy were examined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), corrosion potential, and corrosion current density measurements. The 45 percent deformed specimen experiences significant plastic deformation with increased dislocation density, resulting in strong ND //<111> orientation. However, the annealing after deformation exhibits a strong g-fiber texture with the lowest in-grain misorientation, which contributes to improving the corrosion resistance of the titanium alloy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Unissa Nichul
1
ORCID: ORCID
Pankaj Tambe
2
ORCID: ORCID
Vijay Hiwarkar
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Pune, Maharashtra, India
  2. VIT-AP University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Abstract

Using colloid water as a covering for explosives can improve the energy efficiency for explosive welding, while its effects on bonding properties remain unclear. Here, by employing titanium/steel as a model system, the effect of covering thickness on microstructures and mechanical properties of the bonding interface was systematically investigated. It was found that all the welds displayed wavy interfaces, and the wave size increased with increasing covering thickness. Vortices characterized by solidified melt zones surrounded by strongly deformed parent materials, were only formed for the welds performed with a covering. Moreover, with increasing covering thickness, both the tensile strength and the elongation of the titanium/steel plate decreased, and the failure mode changed from ductile to cleavage fracture, gradually. In the tensile-shear tests, all the fractures took place in titanium matrix without separation at interface, indicating that the titanium/steel interfaces had an excellent bonding strength. The micro-hardness decreased with increasing distance from the interface, and this trend was more remarkable for a thicker covering. The micro-hardness inside the solidified melt zones was far higher than that observed in strain-hardened layers of the parent metal, due to formation of hard intermetallic compounds.
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Authors and Affiliations

Fei Wang
1
Ming Yang
2

  1. Anhui University of Science and Technology State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mines,Huainan, Anhui Province, China
  2. Nanjing University of Science and Technology, National Key Laboratory of Transient Physics, Nanjing, 210094, China
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Abstract

The new cast steel with a chemical composition of Fe-(0.85-0.95)C-(1.50-1.60)Si-(2.40-2.60)Mn-(1.0-1.2)Al-(0.30-0.40)­Mo-(0.10-0.15)V-(1.0-1.1)Ni (all in wt.%) was investigated in aspect of formation of the multiphase microstructure leading to high strength and ductility. Two types of heat treatment technologies were developed. The first one involves softening annealing at a temperature of 650°C for 4 hours, heating up to 950°C and holding for 2 hours, and then fast cooling down to 200°C and isothermally treated for 2 hours. The second one involves homogenizing annealing at 1100°C for 6 hours, then cooling with furnace down to 950°C and holding for 2 hours, then fast cooling down to 200°C and isothermally treated for 2 hours. A unique microstructure of cast steel consisting of martensite and retained austenite plates of various thicknesses and volume fractions was obtained. Additionally, nanometric transition carbides were noticed after the above-mentioned heat treatments. This microstructure ensures high hardness, strength and plasticity ( Rm = 1426 MPa and A = 9.5%), respectively, due to the fact that TWIP/TRIP processes occur during deformation related to the high volume fraction of retained austenite, which the stacking fault energy is above 15 mJ/m –2 resulting from the chemical composition of the investigated cast steel.
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Authors and Affiliations

P. Garbień
1 2
A. Kokosza
3
W. Maj
2
Ł. Rogal
1
ORCID: ORCID
R. Chulist
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Janus
1
A. Wójcik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Z. Żółkiewicz
2
Wojciech Maziarz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta Str., 30-059, Kraków, Poland
  2. Specodlew Sp. z o.o. Rotmistrza Witolda Pileckiego 3 Str., 32-050 Skawina, Poland
  3. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

In this research, AA7068/Si3N4 composites were fabricated through stir casting with the attachment of ultrasonic treatment. The quenching medium and aging duration significantly influenced the hardness of Al alloy samples. Peak hardness was achieved after 12 h of artificial aging at the temperature of 140°C. The addition of nano Si3N4 significantly refined the microstructure of unreinforced AA7068. The dispersion of intermetallic compounds (MgZn2) and grain boundary discontinuation were noticed after the T-6 heat treatment. Ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and hardness were improved by 70.95%, 76.19%, and 44.33%, respectively, with the addition of 1.5 weight % Si3N4 compared to as-cast alloy due to the combined effect of heat treatment, hall-Petch, Orowan, thermal miss match, load-bearing strengthening mechanisms and uniform dispersion of reinforcement. A reduction in percentage elongation was noticed due to composites’ brittle nature by the effect of ceramic Si3N4 particles’ inclusion. The fracture surfaces reveal ductile failure for alloy and mixed-mode failure in the case of composites.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ashish Kumar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ravindra Singh Rana
1
Rajesh Purohit
1
Anurag Namdev
1

