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Unified design method of time delayed PI controller for first order plus dead-time process models with different dead-time to time constant ratio

Arun R. Pathiran R. Muniraj M. Willjuice Iruthayarajan S.R. Boselin Prabhu T. Jarin
Archives of Control Sciences | 2021 | vol. 31 | No 2 | 447-476 | DOI: 10.24425/acs.2021.137427
Keywords PI controller time delayed PI controller dead-time compensation
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Abstract

The time delay element present in the PI controller brings dead-time compensation capability and shows improved performance for dead-time processes. However, design of robust time delayed PI controller needs much responsiveness for uncertainty in dead-time processes. Hence in this paper, robustness of time delayed PI controller has been analyzed for First Order plus Dead-Time (FOPDT) process model. The process having dead-time greater than three times of time constant is very sensitive to dead-time variation. A first order filter is introduced to ensure robustness. Furthermore, integral time constant of time delayed PI controller is modified to attain better regulatory performance for the lag-dominant processes. The FOPDT process models are classified into dead-time/lag dominated on the basis of dead-time to time constant ratio. A unified tuning method is developed for processes with a number of dead-time to time constant ratio. Several simulation examples and experimental evaluation are exhibited to show the efficiency of the proposed unified tuning technique. The applicability to the process models other than FOPDT such as high-order, integrating, right half plane zero systems are also demonstrated via simulation examples.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Arun R. Pathiran
1
R. Muniraj
2
ORCID: ORCID
M. Willjuice Iruthayarajan
3
ORCID: ORCID
S.R. Boselin Prabhu
4
T. Jarin
5
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Electrical and Electronics Technology, Ethiopian Technical University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  2. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, P.S.R. Engineering College, Sivakasi, Virudhunagar District, Tamilnadu, India
  3. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, National Engineering College, Kovilpatti, India
  4. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Surya Engineering College, Mettukadai, India
  5. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India

Optimal tuning procedure for FOPID controller of integrated industrial processes with deadtime

R. Anuja T.S. Sivarani M. Germin Nisha
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2022 | 70 | 1 | e139954 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.139954
Keywords industrial process integrated with dead time tuning of FOPID whale optimization algorithm
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Abstract

Industrial processes such as batch distillation columns, supply chain, level control etc. integrate dead times in the wake of the transportation times associated with energy, mass and information. The dead time, the cause for the rise in loop variability, also results from the process time and accumulation of time lags. These delays make the system control poor in its asymptotic stability, i.e. its lack of self-regulating savvy. The haste of the controller’s reaction to disturbances and congruence with the design specifications are largely influenced by the dead time; hence it exhorts a heed. This article is aimed at answering the following question: “How can a fractional order proportional integral derivative controller (FOPIDC) be tuned to become a perfect dead time compensator apposite to the dead time integrated industrial process?” The traditional feedback controllers and their tuning methods do not offer adequate resiliency for the controller to combat out the dead time. The whale optimization algorithm (WOA), which is a nascent (2016 developed) swarm-based meta-heuristic algorithm impersonating the hunting maneuver of a humpback whale, is employed in this paper for tuning the FOPIDC. A comprehensive study is performed and the design is corroborated in the MATLAB/Simulink platform using the FOMCON toolbox. The triumph of the WOA tuning is demonstrated through the critical result comparison of WOA tuning with Bat and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm-based tuning methods. Bode plot based stability analysis and the time domain specification based transient analysis are the main study methodologies used.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

R. Anuja
1
T.S. Sivarani
1
M. Germin Nisha
2
  1. Arunachala College of Engineering For Women, India
  2. St. Xavier’s Catholic College of Engineering, India

A High Performance Digital Time Interval Spectrometer: An Embedded, FPGA-Based System With Reduced Dead Time Behaviour

Mohammad Arkani
Metrology and Measurement Systems | 2015 | vol. 22 | No 4 | 601-619
Keywords time interval spectrum stochastic process TDC dead time effect Monte Carlo simulation FPGA
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Abstract

In this work, a fast 32-bit one-million-channel time interval spectrometer is proposed based on field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The time resolution is adjustable down to 3.33 ns (= T, the digitization/discretization period) based on a prototype system hardware. The system is capable to collect billions of time interval data arranged in one million timing channels. This huge number of channels makes it an ideal measuring tool for very short to very long time intervals of nuclear particle detection systems. The data are stored and updated in a built-in SRAM memory during the measuring process, and then transferred to the computer. Two time-to-digital converters (TDCs) working in parallel are implemented in the design to immune the system against loss of the first short time interval events (namely below 10 ns considering the tests performed on the prototype hardware platform of the system). Additionally, the theory of multiple count loss effect is investigated analytically. Using the Monte Carlo method, losses of counts up to 100 million events per second (Meps) are calculated and the effective system dead time is estimated by curve fitting of a non-extendable dead time model to the results (τNE = 2.26 ns). An important dead time effect on a measured random process is the distortion on the time spectrum; using the Monte Carlo method this effect is also studied. The uncertainty of the system is analysed experimentally. The standard deviation of the system is estimated as ± 36.6 × T (T = 3.33 ns) for a one-second time interval test signal (300 million T in the time interval).
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Authors and Affiliations

Mohammad Arkani

The magnitude optimum design of the PI controller for plants with complex roots and dead time

Jan Cvejn
Archives of Control Sciences | 2022 | vol. 32 | No 1 | 5-35 | DOI: 10.24425/acs.2022.140862
Keywords dead time frequency response magnitude optimum PID controller process control stability margin
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Abstract

