In this article, I am examining the role of categorization in understanding. The problem arises from well-known distinction between explanation and understanding, which has been for a century pursued in hermeneutic tradition. Categorization belongs to explanatory endeavor and its role in understanding is unclear. In order to delimit the scope of inquiry I am focusing on the weakest kind of categorization, so called categorization ad hoc. I am examining the hypothesis to the effect that categorization plays its role in hermeneutic circle as some sort of preunderstanding. Eventually, however, I reject this hypothesis. It is because it leads to hermeneutic paradox: The notion of pre-understanding has a meaning only in the context of full-fledged understanding, which is an unattainable ideal. Such ideal cannot be used as a personal criterion of the quality of one’s understanding. There is a tension between the feeling of understanding and the scarcity of personal means to justify this feeling. I am suggesting that similar, albeit weaker effect occurs also in more elaborate, scientific categorizations. What is really wrong in the passage from categorization to understanding is some form of self-understanding: We do not know whether we understand better, or at all when we put some categorical order onto our experience. We do not seem to have the required meta-understanding.
Defects affect the properties and behavior of the casting during its service life. Since the defects can occur due to different reasons, they
must be correctly identified and categorized, to enable applying the appropriate remedial measures. several different approaches for
categorizing casting defects have been proposed in technical literature. They mainly rely on physical description, location, and formation
of defects. There is a need for a systematic approach for classifying investment casting defects, considering appropriate attributes such as
their size, location, identification stage, inspection method, consistency, appearance of defects. A systematic approach for categorization of
investment casting defects considering multiple attributes: detection stage, size, shape, appearance, location, consistency and severity of
occurrence. Information about the relevant attributes of major defects encountered in investment casting process has been collected from
an industrial foundry. This has been implemented in a cloud-based system to make the system freely and widely accessible.
Celem badania było sprawdzenie, czy i jakie zmiany zaobserwować można w stosunku młodzieży wobec polityków odmiennej płci. W badaniu wzięło udział 929 osób (454 kobiety i 475 mężczyzn), w wieku od 18 do 25 lat, z wykształceniem średnim (uczniowie szkół maturalnych i studenci). Przeprowadzono serię eksperymentów, w których opisywano fikcyjnych kandydatów – kobietę i mężczyznę – na urząd prezydenta. Manipulowano zakresem informacji o politykach (płeć, afiliacja polityczna, pozytywne i negatywne charakterystyki moralności i kompetencji oraz programu po-litycznego). Zaobserwowano: (1) efekt faworyzacji polityka własnej płci w grupie badanych kobiet, (2) zniekształcenia w percepcji kobiety–polityka; kandydatka na prezydenta wzbudzała bardziej pozytywne albo negatywne ustosunkowania niż kandydat na prezydenta w warunkach prezentacji pozytywnych albo negatywnych charakterystyk.