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Abstract

Antirealism is often regarded by philosophers as a model example of contemporary anti‑Cartesianism, chiefly because of the argumentation by Hilary Putnam presented in his Brains in a Vat and deeply rooted in antirealist semantics. But if we look closer, relations between Cartesianism and antirealism cannot be reduced to an opposition but are much more complex. Like Cartesianism, antirealism also attaches great significance to methodology universal for all philosophy, although antirealist ‘philosophy of thought’, contrary to its Cartesian counterpart, is antipsychological and boils down to Wittgensteinian philosophy that interprets language as something inherently public. But Dummettian antirealism contains also a Fregean concept of systematic theory of meaning, which should provide clear view of language rules and give us an ability to correct our imperfect language practice. For Wittgenstein and Putnam, who view this practice as the essence of language, this kind of attempt to correct language from outside is unacceptable. In this matter, Michael Dummett seems to be rather in harmony with the Cartesian ideal of thought as pure and distinct, and with the program of detached rationality. This impression is strengthened by his demand to adopt a ‘full‑blooded’ theory of meaning. Moreover, as it has been noted by Timothy Williamson, antirealism demands luminosity of meaning, which makes you wonder if it is not, like Cartesianism, one more case of epistemological foundationalism. These problems of antirealism seem to suggest strong internal tensions arising from an attempt, not entirely successful, to unify the thought of later Wittgenstein with more traditional rationalisms of Descartes and Frege.
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Bibliography

1. Ambrus V. (1999), Is Putnam’s Causal Theory of Meaning Compatible with Internal Realism?, „Journal for General Philosophy of Science” 30, s. 1–16.
2. Candlish S., Wrisley G. (2019), Private Language, w: E.N. Zalta (red.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall Edition), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/ fall2019/entries/private‑language/
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10. Dummett M. (1993a), The Seas of Language, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
11. Dummett M. (1993b), Origins of Analytical Philosophy, London: Duckworth.
12. Dummett M. (1995), Realność przeszłości, przeł. T. Szubka, w: T. Szubka (red.), Metafizyka w filozofii analitycznej, Lublin: Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL, s. 257–274.
13. Dummett M. (1998), Logiczna podstawa metafizyki, przeł. W. Sady, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
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16. Dummett M. (2006b), Znaczenie i uzasadnienie, przeł. T. Szubka, w: U.M. Żegleń (red.), Teoria znaczenia Michaela Dummetta i jej konsekwencje metafizyczne, Toruń: Dom Wydawniczy Duet, s. 119–143.
17. Dummett M. (2007), Reply to Hilary Putnam, w: R.E. Auxier, L.E. Hahn (red.), The Philosophy of Michael Dummett, Chicago: Open Court, s. 168–184.
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22. Putnam H. (1998), Wiele twarzy realizmu i inne eseje, przeł. A. Grobler, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
23. Putnam H. (2004), Ethics without Ontology, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
24. Putnam H. (2011), Argument teoriomodelowy a poszukiwanie realizmu zdroworozsądkowego, przeł. K. Czerniawski, T. Szubka, „Filozofia Nauki” 73 (1), s. 7–24.
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30. Woleński J. (2001), Epistemologia, t. III: Wiedza i poznanie, Kraków: Aureus.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Czerniawski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Warszawski, Wydział Filozofii, ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 3, 00-927 Warszawa
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Abstract

This paper sets out to characterise and analyse logical atomism of Bertrand Russell. Main tenets of that theory are described by reference to Russell’s lecture Facts and Propositions (1918) and to other publications by that author. The essential claims of Russell’s position are discussed and confronted with tenets of ontology of situations developed by Bogusław Wolniewicz, a position inspired by logical atomism of Ludwig Wittgenstein. The author argues that several of Russell’s theses on logical atomism can be interpreted in the light of Wolniewicz’s ontology of situations. Finally, some minor concluding remarks are offered that can help to develop an ontology conceived in the spirit of the ontology of logical atomism. 366 Janusz Kaczmarek
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Kaczmarek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Łódzki, Instytut Filozofii, ul. Lindleya 3/5, 90-131 Łódź
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Abstract

The paper discusses the relation of Wittgenstein’s philosophy to externalism. Its main claim is that even though Wittgenstein often resorted to externalist arguments in his rejection of mentalism in meaning analysis, he never adopted the externalism position – neither did he agree on internalism. Wittgenstein’s philosophy is atheoretical and therapeutic; as such, it draws on grammatical elucidations of philosophical quandaries which results in the theoretical stances reaching beyond the options admissible to either externalism or internalism.
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Bibliography

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Putnam H. (1998), Wiele twarzy realizmu i inne eseje, przeł. A. Grobler, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.

