From 2009 to 2018, a total of 80 wheat crops were studied at plot and regional scales to predict stripe rust epidemics based on influential climatic indicators in Kermanshah province, Iran. Disease onset time and epidemic intensity varied spatially and temporarily. The disease epidemic variable was classified as having experienced nonepidemic, moderate or severe epidemics to be used for statistical analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify climatic variables associated with occurrence and intensity of stripe rust epidemics. Two principal factors accounting for 70% of the total variance indicated association of stripe rust epidemic occurrence with the number of icy days with minimum temperatures below 0°C (for subtropical regions) and below −10°C (for cool temperate and semi-arid regions). Disease epidemic intensity was linked to the number of rainy days, the number of days with minimum temperatures within the range of 7−8°C and relative humidity (RH) above 60%, and the number of periods involving consecutive days with minimum temperature within the range of 6−9°C and RH% > 60% during a 240-day period, from September 23 to May 21. Among mean monthly minimum temperatures and maximum relative humidity examined, mean maximum relative humidity for Aban (from October 23 to November 21) and mean minimum temperature for Esfand (from February 20 to March 20) indicated higher contributions to stripe rust epidemic development. Confirming PCA results, a multivariate logit ordinal model was developed to predict severe disease epidemics. The findings of this study improved our understanding of the combined interactions between air temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, and wheat stripe rust development over a three-season period of autumn-winter-spring.

Currently, production of wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) that show durable field resistance against fungal pathogens is a priority of many breeding programs. This type of resistance involves race-nonspecific mechanisms and can be identified at adult-plant stages. Until now, seven genes (Lr34/Yr18, Lr46/Yr29, Lr67/Yr46, Lr68, Lr75, Lr77 and Lr78) conferring durable types of resistance against multiple fungal pathogens have been identified in the wheat gene pool. In this study we showed a multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (multiplex PCR) assay, which was developed for detection of slow rusting resistance genes Lr34, Lr46, Lr68, using molecular markers: csLV34, Xwmc44 and csGS, respectively. Identification of molecular markers was performed on 40 selected wheat genotypes which are the sources of slow rusting genes according to literature reports. Multiplex PCR is an important tool to reduce the time and cost of analysis. This multiplex PCR protocol can be applicable for genotyping processes and marker assisted resistance breeding of wheat.

The effectiveness of 1 O azole fungicides (Bayfidan 250 EC, Bumper 250 EC, Domark 100 EC, Magnate 50 EC, Mirage 450 EC, Opus 125 SC, Saprol 190 EC, Score 250 EC, Spartak 450 EC and Systhane 125 EC) in the control of Puccinia horiana was tested on chrysanthemum cv. Fiji Yellow. Additionally, their influence on plant growth, size of pustules and eventual phytotoxicity was assessed. Plants were sprayed 4 times at weekly intervals. On shrubs treated with Bayfidan 250 EC, Domark 100 EC, Magnate 50 EC, Mirage 450 EC, Opus 125 SC, Saprol 190 EC, Score 250 EC, and Systhane 125 EC only sporadic disease symptoms were observed. Mirage 450 EC and Spartak 450 EC were slightly less effective than the other tested fungicides. When most of the tested fungicides were applied curatively, except Mirage 450 EC and Spartak 450 EC, only sporadic pustules on leaves were noticed and over than 95% of pustules were destroyed.

In the years 1997-1999 the occurrence of ryc diseases in the region of south-western Poland was investigated on rye varieties Warko, Dańkowskie Złote and hybrid rye Marder. Eyespot (Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides var. acuformis) and brown rust (Puccinia recondita) occured most frequently in the experimental period. Fusarium stem base rot and leaf blight iFusarium spp.) and leaf scald iRhynchosporium secalis) were occasionally of considerable importance, but their occurrence was usually less frequent. Variety Marder showed high susceptibility to stem base and leaf diseases, especially to brown rust. When one treatment with fungicides was applied, grain yield increase of cv Marder reached the value of 20,03% in conditions of high infection by pathogens. It was concluded that in the years favourable for the development of diseases on ryc, chemical control with broad-spectrum fungicides might be advisable, especially for protecting susceptible varieties.