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Abstract

The work presents experiment results from the area of copper casting technology and chosen examples of alloyed copper. At present,

copper casting technology is applied in many branches of industrial manufacturing, especially in the sector of construction,

communications, arms and power engineering. Alloyed copper, containing slight additions of different elements and having special

physio-chemical properties, is used in a special range of applications. Copper technology and alloyed copper analyses have been presented,

these materials being used for cast manufacturing for power engineering. The quality of casts has been assessed, based on their

microstructure analysis, chemical content and the cast properties. During the research, special deoxidizing and modifying agents were

applied for copper and chosen examples of alloyed copper; also exemplary samples were tested with the help of metallographic analysis,

electrical conductivity and gaseous impurities research.

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Authors and Affiliations

S. Rzadkosz
J. Kozana
M. Piękoś
A. Garbacz-Klempka
M. Kranc
W. Cieślak
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Abstract

This study evaluated the effect of milling speed and compaction pressure on the densification and morphology of the CuZn-Gr composite. The composite was prepared by using the powder metallurgy technique. The effect on the microstructural and compaction was determined based on different milling speeds. The different milling speeds involved were 175, 200, 225, and 250 rpm. Meanwhile, the different compaction pressures used in this study were 127, 250, 374, and 500 MPa. The properties of the milled powder gave the result to green density and densification parameters. The XRD pattern of Cu and Zn broadened as milling time increased.
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Authors and Affiliations

M.N. Masri
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Mohammad
1
M. Yusoff
1
ORCID: ORCID
S. Mamat
1
ORCID: ORCID
P.T. Teo
1
ORCID: ORCID
R. Othman
2
A.R. Irfan
3 4
ORCID: ORCID
Pramod K. Singh
5
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, 17600 Jeli Kelantan, Malaysia
  2. Urich Technology (KC0023880-A), No. 457, Lorong 7/1, Taman Semarak, 08000 Sungai Petani, Kedah, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
  5. Sharda University, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Department of Physics, Center of Excellence on Solar Cells & Renewable Energy, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201308, India
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Abstract

There are presents the internal recycling in anode furnace, in addition to mainly blister copper and converter copper. During the process

there arise the two types of semi-finished products intended for further pyro metallurgical processing: anode copper and anode slag. The

stream of liquid blister copper enters into the anode furnace treatment, in which the losses are recovered, e.g. copper, resulting from

oxidation and reduction of sulfides, oxides and the oxidation of metallic compounds of lead, zinc and iron. In the liquid phase there are

still gaseous states, which gives the inverse relationship relating to the solid phase, wherein the gases found an outlet in waste gas or

steam. The results of chemical analysis apparently differ from each other, because crystallite placement, the matrix structure and the

presence of other phases and earth elements are not compared, which can be regained in the process of electrorefining. One should not

interpret negatively smaller proportion of copper in the alloy, since during the later part of the production more elements can be obtained,

for example from sludge, such as platinum group metals and lanthanides. According to the research the quality of blister copper, to a large

extent, present in the alloy phase to many other elements, which can be recovered.

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Authors and Affiliations

A.W. Bydałek
P. Schlafka
K. Grządko
W. Wołczyński
P. Kwapisiński
M. Wędrychowicz
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Abstract

This investigation is concerned with the extraction of nugget copper particles from copper recovery plant slag which recycled of copper scrap. For this purpose, the Falcon concentrator was used because of its enhanced gravity properties. The Falcon concentrator has a fast spinning bowl which creates a centrifugal force to separate fine size minerals on the basis of their density differences. In the tests, the tailings of the copper recovery plant were used and the test sample was divided into two groups and one of them was classified in narrow particle sizes. The operational parameters were determined as particle size, centrifugal force and washing water pressures. The water pressure and centrifugal force have an inversely proportional relationship. Because of this phenomenon, the G/P parameter was created. The test conditions were applied to the whole distribution sample and narrow size distribution samples in the same way.

The test results indicate that the average grade was elevated from 1.04% to 6.50% with the recovery of 15.07% and 619% enrichment ratio for narrow sizes, whereas grade was elevated to 4.36% with 13.24% recovery and 415.94% enrichment ratio for the whole distribution. As a result, the recovery and grade values of concentrates are not good enough for gravity concentration process for both samples. However, this process was applied to the double recycled material and the lower recovery, grade values can be tolerated because of concentrate is nugget copper metal. The concentrate can also be washed in cleaning table for increasing the grade value for adding to initial feed of plant. This process can, therefore, supply important earnings not only economically but also environmentally.

