Based on China’s provincial panel data from 2009 to 2019, this paper empirically tests and analyzesthe effects of industrial agglomeration and other important economic variables on industrial green technologyinnovation efficiency from the perspective of spatial statistical analysis. The results show that the efficiency ofChina’s industrial green innovation has not changed much during the study period, exhibiting an obvious polarizationphenomenon. Moreover, the improvement of the degree of industrial agglomeration is conducive to the regionalgreen innovation efficiency level. This means that industrial agglomeration produces effective environmental andinnovation benefits. In addition, the influence coefficient of enterprise-scale is negative, indicating that for Chineseindustrial enterprises, the enlargement of the production scale weakens the promotion effect of R&D activities. The influence coefficient of human capital is negative, mainly because the direct effect has a small and positivevalue, while the indirect effect (spillover effect) has a negative and large value, indicating that the spillover effectof human capital between regions in China is deficient.

Artykuł jest próbą analizy dyskursu przestrzenno-pedagogicznego na gruncie niemieckiej pedagogiki społecznej. Stanowi wycinek rozważań na temat zmiany w paradygmacie myślenia o miejscu/przestrzeni (spatial turn), jako kategoriach pedagogicznych. Autorki szukają odpowiedzi na pytanie, czym jest przestrzeń i miejsce oraz jakimi pojęciami w zakresie refleksji nad miejscem/przestrzenią operuje niemiecka pedagogika społeczna. Tekst przybliża między innymi relacyjną koncepcję przestrzeni Martiny Löw, jej dwuznaczność oraz pojęcie spacingu. Aktywne wytwarzanie przestrzeni miejskiej oraz przestrzenny wymiar relacji i jego dynamika poddane są dyskusji. Artykuł prezentuje również głosy krytyczne, dotyczące między innymi transdyscyplinarności przestrzeni oraz pracy socjalnej zorientowanej na przestrzeń socjalną. Stanowi zachętę do pogłębionych, międzynarodowych analiz teorii przestrzenno-pedagogicznych.

Shifting living conditions, environmental change, and population migrations are all necessitating changes in how we manage the space in which we live. Does our living have a future?

Different social and professional groups have different perspectives on space and spatial planning, which is in turn reflected in their differing understanding of the law and differing approach to regulations that shape the spatial order.

Insufficient due planning policy in Poland is subject to widespread and justified criticism. This applies to all levels of spatial management. Legal instruments governing spatial planning in Poland are passive - setting out only the legal framework corresponding to a particular area. They regulate what might be developed within its boundaries, however, they do not specify how it is to be accomplished. Therefore, there is a need to develop an integrated spatial development planning, in which also investors and/or stakeholders would be involved. Apart from answering to the question of what is going to be developed, it will also provide a very comprehensive and flexible implementation strategy having regard to different timelines and local amenities (facilities). This paper also brings an example showing how the spatial planning strategy was conducted for the development of the "Fort Bema" housing estates in the Warsaw district of Bemowo. It highlights the relevance of the planning phase for the subsequent in-use (operating) phase.

Spatial planning is a form of public management of a distinctive public good. It covers a range of activities and decisions affecting our environment.

Socio-Economic Effects of the Spatial Chaos for the Settlement Systems and Functional Land Use Structure. The aim of the study is an attempt to estimate, on the basis of literature and own analyzes, how costs are related to spatial chaos, i.e. mainly dispersion of settlement. Mainly residential (housing) settlement was addressed, which contributes the most to the defective structure of the entire settlement. In particular, the analysis uses several concentration indicators and graphical methods, including the so-called minimal spanning tree (MST). Analyzes have shown that costs can amount to several dozen billion zlotys a year, resulting due to the lack of utilities, unsatisfactory condition of public infrastructure, morphological and functional chaos, excessive location of buildings in agricultural areas, oversupply of investment land with low location potential and as a result of low economic efficiency and effectiveness of settlement.

Spatial Disorder vs. Data Collection on Spatial Planning in Poland. The article deals with the issue of spatial disorder as a consequence of lack of information about spatial planning in local government administration units. An efficient monitoring system of spatial planning on the local level is indispensable for the effective implementation of public policies, development strategies and operational programmes. Lack of full knowledge of land use leads to irrational and unsustainable use of resources in municipalities. The activities of public statistics in the field of the quality of information on spatial management concern the quality and methods of obtaining data, while adjusting the information available to the needs of authorities responsible for spatial planning at all levels.

The article refers to the urban sprawl in Poland. Its objectives are: (1) analysis of relations between negative eff ects, (2) presentation negative effects on transport and energy consumption and on spatial order, (3) analysis of ways of counteracting negative processes including conditions (especially restrictions) on the use of this ways and their effectiveness. The methods used were: observation, literature analysis and logical analysis. Driving forces are heading towards further suburbanization, stopping of which is considered impossible. Orientation of the processes more closely to spatial order is very difficult. There are proper and legal solutions for this, but there are barriers to their use, such as: the lack of awareness and motivation of local authorities and the political conditions that discourage more restrictive regulation.

