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Abstrakt

Problem emisji rtęci oraz potrzebę podjęcia działań w tym kierunku zauważono w roku 2013 w konwencji Minamata (UNEP 2013), stąd coraz częściej zaczynają pojawiać się prace i nowe przepisy nakazujące redukcję tego związku ze środowiska. W pracy przedstawiono problem usuwania rtęci z gazów odlotowych z uwagi na nowe restrykcje BREF/BAT, w których poruszono też problem potrzeby poszukiwania nowych wydajniejszym rozwiązań usuwania tego zanieczyszczenia. Zwrócono uwagę na problem występowania rtęci w spalinach w formie elementarnej oraz potrzebę realizowania testów laboratoryjnych. Zaprezentowano prototypową instalację do testów sorpcji rtęci elementarnej w czystym strumieniu gazu na sorbentach stałych. Instalację zbudowano w ramach projektu LIDER finansowanego przez Narodowe centrum Badań i Rozwoju w projekcie pt.: „Zastosowanie energetycznych surowców odpadowych do wychwytywania gazowych form rtęci ze spalin”. Instalacja służy do testów w warunkach laboratoryjnych, w której gazem nośnym rtęci elementarnej jest argon. Przy użyciu opisanej aparatury dokonano pierwszych testów na sorbencie zeolitowym. Testowanym materiałem był zeolit syntetyczny typu X otrzymany w wyniku dwustopniowej reakcji syntezy popiołu lotnego klasy C z wodorotlenkiem sodu. Aby zwiększyć powinowactwo chemiczne testowanego materiału względem rtęci, otrzymany materiał sorpcyjny poddano aktywacji jonami srebra (Ag+) metodą wymiany jonowej, stosując azotan srebra (AgNO3). Pierwszy test przeprowadzono w interwale czasowym 240 min. W tym czasie nie zarejestrowano przebicia badanego złoża rtęcią, w związku z czym wnioskować można, że badany materiał może być obiecujący w opracowywaniu nowych rozwiązań wychwytywania rtęci w sektorze energetycznym. Przedstawione w artykule wyniki mogą być interesujące dla sektora energetycznego z uwagi na rozwiązanie kilku aspektów środowiskowych. Jednym z nich są testy sorpcji rtęci w celu opracowania nowych technologii oczyszczania spalin. Natomiast drugi aspekt porusza możliwość przedstawienia nowego kierunku zagospodarowania ubocznych produktów spalania, jakimi są popioły lotne.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Piotr Kunecki
Dorota Czarna-Juszkiewicz
Rafał Panek
Magdalena Wdowin

Abstrakt

Opisano podstawy chemiczne jednego z wariantów chelatowej metody usuwania tlenków siarki i azotu z gazów odlotowych. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na reakcje chemiczne prowadzące do powstawania odpadów stałych. Przedstawiono schemat technologiczny oraz omówiono działanie przemysłowej instalacji usuwania SO2, NOx i pyłu ze spalin z dwóch kotłów rusztowych o mocy 29 MW, każdy. Dokonano bilansu materiałowego procesu oczyszczania gazów i na tej podstawie określono ilość odpadów stałych powstałych podczas 3-tygodniowych testów eksploatacyjnych technologii.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Tomasz Rachwał
Tomasz T. Suchecki

Abstrakt

The paper presents current reports on kinetics and mechanisms of reactions with mercury which take place in the exhaust gases, discharged from the processes of combustion of solid fuels (coals). The three main stages were considered. The first one, when thermal decomposition of Hg components takes place together with formation of elemental mercury (Hg0). The second one with homogeneous oxidation of Hg0 to Hg2+ by other active components of exhaust gases (e.g. HCl). The third one with heterogeneous reactions of gaseous mercury (the both - elemental and oxidised Hg) and solid particles of fl y ash, leading to generation of particulate-bound mercury (Hgp). Influence of exhaust components and their concentrations, temperature and retention time on the efficiency of mercury oxidation was determined. The issues concerning physical (gas-solid) and chemical speciation of mercury (fractionation Hg0-Hg2+) as well as factors which have influence on the mercury speciation in exhaust gases are discussed in detail.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Marianna Czaplicka
Halina Pyta

