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Abstract

The paper presents the possible applications of using acoustic diagnostics in inspecting the technical condition of an internal combustion engine with autoignition on the example of the Fiat drive unit with common rail system. As a result of measuring the sound pressure level for specific faults and comparing the noise generated by the motor running smoothly, the detailed maps of changes in the acoustic spectrum are possible to generate. These results may be helpful in the future diagnostics of internal combustion engines. In the paper, the results of scientific work in the area of research, design and operation of internal combustion engines, conducted at the Department of Automotive Engineering, in cooperation with the Laboratory of Hydraulic Drives & Vibroacoustics of Machines at the Wroclaw University of Technology are included.
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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Deptuła
Dariusz Kunderman
Piotr Osiński
Urszula Radziwanowska
Radosław Włostowski
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Abstract

Acoustic signal is more and more frequently used to diagnose machines operated in industrial conditions where installation of sensors is hindered. Impact of background noise seems to be the major problem as part of analysis of such signal. In most cases of industrial environments, background level is high; thus, it prevents against concluding as per standard methods that have been used in diagnostic testing. This study specifies the problem related to diagnosing machines operated under variable loads. Synchronous methods are used for diagnosing these types of machines, those include synchronisation of diagnostic signal with revolutions of the diagnosed machine. For the purpose of this study an acoustic signal was used as the diagnostic signal. Application of the synchronous method (order analysis) enables eliminating an impact of background noise derived from other sources. This study specifies application of acoustic signal to diagnose planetary gear in laboratory testing rig in order to discover damages at early stage of degradation. This method was compared with the method basing on measurement of vibrations.

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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Pawlik
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Abstract

The article is a continuation of the authors’ elaboration (Dąbrowski, Dziurdź, 2016). The aim of this continuation is to prove that a proposed way of modelling and using the coherent analysis to filter nonlinear disturbances is a useful technique in vibroacoustic diagnostics. The thesis was proved by solving the task of diagnosing the damage of the gear of the car gearbox on the basis of the measurement of mechanical vibrations and the noise in the engine chamber.

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Authors and Affiliations

Zbigniew Dąbrowski
Jacek Dziurdź
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Abstract

The article presents selected issues related to the development and testing of the diagnostics systems dedicated for superconducting electromagnets. The systems were constructed to assess the production quality of superconducting electromagnets of the SIS100 synchrotron, a new accelerator being built as part of the Facility of Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR). One of the systems is used for automatic checking of electrical connection parameters and the continuity of electric circuits. The role of the second device is to assess the quality of winding insulation and to estimate circuit parameters of electromagnet coils using the capacitor discharge method. The work presents measurements and analysis of current and voltage waveforms acquired during discharges on a magnet coil simulator and on the SIS100 main dipole electromagnet.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Michna
1
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Wilk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Wołoszyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Ziółko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Stanisław Galla
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Szwangruber
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Gabriela Narutowicza str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
  2. GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt 64291, Germany
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of simulation and research of antilock braking systems (ABS) carried out on the fast rotating drum stand with flywheels. The model of the vehicle-drum stand system was presented. The influence of car suspension and tyre parameters during braking with ABS on vehicle vibrations was analysed. Theoretical analyses of the simulations were verified during car tests on a prototype drum stand. The results of braking tests for passenger car on the homogeneous surface and on the surface with changed adhesion coefficient were presented. Qualitative criteria for diagnostic evaluation of ABS operation were proposed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Gajek
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Abstract

In industrial processes electrical motors are serviced after a specific number of hours, even if there is a need for service. This led to the development of early fault diagnostic methods. Paper presents early fault diagnostic method of synchronous motor. This method uses acoustic signals generated by synchronous motor. Plan of study of acoustic signal of synchronous motor was proposed. Two conditions of synchronous motor were analyzed. Studies were carried out for methods of data processing: Line Spectral Frequencies and K-Nearest Neighbor classifier with Minkowski distance. Condition monitoring is useful to protect electric motors and mining equipment. In the future, these studies can be used in other electrical devices.

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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Glowacz
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Abstract

An acoustic emission method (AE) is widespread and often applied for partial discharge (PD) diagnostics, mainly due to its ease of application as well as noninvasiveness and relatively high sensitivity. This paper presents comparative analysis of AE signals measurement results archived under laboratory conditions as well as on-site actual AE signals generated by inside PDs in electrical power transformer during its normal service. Three different PD model sources are applied for laboratory research: point to point, multipoint to plate and surface type. A typical measuring set up commonly used for on-site transformer PD diagnostics is provided for the laboratory tasks: piezoelectric joint transducer, preamplifier, amplifier and measuring PC interface. During the on-site research there are three measuring tracks applied simultaneously. Time domain, time-frequency domain and statistical tools are used for registered AE signals analysis. A number of descriptors are proposed as a result of the analysis. In the paper, at- tempt of AE signals descriptors, archived under laboratory condition application possibilities for on-site PD diagnostics of power transformers during normal service is made.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Kunicki
Andrzej Cichoń
Sebastian Borucki
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Abstract

The paper is a continuation of the publication under the title “Acoustic diagnostics applications in the study of technical condition of combustion engine” and concerns the detailed description of decision support system for identifying technical condition (type of failure) of specified combustion engine. The input data were measured sound pressure levels of specific faults in comparison to the noise generated by undamaged motor. In the article, the whole procedure of decision method based on game graphs is described, as well as the interface of the program for direct usage.