The main purpose of the author was to determine the spatial diversity of hotel base development in the regional (voivodship) system. Assuming that many factors determine the level of hotel base development in a given area, the author has used a multidimensional approach, or more precisely – a multidimensional comparative analysis in its dynamic variant. Following the adopted algorithm, a potential set of diagnostic variables was identified on the basis of secondary information sources (date of CSO local data bank), then using factor analysis to reduce it to the final set of quasi-variables (four main factors). Based on them, a synthetic measure of the development of the hotel base of particular voivodships was constructed. This in turn allowed to determine the voivodship hierarchical structure due to particular main factors and synthetic variable, with its changes in the years 2002–2017. The voivodship were also divided into homogeneous groups, according to the value of the synthetic measure of development, as well as the direction and intensity of its temporal changes.

Precipitation is a component of the hydrological cycle, knowing its spatial distribution is vital for the management of hydrographic basins, the territory and the development of fundamental activities for society. That is why the present study shows the spatial variability of rainfall in Cartagena de Indias city with a network of rain gauges, made up of nine pieces of equipment, separated from each other by 0.9–27 km. After a year of recording (2019), using historical series of data, it was found that the maximum rainfall occurs in the trimester between September and November, with interpolated maps made by the Ordinary Kriging (OK) method it was found that the maximum rainfall is focused on the north, centre and west of the territory, instead, the maximum intensities are presented in the centre and west, the minimums for both variables are presented to the east and south. The 70 and 90% of the rain events have a duration of less than 30 min and 1 h, respectively. Three-parameter exponential function was fitted to the paired correlation distances, and presented correlations lower than 0.8, 0.5 and 0.2 from distances of 1, 3 and 7 km, respectively, in 30 min rain integration. It was also found that with a pluviometric network conformed by at least six pieces of equipment and separated by a 5 km distance from each other in the urban area, a correlation of 0.5 and compliance with the WMO recommendations would be obtained.

The colours of external architecture are crucial to the reception of urbanized space. An appropriate concept is necessary to maintain order and harmony of colours. Decision-making in this respect was analysed, based on Polish and Slovak legal acts. The formal and actual status was compared through analyses of local spatial development plans and site inspections. For a broader perspective, examples from some of the countries are presented. Using a survey, public knowledge of the current legal situation related to colour decision-making was investigated alongside preferences as to who should manage this issue. It was also investigated how space users assessed the external colours of buildings in the areas under study.

Biologically active areas play an extremely important role in the structure of a city and increasing their coverage, especially in large urban centres, is an activity with a number of advantages. This article compares, in terms of green spaces, two European cities of similar size – Warsaw (517.2 km2) and Oslo (454 km2). Both cities are capitals of their respective countries but implement different spatial policies in the scope of the Green Deal. In Warsaw, many industrial and post-industrial areas still exist and simultaneously urban green areas are decreasing year by year. In Oslo, a strategy based on deindustrialisation of the city and possible maximum use of urban greenery and public spaces is implemented. The research described in this article involved analysing the coverage of the analysed cities and their districts with biologically active area and then checking the correlation with other indicators that can be affected by this coverage. These included data on the incidence of the most common diseases among residents, the attractiveness of living for the elderly and families with children, as well as air and soil pollution and the occurrence of negative effects of climate change. The correlation of urban space use in terms of the presence of industrial land in relation to currently existing green spaces in the districts concerned was subsequently determined.

Expenditures Related to Technical Infrastructure. The aim of the study is to answer to the question what is the economic (financial) scale of expenditure and local investments related to the technical infrastructure and to what extent the investment processes are correlated with the planning coverage. The study is based on data used in the annual reports of the Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization of the Polish Academy of Sciences on the state of planning work in communes. A detailed analysis of municipal budget expenditures was carried out, demonstrating large diversity of water and sewerage services, road construction and renovation, investment expenditures, etc. The research showed that a significant part of the investment is located outside local plans based on the decision on building conditions. This creates a serious risk of irrationality of spatial management and leads to increase of infrastructure service costs.

Social and Economic Costs of Spatial Chaos – Settlement of Rural Areas. Among the features of spatial structures of villages and characteristics of rural areas, which support multidirectional socio-economic development and improvement of living conditions of inhabitants and users of the countryside, the focused and compact character of the development is of particular importance. The observed lack of determination in preventing and limiting suburbanization processes, including in rural areas, directly and negatively affects both the natural environment and forms of development of these areas, causing the generation of additional economic and social costs related to the chaotic management of space. The aim of the article is to estimate the degree of concentration of buildings in various types of communes in Poland and to determine the spatial distribution of this phenomenon to be able to estimate the size of chaos costs on a global basis and determine its level in the comparative system of municipalities.