Analytical design of the PID-type controllers for linear plants based on the magnitude optimum criterion usually results in very good control quality and can be applied directly for high-order linear models with dead time, without need of any model reduction. This paper brings an analysis of properties of this tuning method in the case of the PI controller, which shows that it guarantees closed-loop stability and a large stability margin for stable linear plants without zeros, although there are limitations in the case of oscillating plants. In spite of the fact that the magnitude optimum criterion prescribes the closed-loop response only for low frequencies and the stability margin requirements are not explicitly included in the design objective, it reveals that proper open-loop behavior in the middle and high frequency ranges, decisive for the closed-loop stability and robustness, is ensured automatically for the considered class of linear systems if all damping ratios corresponding to poles of the plant transfer function without the dead-time term are sufficiently high.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Cvejn
1
  1. University of Pardubice, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Studentska 95, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic

Reliable digital dead-time generator for the GaN HEMTs based H-bridge converters

Jiri Svarny
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2020 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 781-792 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2020.134629
Keywords dead-time generator delay-line GaN HEMTs H-bridge driver
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Abstract

The paper deals with hardware solution of a fully digital dead-time generator. The circuit is applicable to the H-bridges based on any type of semiconductor switching devices including SiC, IGBT, Si-MOSFET and up-to-date GaN HEMTs. The generation of dead-times is ensured by commercially available silicon delay lines. High temperature stability is obtained by self-compensation of propagation delay of logic elements thanks to the symmetry of design topology. The circuit can be set-up to generate dead-times in the range from 10 ns to 500 ns. Longer dead-times are also available by simple cascading of the silicon delay lines. The key motivation for development of the circuit was unavailability of ready to use integrated solutions on the market. Moreover, contrary to the other solutions the proposed circuit is immune to prospective oscillations of an input PWM signal. The paper brings a detailed analysis of the circuit principle, results of the verification of a sample solution and an example of practical application as well.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jiri Svarny

Observation probability estimation of dead-time models using Monte Carlo simulations

Mohammad Arkani
Metrology and Measurement Systems | 2021 | vol. 28 | No 2 | 383-395 | DOI: 10.24425/mms.2021.136614
Keywords Time interval between pulses nuclear detector Monte Carlo simulation dead time model
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Abstract

One of difficulties of working with pulse mode detectors is dead time and its distorting effect on measuring with the random process. Three different models for description of dead time effect are given, these are paralizable, non-paralizable, and hybrid models. The first two models describe the behaviour of the detector with one degree of freedom. But the third one which is a combination of the other two models, with two degrees of freedom, proposes a more realistic description of the detector behaviour. Each model has its specific observation probability. In this research, these models are simulated using the Monte Carlo method and their individual observation probabilities are determined and compared with each other. The Monte Carlo simulation, is first validated by analytical formulas of the models and then is utilized for calculation of the observation probability. Using the results, the probability for observing pulses with different time intervals in the output of the detector is determined. Therefore, it is possible by comparing the observation probability of these models with the experimental result to determine the proper model and optimized values of its parameters. The results presented in this paper can be applied to other pulse mode detection and measuring systems of physical stochastic processes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mohammad Arkani
1
  1. Nuclear Science & Technology Research Institute (NSRTI), Tehran, Iran. P.O. Box: 143995-1113

Dead time effects compensation strategy by third harmonic injection for a five-phase inverter

Krzysztof Łuksza Dmytro Kondratenko Arkadiusz Lewicki
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2024 | vol. 73 | No 1 | 17-35 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2024.148854
Keywords dead-time effects field-oriented control five-phase voltage source inverter IPMSM sensorless control
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Abstract

This paper proposes a method for compensation of dead-time effects for a fivephase inverter. In the proposed method an additional control subsystem was added to the field-oriented control (FOC) scheme in the coordinate system mapped to the third harmonic. The additional control loop operates in the fixed, orthogonal reference frame ( α - β coordinates) without the need for additional Park transformations. The purpose of this method is to minimize the dead-time effects by third harmonic injection in two modes of operation of the FOC control system: with sinusoidal supply and with trapezoidal supply. The effectiveness of the proposed control method was verified experimentally on a laboratory setup with a prototype five-phase interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM). All experimental results were presented and discussed in the following paper.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Łuksza
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dmytro Kondratenko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Arkadiusz Lewicki
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology 11/12 Narutowicza str., 80-233 Gdansk, Poland

Hands-on MPC Tuning for Industrial Applications

C. Ionescu D. Copot
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2019 | No. 5 | 925-945 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2019.130877
Keywords step response first order plus dead time predictive control hands-on tuning model based control model uncertainty robustness control education plant operator
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Abstract

This paper proposes a practical tuning of closed loops with model based predictive control. The data assumed to be known from the process is the result of the bump test commonly applied in industry and known in engineering as step response data. A simplified context is assumed such that no prior know-how is required from the plant operator. The relevance of this assumption is very realistic in the context of first time users, both for industrial operators and as educational competence of first hand student training. A first order plus dead time is approximated and the controller parameters immediately follow by heuristic rules. Analysis has been performed in simulation on representative dynamics with guidelines for the various types of processes. Three single-input-single-output experimental setups have been used with no expert users available in different locations – both educational and industrial – these setups are representative for practical cases: a variable time delay dominant system, a non-minimum phase system and an open loop unstable system. Furthermore, in a multivariable control context, a train of separation columns has been tested for control in simulation, followed by experimental tests on a laboratory system with similar dynamics, i.e. a sextuple coupled water tank system. The results indicate the proposed methodology is suitable for hands-on tuning of predictive control loops with some limitations on performance and multivariable process control.

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Authors and Affiliations

C. Ionescu
D. Copot

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