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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Deptuła
Piotr Osiński
Urszula Radziwanowska
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Abstract

Modern agriculture and plant breeding must continuously meet the high and increasingly growing requirements of consumers and recipients. In this context, one of the conditions for effective management of any farm is access to quick and efficient diagnostics of plant pathogens, the result of which, together with the assessment of experts, provide breeders with tools to effectively reduce the occurrence of plant diseases. This paper presents information about biodiversity and spectrum of endophytic and phytopathogenic bacterial species identified in plant samples delivered to the Plant Disease Clinic in 2013–2019. During the tests, using the Biolog Gen III system, the species affiliation of the majority of detected bacterial strains found in plant tissues as an endophyte and not causing disease symptoms on plants was determined. These data were compiled and compared with the number of found identifications for a given species and data on the pathogenicity of bacterial species towards plants. In this way, valuable information for the scientific community was obtained about the species composition of the bacterial microbiome of the crop plants studied by us, which were confronted with available literature data. In the study, special attention was paid to tomato, which is the plant most often supplied for testing in the Plant Disease Clinic due to its economic importance.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Weronika Zenelt
1
Krzysztof Krawczyk
2
Natasza Borodynko-Filas
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Plant Disease Clinic and Bank of Plant Pathogen, Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute, Poznań, Poland
  2. Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute, Poznań, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents the family of three analyzers allowing to measure impedance in the range of 10 Ω<|Zx|<10 GΩ in a wide frequency range from 10 mHz up to 100 kHz. The most important features of the analyzer family are: miniaturization, low power consumption, low production cost, telemetric controlling and the use of an impedance measurement method based on digital signal processing (DSP). The miniaturization and other above-mentioned features of the analyzers were obtained thanks to the use of the newest generation of large-scale integration chips: e.g. “system on a chip” microsystems (AD5933), 32-bit AVR32-family microcontrollers and specialized modules for wireless communication using the ZigBee standard. When comparing metrological parameters, the developed instrumentation can equal portable analyzers offered by top worldwide manufacturers (Gamry, Ivium) but outperforms them on smaller dimensions, weight, a few times lower price and the possibility to work in a distributed telemetric network. All analyzer versions are able to be put into medium-volume production.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jerzy Hoja
Grzegorz Lentka
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Abstract

The paper presents the fusion approach of different feature selection methods in pattern recognition problems. The following methods are examined: nearest component analysis, Fisher discriminant criterion, refiefF method, stepwise fit, Kolmogorov-Smirnov criteria, T2-test, Kruskall-Wallis test, feature correlation with class, and SVM recursive feature elimination. The sensitivity to the noisy data as well as the repeatability of the most important features are studied. Based on this study, the best selection methods are chosen and applied in the process of selection of the most important genes and gene sequences in a dataset of gene expression microarray in prostate and ovarian cancers. The results of their fusion are presented and discussed. The small selected set of such genes can be treated as biomarkers of cancer.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Fabian Gil
1
Stanislaw Osowski
1 2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Pl. Politechniki 1, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Military University of Technology, ul. gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Carcinoma of unknown primary (CUP) is a heterogeneous group of oncological diseases in which it is impossible to determine the primary tumor. The incidence is 3–5% of oncologic patients, but the survival time varies from 6 weeks to 5 months.
The diagnostics should begin with a clinical evaluation and basic laboratory tests. For CUP placed in head and neck the positron emission tomography — computed tomography is recommended; pancreatic or lung neoplasms are diagnosed with the computed tomography as well. Recently, the magnetic resonance, especially whole-body diffusion-weighted imaging has been introduced to the imaging panel. The lesion obtained during surgically removed metastases or biopsy material should be histopathological and mole-cularly examined to define the type of tumor. The basic immunoexpression panel should include cyto-keratin-5/6, -7 and -20, EMA, synaptophysin, chromogranin, vimentin and GATA3 and molecular ex-pression of ERBB2, PIK3CA, NF1, NF2, BRAF, IDH1, PTEN, FGFR2, EGFR, MET and CDK6. During the accurate diagnostics enable to classify malignancy of undefined primary origin as provisional CUP or finally confirmed CUP in which the primary place of tumor remains undetectable. The detailed diag-nostics should be performed in highly specified centers to establish an accurate diagnosis and to initiate personalized treatment. Majority of patients are diagnosed with adenocarcinoma (70%), undifferentiated carcinoma (20%), squamous cell or transitional cell/uroepithelial carcinoma (5–10%), neuroendocrine tumor (5%) and with minor incidence other histological types, including melanoma.
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Authors and Affiliations