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Authors and Affiliations

Murat Kademli
Namik Atakan Aydogan
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Abstract

The separation or beneficiation processes are conducted in many devices and concern many various types of minerals and raw materials. The aim of conducting these processes is always to achieve the best possible results allowing as much of the useful component as possible to be obtained by maintaining reasonable costs of the process. Therefore, it is important to have the possibility to monitor the process effects and to have efficient tools to evaluate the course of it. Generally, the ore’s ability to partition into concentrate and tailings is called its efficiency, upgradeability etc. It can be said that there is no unambiguous measure of upgradeability and there are many factors in use which enable to evaluate it qualitatively. Among them are such commonly known parameters as: recovery, losses, yield, upgrading ratio and many others. They are based on three principal parameters that is the average content of the useful component α, the contents of this component in concentrate β and the contents of this component in tailings ϑ. For a given ore (assuming that α = constant), the multi-product separation results can be treated as points of a trajectory located on the surface of factor w in a three dimensional space (β, ϑ, w). The course of the trajectory depends on the ore petrographic and mineralogical properties preparation for the process. For these reasons, searching for optimal (potential) possibilities of the ore is relative, which is presented in the example of Halbich, Fuerstenau and Madej upgrading curves. Such curves are efficient tools to evaluate the course of a separation (beneficiation) process and each of their types allow the effects to be shown in different perspective. Apart from this, they allow also the optimal feed conditions to conduct a certain process with aim of achieving the expected results to be found. Furthermore, the effect of the ore preparation on the flotation results, on the sum of recoveries of the useful component in concentrate and residual recovery in tailings is presented in the paper. The results indicated that any additional contamination of concentrate should be taken into account during the organization of the flotation process. In this way, the results of fractionated flotation have much valuable information to establish the course of the process.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dariusz Foszcz
Tomasz Niedoba
Tadeusz Tumidajski
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Abstract

“Wartowice” tailings pond was closed in 1989, resulting in 232,4 ha tailings pile requiring reclamation. The major problem is heavy metals presence and poor nutrient conditions and physicochemical structure of soil which disturbs the plants development. In order to assess the real condition of studied area the complete biological characteristic has been done. The physicochemical conditions were assessed altogether with phytosociological, microbiological and toxicological studies of deposits. We recorded only 27 species of vascular plants belonging to 15 families on the tailings pond of which 5 belong to Rosaceae, 4 to Asteraceae and 3 to Poaceae and Saliceae. Species inhabiting the tailings depended on their dispersal capacity, metal tolerance and rhizome strategy. Microbiological analyses revealed the low number of bacteria and fungi on the tailings pond, apart from the small uplift area where the plants were indentified. Bacteria identified on the tailings pond were classified to 8 genera. The low number of bacteria suggests the lack of nutrients which affects the development of soil microflora. Toxicity tests showed that post-flotation sludge is not toxic to microorganisms because of its high pH. Some plants, such as lucerne could even influence positively the microorganisms development what has been proved in our studies. The tailings toxicity was higher towards producers, where Secale cereale appeared to be the most sensitive species. Amendment with topsoil from adjacent areas can influence positively the phytotoxic properties of tailings and enrich them into native seeds.

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Authors and Affiliations

Justyna Rybak
Barbara Kołwzan
Kazimierz Grabas
Grzegorz Pasternak
Małgorzata Krawczyńska
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Abstract

Slag refining slag with west materials was analysed used the DTA methods. In the paper a method of determining the reduction capability, with the Carbo-N-Ox method, of slag solutions was used. Some relations between the stimulators in the environment - slag - metal system allow to initiate mass exchange reactions in the process of slag refining.The presented in work course of behaviour permits on choice of basic composition of slaglite, the of necessary components stimulating quantities, as well as on accomplishment of opinion of ability refinement. The worked out programme Slag-Prop, after introduction of data with experiment, it allows on next corrections in composition of proposed mixtures also, should be put on properly elaborated factors of multistage reaction with essential usage of suitable stimulators.
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Authors and Affiliations

A.W. Bydałek
S. Biernat
P. Schlafka
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Abstract