Abstrakt

The relevance of the subject of research is determined by the need to develop and subsequently implement a mathematical model and the corresponding structural scheme of the convective heating surfaces of the TP-92 steam boiler. The purpose of this research work is to directly model the heat- -transfer system of the convective heating surfaces of this boiler, designed for effective use in real conditions. The basis of the methodological approach in the research work is a combination of methods of the system analysis of the key principles of constructing mathematical models of heat-transfer systems of modern steam boilers with an experimental study of the prospects for creating a mathematical model of a heat-transfer system of the convective heating surfaces of a TP-92 steam boiler. In the course of the study, the results were obtained and presented in the form of a mathematical model of a convective heat-transfer system. It allows for making effective mathematical calculations of the main operating modes of the TP-92 steam boiler and calculating the dependences of the temperature and thermal modes of its operation on the change of incoming parameters of the used heat carriers, changes in the heating surface area and the relative flow rate of the heat carriers over the time of their use. The results obtained in the study, including the conclusions formulated on their basis, are of significant practical importance for the designers of steam boilers. The results also are useful for maintenance personnel, whose immediate responsibilities include determining the real possibilities of improving the convective heat-transfer system, based on the known parameters of the temperature of the coolant at the entrance to the system and at the exit from it.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Taras Kravets
1
ORCID: ORCID
Igor Galyanchuk
1
Oksana Yurasova
1
Andrii Kapustianskyi
2
Kateryna Romanova
3

  1. Department of Heat Engineering and Thermal and Nuclear Power Plants, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Ukraine
  2. Thermal Mechanical Department, JSC “Tekhenergo”, Ukraine
  3. Department of Heat Engineering, National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute"
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Abstrakt

The usage of wet methods for flue gas dedusting from coalfired boilers is associated with significant heat losses and water resources. Widespread emulsifiers of the first and second generation are satisfactory in terms of flue gas cleaning efficiency (up to 99.5%), but at the same time do not create conditions for deeper waste heat recovery, leading to lowering the temperature of gases. Therefore, in the paper, an innovative modernization, including installing an additional economizer in front of the scrubber (emulsifier) is proposed, as part of the flue gas passes through a parallel bag filter. At the outlet of the emulsifier and the bag filter, the gases are mixed in a suitable ratio, whereby the gas mixture entering the stack does not create conditions for condensation processes in the stack.
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Bibliografia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Iliya Krastev Iliev
1
Tomasz Kowalczyk
2
ORCID: ORCID
Hristo Kvanov Beloev
1
Angel Kostadinov Terziev
3
Krzysztof Jan Jesionek
4
Janusz Badur
2

  1. University of Ruse, Department of Thermotechnics, Hydraulics and Environmental Engineering, Studentska 8, 7017 Ruse, Bulgaria
  2. Energy Conversion Department, Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14, 80-251 Gdansk, Poland
  3. Technical University of Sofia, Department of Power Engineering and Power Machines, Kliment Ohridski 8, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
  4. Witelon Collegium State University, Faculty of Technical and Economic Science, Sejmowa 5C, 59-220 Legnica, Poland

Abstrakt

This article presents changes in the operating parameters of a combined gas-steam cycle with a CO2 capture installation and flue gas recirculation. Parametric equations are solved in a purpose-built mathematical model of the system using the Ebsilon Professional code. Recirculated flue gases from the heat recovery boiler outlet, after being cooled and dried, are fed together with primary air into the mixer and then into the gas turbine compressor. This leads to an increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the flue gases fed into the CO2 capture installation from 7.12 to 15.7%. As a consequence, there is a reduction in the demand for heat in the form of steam extracted from the turbine for the amine solution regeneration in the CO2 capture reactor. In addition, the flue gas recirculation involves a rise in the flue gas temperature (by 18 K) at the heat recovery boiler inlet and makes it possible to produce more steam. These changes contribute to an increase in net electricity generation efficiency by 1%. The proposed model and the obtained results of numerical simulations are useful in the analysis of combined gas-steam cycles integrated with carbon dioxide separation from flue gases.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Tadeusz Chmielniak
Paweł Mońka
Paweł Pilarz

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