Sawyer S. (2003), Conceptual Errors and Social Externalism, „The Philosophical Quarterly” 53, s. 265–273.

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Wittgenstein L. (1997), Tractatus logico‑philosophicus, przeł. B. Wolniewicz, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.

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Wittgenstein L. (1999a), Bemerkungen über die Philosophie der Psychologie, w: tenże, Werkausgabe, Bd. 7, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.

Wittgenstein L. (1999b), Kartki, przeł. S. Lisiecka, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo KR. Wittgenstein L. (2000a), Dociekania filozoficzne, przeł. B. Wolniewicz, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.

Wittgenstein L. (2000b), Uwagi o podstawach matematyki, przeł. M. Poręba, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo KR.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Dehnel
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Dolnośląska Szkoła Wyższa, ul. Strzegomska 55, 53‑611 Wrocław
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Abstract

In Tractatus Logico‑Philosophicus Wittgenstein referred to a relatively small number of philosophers, and Fritz Mauthner was one of them, although his work is nowadays largely forgotten. In thesis 4.0031 Wittgenstein claimed that his critique of language was quite different from Mauthner’s project. What could it mean then for contemporary discussions on the Tractatus? In this paper it is argued that for Wittgenstein it amounted to rejection of both the resolute and the materialistic interpretation of the Tractatus. On the one hand, Mauthner thought that language could not be exhaustively analyzed by semantics and logic. On the other hand, he believed that one of the greatest illusions of philosophers who investigated language was the conviction that one of the most fundamental features of language is its referential function. These are the claims that the proponents of the radical interpretation read into the Tractatus. But thesis 4.0031 shows that they are wrong. Moreover, in his critique of the referential function of language Mauthner associated states of affairs directly with brain states of a given agent. As for the representatives of the materialistic interpretation of the Tractatus, they attribute to theses 5.54–5.5422 a similar view on the relation between man and the world. Hence, thesis 4.0031 falsifies their reading, as well.
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Bibliography

Arens K. (1995), Mach und Mauthner: Der Fall eines Paradigmenwechsels, w: E. Leinfellner, H. Schleichert (red.), Fritz Mauthner: Das Werk eines Kritischen Denkers, Wien: Böhlau, s. 95–109.

Berlage A. (1994), Empfindung, Ich und Sprache um 1900: Ernst Mach, Hermann Bahr und Fritz Mauthner im Zusammenhang, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.

Brentano F. (1977), Die Abkehr vom Nichtrealen, Hamburg: Meiner.

Conant J. (2009), Rozjaśnienie i nonsens u Fregego i wczesnego Wittgensteina, przeł. T. Zarębski, w: A. Crary, R. Read (red.), Wittgenstein – nowe spojrzenie, Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Dolnośląskiej Szkoły Wyższej, s. 211–256.

Dayton E. (1976), Tractatus 5.54–5.5422, „Canadian Journal of Philosophy” 6, s. 275–283.

Dehnel P. (2014), Ludwig Wittgenstein: teoria a terapia, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.

Diamond C. (2009a), Etyka, wyobraźnia i metoda „Traktatu” Wittgensteina, przeł. P. Mroczkiewicz, w: A. Crary, R. Read (red.), Wittgenstein – nowe spojrzenie, Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Dolnośląskiej Szkoły Wyższej, s. 181–209.

Diamond C. (2009b), Czy Bismarck ma żuka w pudełku? Argument języka prywatnego w „Tractatus logico‑philosophicus”, przeł. M. Gusin, w: A. Crary, R. Read (red.), Wittgenstein – nowe spojrzenie, Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Dolnośląskiej Szkoły Wyższej, s. 307–341.

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Hacker P. (2009), Czy próbował to zagwizdać?, przeł. P. Dehnel, w: A. Crary, R. Read (red.), Wittgenstein – nowe spojrzenie, Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Dolnośląskiej Szkoły Wyższej, s. 409–447.

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Le Rider J. (2012), Fritz Mauthner: scepticisme linguistique et modernité, Paris: Bartillat.

Machlarz A. (2006), Fritza Mauthnera krytyka języka i jej konsekwencje dla metodologii nauk o kulturze, „Przegląd Filozoficzny – Nowa Seria” 15, s. 49–66.

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Wittgenstein L. (2000b), Tractatus logico‑philosophicus [cyt. jako TLP], przeł. B. Wolniewicz, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Dobrzeniecki
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Akademia Katolicka w Warszawie, ul. Dewajtis 3, 01‑815 Warszawa
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Abstract

Most philosophers believe that a unified philosophical account of mental and non -mental actions is possible. This article presents two arguments indicating that in fact it is not possible. The first one says that thinking is not an activity. Its formulation, however, is exposed to significant difficulties. The second argument avoids these difficulties and puts forward a different, though sometimes erroneously identified, thesis that mental and non-mental actions differ significantly, and therefore one theory should not be expected to include both phenomena. Acceptance of this result sheds new light on the problems associated with the language of thought and gives promise to a new answer to the question “What is Le Penseur doing?”