The Northern Copper Belt is located in south-western Poland, a region well known for its copper and silver occurrences of varying significance. This area also includes the abandoned mines of the North-Sudetic Trough (Old Copper District), as well as the currently active New Copper District in the southern part of the Fore- Sudetic Monocline. The vast exploration programme of Miedzi Copper Corp. initiated in 2011 in the northern, deeper part of the Fore Sudetic Monocline provided new data about the deeper parts of this geological unit, located north of the known deposits. A number of prospective areas with Cu-Ag mineralization were investigated, which ultimately resulted in the discovery of three new Cu-Ag deposits. Both the prospective areas and the documented deposits form the so-called Northern Copper Belt, which as a whole has high potential for the identification of new ore deposits and an increase in resources. A description of these three new deposits is provided along with characteristics of the areas of their possible extension, and the additional prospective areas with hypothetical and speculative resources. The new deposits are compared to other Polish Cu-Ag ore deposits, with an emphasis on differences in their geological structure and mineralogy. The paper also presents a brief summary of the applied new exploration tools which have led to this discovery.
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Authors and Affiliations

Stanisław Speczik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Szamałek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jan Wierchowiec
1
Krzysztof Zieliński
2
ORCID: ORCID
Alicja Pietrzela
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Bieńko
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland
  2. Miedzi Copper Corp., Al. Jerozolimskie 96, 00-807 Warszawa, Poland
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Abstract

In this study, the aim was to model the toxic effect of copper (Cu) and analyse the removal of Cu in aqueous Saharan and non-Saharan mediums by Lemna minor. Two separate test groups were formed: with Saharan dust (S) and without Saharan dust (WS). These test groups were exposed to 3 different Cu concentrations (0.05, 0.50 and 5.00 ppm). Time, concentration, and group-dependent removal effi ciencies were compared using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test and statistically signifi cant differences were found. The optimum removal values were tested at the highest concentration 79.6% in the S medium and observed on the 4th day for all test groups. The lowest removal value (16%) was observed at 0.50 ppm on the 1st day in the WS medium. When the S medium and WS medium were compared, in all test groups Cu was removed more successfully in the S medium than the WS medium contaminated by Cu in 3 different concentrations of (0.05 ppm, 0.50 ppm, 5.00 ppm). The regression analysis was also tested for all prediction models. Different models were performed and it was found that cubic models show the highest predicted values (R2). The R2 values of the estimation models were found to be at the interval of 0.939–0.991 in the WS medium and 0.995–1.000 in the S medium.

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Authors and Affiliations

Adeleh Rashidi
Şeyda Fikirdeşici Ergen
Mehmet Karakas
Ahmet C. Saydam
Ahmet Altındağ
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Abstract

In the vicinity of copper foundry “Głogów” agricultural farms exist for 35 years. The aim of the work was to determine if biotypes of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) growing for many years in heavy metals polluted environment showed any differences in the efficacy of herbicides’ control. Seeds of C. album were collected near Głogów, from four cultivated fields with different content of heavy metals in soil (mainly copper). From these seeds experimental plants were grown in greenhouse conditions. In greenhouse experiments the efficacy of control of C. album by different pyridate (6-chloro-3-phenylpyridazin-4-yl S-octyl thiocarbonate) doses also in combinations with 0.2% CuSO4 was compared. Also the efficacy of pyridate in control of C. album seedlings which were grown in pots with soils collected from the vicinity of smelter was tested. Additionally, in growth chamber, the effect of increasing copper concentration on shoot and root growth was analyzed. Pyridate showed similar efficacy on tested populations of C. album without respect of soil contamination level, seeds’ origin and presence of copper ions in spray solution in which herbicide was used in full dose. Statistical differences were observed when herbicide was applied at ⅓ pyridate full dose, especially in the presence of Cu2+ ions in spray solution.

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Authors and Affiliations

Urszula Dopierała
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Abstract

There are two methods to produce primary copper: hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical. Copper concentrates, from which copper

matte is melted, constitute the charge at melting primary copper in the pyrometallurgical process. This process consists of a few stages, of

which the basic ones are roasting and smelting. Smelting process may be bath and flash. Slag from copper production, on the end of

process contain less 0,8%. It is treat as a waste or used other field, but only in a few friction. The slag amount for waste management or

storage equaled 11 741 – 16 011 million tons in 2011. This is a serious ecological problem. The following slags were investigated: slag

originated from the primary copper production process in the flash furnace of the Outtokumpuja Company in HM Głogów 2 (Sample S2):

the same slag after the copper removal performed according the up to now technology (Sample S1): slag originated from the primary

copper production process in the flash furnace of the Outtokumpuja Company in HM Głogów 2, after the copper removal performed

according the new technology (Sample S3). In practice, all tested slags satisfy the allowance criteria of storing on the dumping grounds of

wastes other than hazardous and neutral.

