The purpose of the study, carried out in the years 2001–2003 was to determine which fungal species inhabited decaying grapevine cuttings during callusing and soon after planting them into pots. The plant material was collected from 5 commercial plantations and 8 cultivars, which were most frequently cultivated. From each plantation and cultivar 20 cuttings with symptoms of the growth inhibition or decay were randomly sampled during the callusing period i.e. March/April (term I) and 2–3 months after planting the cuttings into pots i.e. June/July (term II). The results showed that from affected grapevine cuttings Phomopsis viticola, Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata and Fusarium spp. were isolated most frequently. Moreover, it was found that after planting young cuttings into the pots, numerous isolates of soil borne pathogenes were obtained, among others Cylindrocarpon spp., Phytophthora sp., Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp.
We examined whether peroxidase activity in cutting bases and leaves and starch content in cutting bases can be used as rooting phase markers in the elepidote rhododendron cv. ‘Babites Baltais’ (Rhododendron L.). Changes in peroxidase activity in cutting leaves and bases, as well as starch content in cutting bases, were determined in relation to anatomical stages of rhizogenesis in leaf bud cuttings treated with 1% indole-3-butyric acid (IBA+) or without IBA (IBA-). The pattern of change of peroxidase activity was similar in cutting bases and leaves of IBA- leaf bud cuttings. Three phases of adventitious root formation were identified: induction, initiation and expression. During the induction phase peroxidase activity decreased, but no anatomical changes were observed in the cuttings. Peroxidase activity increased in the initiation phase when adventitious root initials were formed. Peroxidase activity decreased during the expression phase when adventitious root primordia developed. The starch content of IBA- leaf bud cuttings decreased during the first few days and then gradually rose to maximum, followed by a sharp reduction and another increase at the end of the experiment. The changes of starch content did not coincide with rooting phases as peroxidase activity did, and cannot be used as a rooting phase marker in rhododendrons. Adventitious root formation did not occur in IBA+ leaf bud cuttings, so distinct rooting phases could not be observed. There was a significant correlation between peroxidase activity in cutting bases and leaves of IBA- leaf bud cuttings. Peroxidase activity in leaves of rhododendron leaf bud cuttings are potentially useful as a marker for rooting phases, but that requires further anatomical and physiological study of rooting in leaf bud cuttings.
Development of mineral deposits located at significant depth may be carried out by means of vertical shafts. Shaft sinking technology usually requires a number of works to be carried out, including the selection of appropriate excavating techniques adapted to geological and hydrological conditions, including natural hazards. The production technology and the machines used determine the level of sinking costs and execution period. The article discusses the excavating technologies currently used across the world. Then the assumptions, concept and construction of a new generation of shaft sinking system were presented. The proposed new solution of the system and the excavating technology allow for parallel execution of key processes related to winning, loading, transport and shaft wall-side lining, which significantly increases the progress of sinking. The shaft sinking system was created by scientists from AGH in cooperation with KOPEX – Przedsiębiorstwo Budowy Szybów S. A. and Instytut Techniki Górniczej KOMAG.
The contemporary underground mining of raw minerals is more and more associated with geological and mining software packages which support the work of designers from the moment of the exploration of a deposit, determination of its size and quality, geological, hydrogeological and tectonic conditions, by planning the development and cutting of the deposit. Production planning is one of the most important activities carried out in the course of a mining project, because it allows to set specific production results of a mine in relation to a time unit, and then allows for a verification of the degree of completion of the assumed plan. At present, computer-aided design is applicable to daily or long-term output planning taking deposit, qualitative, quantitative and cost constraints into account. In the article, selected forms of ore deposits were presented. On the basis of several dozen boreholes up to 300m in length, an exemplary fragment of the ore cutting model using computer-aided design of mining works was presented. By using modern computer software - ABB MineScape with modular construction, the possibilities of improving the process of development of future exploitation areas have been determined. In particular, the arrangement of boreholes, based on which ones the cross sections were made with, present the exemplary lithostratigraphic thickness of layers, including the location of discontinuous deformations in the form of faults, and an ore bearing zone. For the block model, resources with priority for metal N o. 1 and 2 were calculated. I n the last section of the article, the cutting idea for a shallow ore deposit has been presented. The degree of effective use of the deposit has been analysed for the room and pillar mining method.
The purpose of this paper is to focus on the loss separation of non-grain-oriented electrical steels used for speed-variable rotating electrical machines. The impact of laser-cutting, used in prototype manufacturing and of flux density harmonics, occurring locally in the lamination, on the loss distribution is studied in detail. Iron losses occurring under operation can physically be separated in different loss components. In this paper, a frequency-based loss model with parameters identified for single-sheet tester specimens, cut in strips of different widths, is therefore used. Moreover, a time-domain approach considers loss distributions occurring from higher harmonics. Hysteresis losses having high sensitivity to cut edge effects are calculated by the well-known Jiles-Atherton model adapting the frequency-based loss parameters. The model is validated by free-curve measurements at a single-sheet tester. It has been shown that the studied elliptical hysteresis model becomes inaccurate particularly for specimens with small strip widths with similar dimensions as teeth of electrical machine laminations. The incorrect mapping of losses occurring from minor hysteresis loops due to higher harmonics is concluded. The results showconsequently that both, the impact of a cut edge effect and local distributions of flux density harmonics need to be considered in terms of accurate iron loss prediction of electrical machine design.
The binary classifiers are appropriate for classification problems with two class labels. For multi-class problems, decomposition techniques, like one-vs-one strategy, are used because they allow the use of binary classifiers. The ensemble selection, on the other hand, is one of the most studied topics in multiple classifier systems because a selected subset of base classifiers may perform better than the whole set of base classifiers. Thus, we propose a novel concept of the dynamic ensemble selection based on values of the score function used in the one-vs-one decomposition scheme. The proposed algorithm has been verified on a real dataset regarding the classification of cutting tools. The proposed approach is compared with the static ensemble selection method based on the integration of base classifiers in geometric space, which also uses the one-vs-one decomposition scheme. In addition, other base classification algorithms are used to compare results in the conducted experiments. The obtained results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
The paper describes a research on assessing the quality of edges resulting from the interaction of laser pulses with a material of rigid and flexible printed circuits. A modern Nd:YVO4 crystal diode-pumped solid-state laser generating a 532 nm wavelength radiation with a nanosecond pulse time was used for the research. Influence of laser parameters such as beam power and pulse repetition frequency on a heat affected zone and carbonization was investigated. Quality and morphology of laser-cut substrates were analyzed by optical microscopy. High quality laser cutting of printed circuit board substrates was obtained without delamination and surface damage, with a minimal carbonization and heat affected zone. The developed process was implemented on the printed circuit assembly line.