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Authors and Affiliations

Mateusz Karwowski
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Abstract

Seldom did Bertrand Russell discuss the movement or the trend that he himself contributed in a large measure to establish. He did not make frequent use of the term ‘analytic philosophy’, which was entering circulation in the first half of the twentieth century. However, he was fully aware of the distinctiveness of this movement that he described, using the lenses of his own philosophical preferences, referring to it as new realistic philosophy or scientific philosophy. In his later works Russell vehemently and inadequately attacked the linguistic version of analytic philosophy that originated with and was developed by Ludwig Wittgenstein in his Philosophical Investigations, to be later continued by Oxford ordinary language philosophers. The juxtaposition and consideration of various Russell’s statements on analytic philosophy from the successive stages of the development of his philosophical views help the reader to better understand Russellian metaphilosophy and follow the evolution of the philosophical tradition that he exemplified.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tadeusz Szubka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Szczeciński, Instytut Filozofii i Kognitywistyki, ul. Krakowska 71- 79, 71-017 Szczecin
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Abstract

The linguistic philosophy (Oxford School) is a trend in analytical philosophy, critical about the claims of formal logic. Its followers want to investigate problems using an analysis of ordinary language. Peter F. Strawson is one of the most prominent representatives of this line of thoughts. He is also a philosopher who has done a lot toward a rehabilitation of metaphysics in British philosophy. In my paper I present an analysis of Strawson’s metaphilosophical ideas and I offer a critical discussion of Karl R. Popper’s attitude to linguistic philosophy.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ryszard Kleszcz
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

For P.F. Strawson self is an embodied agent. The aim of my paper is to discuss those fragments of Strawson’s philosophical work which directly refer to the concept of self. I try to show that Strawson’s view on the nature of self and self-reference is distinct and different from L. Wittgenstein’s nihilism and from the modest nihilism advocated by G.E.M. Anscombe.

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Authors and Affiliations

Adriana Schetz
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Abstract

According to Descartes, it is possible to doubt successfully that there is external world, all around us, yet still to have language, in place, without any complication. According to Wittgenstein, to doubt everything about the external world except language means nothing more than to doubt everything about the external world including language. Why? No speaker is more certain about the meaning of his words than about the external things he believes to be unassailable (for example, that he has two hands and two legs). Without this constitutive connection there would be no communication of a definite sense. Wittgenstein suggests that, after the author of the Meditations on First Philosophy adopts the hypothesis of evil deceiver, we are only under the impression that we deal with language (or that we read a text). We instead deal with symptoms of something rather different. The objective of this paper is to critically reassess Wittgenstein’s criticism of the possibility of holding such a radical sceptical position.

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Authors and Affiliations

Tomáš Čanal
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Abstract

Artykuł podejmuje kwestię wpływu filozofii L. Wittgensteina na filozofięnauki, za bezpośredni przedmiot refleksji biorąc koncepcję S.E. Toulmina. O ile wedle utartego schematu „wczesny” Wittgenstein stanowił inspirację dla logicznego pozytywizmu Koła Wiedeńskiego, to myśl „późnego” Wittgensteina stanowiła wsparcie dla post- czy antypozytywistycznej filozofii nauki. Przykład Toulmina jest o tyle odmienny, że jego koncepcja – uznawana również za antypozytywistyczną – czerpie w dużej mierze z Toulminowskiego odczytania Traktatu. W odczytaniu tym istotną rolę odgrywają argumenty historyczne, odwołujące się do kulturowego kontekstu Wiednia Habsburgów, gdzie dorastał Wittgenstein, w myśl których idee Traktatu nawiązują raczej do koncepcji H. Hertza niż do myśli E. Macha, bliskiej neopozytywizmowi. Wiodącą rolę odgrywają trzy wątki: 1) zinterpretowanie terminu „obraz” jako „modelu”, również modelu matematycznego, a nie jako „wrażenia zmysło-wego”, 2) wprowadzenie aktywnego, konstruktywistycznego elementu w tworzeniu owych modeli, 3) wykorzystanie przedstawionego w Traktacie obrazu systemu mechaniki jako formalnej siatki z różnorakimi możliwościami układu oczek (tezy od 6.34). Artykuł ukazuje, że główne pojęcie, na którym opiera się wizja nauk fizycznych Toulmina, a mianowicie „sposoby reprezentacji” świata, traktowane w sposób zbliżony do „modeli”, wpisuje się dobrze w jego interpretację Traktatu.

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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Zarębski

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