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Authors and Affiliations

W. Wołczyński
M. Holtzer
A. Bydałek
A. Kmita
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Abstract

The scope of work included the launch of the process of refining slag suspension in a gas oven using a variety of technological additives.

After the refining process (in the context of copper recovery), an assessment of the effect of selected reagents at the level of the slag

refining suspension (in terms of copper recovery). Method sieve separated from the slag waste fraction of metallic, iron - silicate and

powdery waste. Comparison of these photographs macroscopic allowed us to evaluate the most advantageous method of separating

metallic fraction from the slag. After applying the sample A (with KF2 + NaCl) we note that in some parts of the slag are still large

amounts of metallic fraction. The fraction of slag in a large majority of the elements has the same size of 1 mm, and a larger portion of the

slag, the size of which is from 2 to 6 mm. Definitely the best way is to remove the copper by means of the component B (with NaCl ) and

D (with KF2

). However, as a result of removing the copper by means of component C (with CaO) were also obtained a relatively large

number of tiny droplets of copper, which was problematic during segregation. In both cases we were able to separate the two fractions in a

fast and simple manner.

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Authors and Affiliations

P. Migas
S. Biernat
P. Kwapisiński
W. Wołczyński
A.W. Bydałek
A. Bydałek
K. Jasińska
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Abstract

The suspension of the copper droplets in the post-processing slag taken directly from the KGHM-Polska Miedź S.A. Factory (from the

direct-to-blister technology as performed in the flash furnace) was subjected to the special treatment with the use of the one of the typical

industrial reagent and with the complex reagent newly patented by the authors. This treatment was performed in the BOLMET S.A.

Company in the semi-industrial conditions. The result of the CaCO3, and Na2CO3 chemicals influence on the coagulation and subsequent

sedimentation of copper droplets on the crucible bottom were subjected to comparison with the sedimentation forced by the mentioned

complex reagent. The industrial chemicals promoted the agglomeration of copper droplets but the coagulation was arrested / blocked by

the formation of the lead envelope. Therefore, buoyancy force forced the motion of the partially coagulated copper droplets towards the

liquid slag surface rather than sedimentation on the crucible bottom. On the other hand, the complex reagent was able to influence the

mechanical equilibrium between copper droplets and some particles of the liquid slag as well as improve the slag viscosity. Finally, the

copper droplets coagulated successfully and generally, were subjected to a settlement on the crucible bottom as desired / requested.

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Authors and Affiliations

W. Wołczyński
A.W. Bydałek
K. Najman
J. Karwan-Baczewska
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Abstract

During the slag refining process, in the real systems, the complex processes of mass exchange appear. Some relations between the stimulators in the environment - slag - metal system allow to initiate mass exchange reactions in the process of slag refining. Due to this kind of influences there is a possibility of direction and control of melting copper and it’s alloys.
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Authors and Affiliations

A.W. Bydałek
P. Schlafka
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Abstract

The aim of this study was to verify the hypothesis postulating that the supplementation of turkey diets with Cu nanoparticles can lower dietary inclusion levels of Cu without compromising the growth rate and antioxidant status of turkeys. The experiment was carried out on 648 one-day-old Hybrid Converter turkeys divided into 6 groups with 6 replicates per group, in a two-factorial design with 3 dietary inclusion levels of Cu (20, 10 and 2 mg/kg) and 2 dietary sources of Cu - copper sulfate (Cu-SUL) and Cu nanoparticles (Cu-NP). At 42 days of age, blood samples were collected from 2 birds per replicate (12 birds per group), after slaughter livers were collected for analyses. Blood and liver samples were assayed for: Cu, Zn, Ca, P, Mg, GLU, TP, ALB, UREA, TAG, TC, UA, ALT, AST, ALT, GGT, ALP, SOD, GPx, CAT, VIT C, FRAP, GSH+GSSG, LOOH, MDA. The results of this experiment demonstrate that a decrease in the dietary inclusion levels of Cu from 10 mg/kg to 2 mg/kg does not compromise the growth performance of turkeys, but weakens antioxidant defense mechanisms. A Cu dose of 20 mg/kg induces oxidation reactions and has a much more inhibitory effect on the antioxidant defense system than dietary Cu content of 2 mg/kg. In turkeys, dietary supplementation with Cu-NP has a more beneficial effect on carbohydrate metabolism and antioxidant status compared with Cu-SUL. The results of analyses examining the antioxidant and metabolic status of young turkeys indicate that 10 mg/kg is the optimal dietary inclusion level of Cu.
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Authors and Affiliations