Costs of Spatial Disorder for the Real Estate Market. The article discusses the problem of costs which the spatial disorder in Poland causes in the real estate market. It also draws attention to the likely future consequences of the current lack of spatial order for the domestic real estate market. The impact of spatial chaos on the functioning of this market was considered in terms of economic, social and environmental costs. In the empirical part of the paper, analyzing land turnover in the Poznań agglomeration, the characteristics of the undeveloped real estate market in metropolitan areas in Poland were presented. At the same time, the negative effects of land trading in the situation of a flawed spatial planning system were emphasized. In addition, particular attention was paid to the common practice in Poland of excluding only part of the investment plots from agricultural use. At the same time, the urgent need to create the mechanisms of the actual protection of agricultural land within the agglomeration is emphasized.

The justification for the document Study of the Conditions and Directions of the Spatial Management of a Commune created by Cracow’s Municipality Planning Office, reveals the numerous of intercommunal dysfunctions included in these documents for different communes and shows differences between Studies and Voivodeship Spatial Management Plan of Małopolska. The main purpose of the article is the discussion on the issue, showing the research methodology of intercommunal relationships analysis (conducted in the Justification) and inquiry for the solutions in Polish law system, which could resolve the problem.

Program rewitalizacji to zbiór zintegrowanych działań na rzecz lokalnej społeczności, przestrzeni i gospodarki, skoncentrowanych terytorialnie, prowadzonych przez interesariuszy rewitalizacji. Działania te powinny być oparte na rewitalizacyjnym zarządzaniu strategicznym i przestrzennym bardzo silnie ukierunkowanym na poprawę warunków życia i zamieszkania lokalnej społeczności. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest wyjaśnienie istoty programu rewitalizacji jako scenariusza przestrzennych i strategicznych działań władz gminy. Autorki udowadniają, że zarządzanie przestrzenne i zarządzanie strategiczne stanowią narzędzia pozwalające na przeprowadzenie procesu rewitalizacji. W pracy poświęcono fragment na teoretyczne i operacyjne rozumienie zagadnienia, a także zaprezentowano przykład zaczerpnięty z Lokalnego Programu Rewitalizacji Gminy Krobia, który został opracowany w 2017 r.

The impact of changes in regional development along with the construction of Yogyakarta International Airport in Kulon Progo Regency may affect land use changes as the activities of the surrounding population. Galur– Lendah area, which is located near the city of Yogyakarta and acts as the entrance to Kulon Progo, will also develop. Along with these developments, the determination of the groundwater recharge–discharge area is needed to ensure the availability of groundwater at this site. The purpose of this study was to determine the zonation of groundwater recharge–discharge areas to support the availability of groundwater. The method of research is a spatial analysis using a geographic information system (GIS) based on ratings and weighting values for six parameters, including slope, rainfall, groundwater table depth, soil type, rock permeability, and land use. The field hydrogeological was also conducted to find out rock permeability and groundwater quality (pH, EC, TDS). The results showed that areas with potential for groundwater recharge were in the central and northeastern parts of the study area and the discharge zones in the north and south were with potential infiltration values of 26–43 and 44–59, respectively. However, the recharge area can still function as a discharge zone.

W zarządzaniu przestrzenią przyrodniczą miast, regionów, a nawet krajów stosowana jest obecnie koncepcja zielonej infrastruktury. W Polsce koncepcja ta jest znana, o czym świadczą coraz liczniejsze publikacje na jej temat. Celem przedstawionych badań jest ustalenie, czy i w jakim stopniu założenia koncepcji są wykorzystywane w planowaniu struktury przestrzennej polskich miast. Badania skoncentrowano na Studiach uwarunkowań i kierunków zagospodarowania przestrzennego trzech miast — Gdańska, Łodzi i Wrocławia.

Autor będący pracownikiem Miejskiej Pracowni Urbanistycznej w Krakowie opisuje proces obejmowania planami zagospodarowania przestrzennego obszaru Krakowa, który został wpisany na listę Światowego Dziedzictwa UNESCO. Opis procesu rozpoczyna rok 2003, kiedy obowiązujące w Polsce plany ogólne utraciły moc, a kończy — 2020, w którym obszar UNESCO jest chroniony planami miejscowymi w całości, jednak około 50% jego strefy buforowej wciąż pozostaje bez ochrony planistycznej. W artykule zwrócono również uwagę na kwestię, kto faktycznie — w imieniu Prezydenta Miasta Krakowa — sporządza poszczególne dokumenty planistyczne. Aspekt ten, po zderegulowaniu Izby Urbanistów jest istotną kwestią dokumentacyjną.

Spatial and time diversity of housing construction in Poland. Residential housing construction, as one of the most important elements of spatial development, a factor decisive for living conditions of residents, is the object of interest not only of architects, planners or local and state authorities, but increasingly also of geographers, who mainly analyze these issues in a spatial context. The article analyzes the development of construction in post-war Poland in three periods: real socialism, the transformation period and the last decade. The subject of the analysis is the number of completed dwellings/flats in total, by location (city, village) and by investors (housing cooperatives, developers, private constructors and others).

The article describes important issues related to obtaining fundamental information used in the maritime spatial planning process. It presents practically aproached selected results of undertaken work, where the quality of spatial information may affect the decisions and final results of study works, therefore geoinformation is extremely important.