  1. Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bhopa l, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Abstract

For long time, Sn-Pb solder alloys have been used extensively as the main interconnection materials in the soldering. It is no doubt that Sn-Pb offers many advantages including good electrical conductivity, mechanical properties as well as low melting temperature. However, Pb is very toxic and Pb usage poses risk to human health and environments. Owing to this, the usage of Pb in the electronic industry was banned and restricted by the legislation. These factors accelerate the efforts in finding suitable replacement for solder alloy and thus lead-free solder was introduced. The major problems associated with lead-free solder is the formation of large and brittle intermetallic compound which have given a rise to the reliability issues. Micro alloying with Sb seems to be advantageous in improving the properties of existing lead-free solder alloy. Thus, this paper reviews the influence of Sb addition to the lead-free solder alloy in terms of microstructure formations and thermal properties.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nur Syahirah Mohamad Zaimi
1
Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Izrul Izwan Ramli
1

  1. Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CeGeoGTech), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Taman Muhibbah, 02600 Jejawi, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
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Abstract

The influence of the hold time of the austempering heat treatment at 280°C on the microstructure and corrosion resistance in NaCl-based media of austempered ductile iron was investigated using X-ray diffraction, micro-hardness measurements, corrosion tests and surface observations. Martensite was only found in the sample which was heat treated for a short period (10 minutes). Corrosion tests revealed that this phase does not play any role in the anodic processes. Numerous small pits were observed in the α-phase which is the precursor sites in all samples (whatever the value of the hold time of the austempering heat treatment).

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Authors and Affiliations

H. Krawiec
V. Vignal
J. Lelito
A. Krystianiak
E. Tyrała
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Abstract

The effect of heat treatment on the corrosion resistance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy was investigated in the artificial saliva solution (MAS). It has been revealed that the thermal annealing treatment temperature favors the cathodic reactions and reduce the protective properties of passive film. The heat treatment causes the enrichment of β phase in vanadium. The lowest corrosion resistance in the artificial saliva revealed the Ti-6Al-4V alloy heated for 2 hours at 950°C. Heterogeneous distribution of vanadium within the β phase decreases the corrosion resistance of the Ti-6Al-4V.

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Ryba
M. Kawalec
E. Tyrała
H. Krawiec
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Abstract

In the present time, advanced high strength steel (AHSS) has secured a dominant place in the automobile sector due to its high strength and good toughness along with the reduced weight of car body which results in increased fuel efficiency, controlled emission of greenhouse gases and increased passengers’ safety. In the present study, four new advanced high strength steels (AHSS) have been developed using three different processing routes, i.e., thermomechanical controlled processing (TMCP), quenching treatment (QT), and quenching & tempering (Q&T) processes, respectively. The current steels have achieved a better combination of the high level of strength with reasonable ductility in case of TMCP as compared to the other processing conditions. The achievable ultrahigh strength is primarily attributed to mixed microstructure comprising lower bainite and lath martensite as well as grain refinement and precipitation hardening.

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Authors and Affiliations

G. Mandal
S.K. Ghosh
S. Chatterjee
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Abstract

In this study, we have developed Sn-Ag alloy by a simple high energy ball milling technique. We have ball-milled the eutectic mixture of Sn and Ag powders for a period of 45 h. The milled powder for 45 h was characterized for particle size and morphology. Microstructural investigations were carried out by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction studies. The melting behavior of 45 h milled powder was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The resultant crystallite size of the Sn(Ag) solid solution was found to be 85 nm. The melting point of the powder was 213.6oC after 45 h of milling showing depression of ≈6oC in melting point as compared to the existing Sn-3.5Ag alloys. It was also reported that the wettability of the Sn-3.5Ag powder was significantly improved with an increase in milling time up to 45 h due to the nanocrystalline structure of the milled powder.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ashutosh Sharma
ORCID: ORCID
Byungmin Ahn
ORCID: ORCID

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