K. Kozłowski
J. Jankowski
K. Otowski
Z. Zduńczyk
K. Ognik
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Abstract

In the paper an analysis of the influence of two parameters on the die wear, i.e. the shape of the die and the backpull with the specified force values has been presented. The conical and curve-profile tools have been selected to determine an influence of the die geometry on its wear, and the backpull force has been tested with the use of conical dies. The research was conducted for the drawing of copper wire by sintered carbide die with a mesh diameter of 3 mm. A fixed draw value of 30% relative gap loss was assumed. The axisymmetric numerical model of the drawing process was built and modeled in the MARC/Mentat commercial program for nonlinear and contact issues. As a result of the tests, wear of the dies according to their shape was determined. In addition, for the conical die the drawing force and the force of the metal pressure on the die using different values of the force of the contraction were calculated, as well as wear of the conical die according to the value of the applied backpull force. It has been shown that in the case of the arc die, the distribution of pressure and stress is more uniform over the entire length of the contact zone compared to the conical die. The highest stress gradients occurred in the area of the transition of the crushing part into the drawing part of the die, which caused that the use of the conical die in this area was more than twice as large as the arc die. In addition, on the example of a conical die, it was shown to what extent the depth of its wear decreases with an increase of the test pull force in the range (0-400) of Newtons.

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Authors and Affiliations

I. Nowotyńska
S. Kut
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Abstract

Copper slag is a by-product obtained during smelting and refining of copper. Copper smelting slag typically contains about 1 wt.% copper and 40 wt.% iron depending upon the initial ore quality and the furnace type. Main components of copper slag are iron oxide and silica. These exist in copper slag mainly in the form of fayalite (2FeO ·SiO2). This study was intended to recover pig iron from the copper smelting slag by reduction smelting method. At the reaction temperature of below 1400°С the whole copper smelting slag was not smelted, and some agglomerated, showing a mass in a sponge form. The recovery behavior of pig iron from copper smelting slag increases with increasing smelting temperature and duration. The recovery rate of pig iron varied greatly depending on the reaction temperature.

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Authors and Affiliations

U. Erdenebold
H.-M. Choi
J.-P. Wang
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Abstract

The current rockburst hazard conditions in the copper mines are the consequence of mining-induced seismicity of the rock strata whilst the majority of registered rockbursts have been caused by high-energy seismic events. T he analysis of seismic activity in recent years indicates that the region of the Rudna mine is the region of the highest seismic activity. This paper is an attempt at evaluating the seismicity levels in the Rudna mine in the period from 2006-2015, within the entire mine and in its particular sections. Key parameters of seismic activity include the number of registered seismic events, total energy emission levels, and a unit energy factor. The variability of Gutenberg -Richter (GR) parameters are analyzed and the epicenters’ locations are investigated with respect to the stope position. T he distinction is made between low-energy (103 ≤ As < 105 J) and high-energy (As ≥ 105J) seismic events ahead of the stope, in the opening-up cross-throughs and in the gob areas. It appears that the risk level of a high-energy event occurrence in the R udna mine has not changed in recent years and has remained on a high level whilst the differences in seismic activity, in particular mine sections, are attributed to the varied extraction height and varied thickness of rockburst-prone carbonate layers in the roof of the copper ore deposit. The analysis of the epicenters’ locations with respect to the stope reveals that no matter what the seismic energy levels, the largest number of rockbursts are registered in the opening-up cross-through zone. Low-energy tremors are mostly located in the gob areas, high-energy events occur mostly ahead of the stope. T hus, the evaluation of the seismicity conditions in the Rudna mine seems to positively verify the relationship between the number of registered events and the levels of generated seismic energy, taking the local geological and mining conditions and the specificity of the room and pillar mining method into account.

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Authors and Affiliations

Zbigniew Burtan
Dariusz Chlebowski
Jerzy Cieślik
Andrzej Zorychta
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Abstract

Mining-induced seismicity, particularly high-energy seismic events, is a major factor giving rise to dynamic phenomena within the rock strata. Rockbursts and stress relief events produce the most serious consequences in underground mines, are most difficult to predict and tend to interact with other mining hazards, thus making control measures difficult to implement. In the context of steadily increasing mining depth within copper mines in the Legnica-Głogów Copper Belt Area (Poland) alongside the gradually decreasing effective mining thickness, a study of the causes and specificity of mining-induced seismicity in specific geological and mining settings may improve the effectiveness of the prevention and control measures taken to limit the negative impacts of rockbursts in underground mine workings, thus ensuring safe working conditions for miners. This study investigates the presumed relationship between the mined ore deposit thickness and fundamental parameters of mining-induced seismicity, with the main focus on the actual locations of their epicenters with respect to the working face in commonly used room-and-pillar systems. Data recalled in this study was supplied by the O/ZG Rudna geophysics station. Based on information about the actual ore deposit thickness in particular sections of the mines (Rudna Główna, Rudna Północna, Rudna Zachodnia) and recent reports on seismic activity in this area, three panels were selected for further studies (each in different mine region), where the ore deposit thickness was varied (panel G-7/5 – Rudna Główna, panel XX/1 – Rudna Północna, panel XIX/1 – Rudna Zachodnia). Data from seismic activity reports in those regions was used for energetic and quantitative analysis of seismic events in the context of the epicenter location with respect to the selected mining system components: undisturbed strata, working face and abandoned excavations. In consideration of the available rockburst control methods and preventive measures, all events (above 1 × 103 J) registered in the database were analysed to infer about the global rockburst hazard level in the panel and phenomena induced (provoked) by blasting were considered in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the implemented control measures.

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Authors and Affiliations

Dariusz Chlebowski
Marek Świeżowski
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Abstract

The work is a continuation of previous studies on the effect of thiuram on the mobility of heavy metals in soils. The introductory part of the work involved the analysis of properties of the soils used for the examination i.e.: the content of organic matter, acidity and mechanical properties. The content of lead, copper, manganese and zinc was determined in soils (IM HCI extracts) free from additives and soils sprayed with thiuram after 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks. The content of total metals was determined in mineralizates (soils without thiuram) obtained by a conventional method according to the ISO standards. The analysis showed that the soils used for the examination were not contaminated with any of the determined elements. The contents of Pb, Cu, Mn and Zn in soils with thiuram were different depending on metals and the time of contact of the soils with thiuram.
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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Jankieiwcz
Dorota Adamczyk
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Abstract

The article discusses the validation process of a certain method of balancing gas contained in the pore space of rocks. The validation was based upon juxtaposition of the examination of rocks’ porosity and the effects of comminution in terms of assessing the possibility of opening the pore space. The tests were carried out for six dolomite samples taken from different areas of the ‘Polkowice-Sieroszowice’ copper mine in Poland. Prior to the grinding process, the rocks’ porosity fell in the range of 0.3-14.8%, while the volume of the open pores was included in the 0.01-0.06 cm3/g range. The grinding process was performed using an original device – the GPR analyzer. The SEM analysis revealed pores of various size and shape on the surface of the rock cores, while at the same time demonstrating lack of pores following the grinding process. The grain size distribution curves were compared with the cumulative pore volume curves of the cores before grinding. In order to confirm the argument put forward in this paper – i.e. that comminution of a rock to grains of a size comparable with the size of the rock’s pores results in the release of gas contained in the pore space – the amount of gas released as a result of the comminution process was studied. The results of gas balancing demonstrated that the pore space of the investigated dolomites was filled with gas in amounts from 3.19 cm3/kg to 45.86 cm3/kg. The obtained results of the rock material comminution to grains comparable – in terms of size – to the size of the pores of investigated rocks, along with asserting the presence of gas in the pore space of the studied dolomites, were regarded as a proof that the method of balancing gas in rocks via rock comminution is correct.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mateusz Kudasik
Anna Pajdak
Norbert Skoczylas
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

As part of the work, experiments were carried out on a laboratory scale to assess the effectiveness of the use of composite capsules based on halloysite and sodium alginate for the adsorption of copper from rainwater. The halloysite was subjected to acid activation prior to the encapsulation process. The characteristics of the capsules obtained were determined by means of SEM surface imaging, nitrogen adsorption by the BET method and pH PZC measurement by the suspension method. Adsorption was studied using various operational parameters such as adsorbent dose, contact time, pH and concentration of copper ions in the rainwater. A high percentage of copper ions removal was demonstrated, i.e. 72% for halloysite (H), and 83% for activated halloysite (HA) for a dose of 2.0 g/L. Adsorption of Cu (II) was consistent with pseudo-second order kinetics. The adsorbents showed a high adsorption capacity at the level of 11.03 mg/g, determined by the Langmuir isotherm model. This model fit well with the experimental data.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Marszałek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

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