Justyna Ostojewska
1
Iga Wieczorek
1
Olaf Pachciński
1
Wojciech Zdziennicki
1
Franciszek Burdan
1 2

  1. Chair and Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
  2. Diagnostics Imaging Department, St. John Cancer Center, Lublin, Poland
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Abstract

Bridges are particularly vulnerable elements of transport infrastructures. In many cases, bridge structures may be subject to higher volumes of traffic and higher loads as well as more severe environmental conditions than it was designed. Sound procedures to ensure monitoring, quality control, and preventive maintenance systems are therefore vital. The paper presents main challenges and arriving possibilities in management of bridge structures, including: relationships between environment and bridge infrastructure, improvement of diagnostic technologies, advanced modelling of bridges in computer-based management systems, development of knowledge-based expert systems with application of artificial intelligence, applications of technology of Bridge Information Modelling (BrIM) with augmented and virtual reality techniques. Presented activities are focused on monitoring the safety of bridges for lowering the risk of an unexpected collapse significantly as well as on efficient maintenance of bridges as components of transport infrastructure – by means of integrated management systems. The proposed classification of Bridge Management Systems shows the history of creating such systems and indicates the expected directions of their development, taking into account changing challenges and integrating new developing technologies, including automation of decision-making processes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Bień
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Salamak
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering,Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
  2. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, ul. Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

The article presents the process of structural diagnostics of the Dominican monastery in Lublin. In order to establish the underlying cause of cracks, not only in situ investigations but also detailed analyses of documents were executed. Inventory drawings were examined in order to identify the building’s structural system. The query of historical documents and city archives was carried out to understand the structure’s performance. Conclusions were confronted with the crack pattern. It was established that the damage resulted from the original conditions of the structural system in place. These conditions were created in past, when the monastery incorporated sections of the medieval town wall into its structure.
The article details structural remedies applied in the course of rehabilitation. The introduction of supporting structures was the effect of a compromise between the necessity of ensuring structural safety and the demand for the minimum impact on the heritage site. The article aims to highlight that the structural assessment of the heritage asset is an investigative process. The work also emphasizes that in spite of numerous up-to-date methods helpful in the structural diagnostics of building structure, the conceptual analyses of the structural system still remain of vital importance. The query of historical documents helps in determining the structural system of a historic building, and vice versa, structural analyses assist in recognizing and supplementing the knowledge of the asset’s history.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Halicka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Ostańska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lublin University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, ul. Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin
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Abstract

This paper presents the bases of a new method of monitoring technical condition of turbomachine blades during their operation. The method utilizes diagnostic models such as a quotient of amplitude amplification and a phase shift of diagnostic signal y(t) which is a result of blade operation as well as a signal x(t) of blade environment while a blade tip approaches a sensor, amplitude amplification and phase shift of these signals while the blade tip moves away from the sensor. The adopted diagnostic models indirectly take into account the existing environment of a blade, represented by the signal x(t), without the need to measure it. Thus, the model is sensitive to the changes in technical condition of blades and practically intensive to a change in environment. The suggested method may prove very important in diagnostics of rotor blades during turbomachines operation (compressors, turbines etc.).

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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Lindstedt
Rafał Grądzki
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Abstract

Artificial Intelligence begins to play an increasingly important role in medicine, in particular in diagnostics, therapy selection and drug design. This article shows how the latest machine learning algorithms support the work of physicians and pharmacists. However, the effective implementation of Artificial Intelligence methods in everyday medical practice requires overcoming a number of barriers. These challenges are discussed in the article. The objectives and functioning of the Artificial Intelligence Center in Medicine of the Medical University of Bialystok were also discussed, as an example of Polish contribution to the development of the latest computer algorithms supporting diagnostics and therapy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Konrad Wojdan
1 2
Marcin Moniuszko
3

  1. Politechnika Warszawska, Instytut Techniki Cieplnej
  2. Transition Technologies Science sp. z o.o.
  3. Uniwersytet Medyczny w Białymstoku
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Abstract

Convective and radiation heat transfer take place between various objects placed in open air space and their surroundings. These phenomena bring about heat losses from pipelines, building walls, roofs and other objects. One of the main tasks in energy auditing is the reduction of excessive heat losses. In the case of a low sky temperature, the radiation heat exchange is very intensive and the temperature of the top part of the horizontal pipelines or walls is lower than the temperature of their bottom parts. Quite often this temperature is also lower than the temperature of the surrounding atmospheric air. In the case of overhead heat pipelines placed in open air space, it is the ground and sky that constitute the surroundings. The aforementioned elements of surroundings usually have different values of temperature. Thus, these circumstances bring about difficulties during infrared inspections because only one ambient temperature which represents radiation of all surrounding elements must be known during the thermovision measurements. This work is aimed at the development of a method for determination of an equivalent ambient temperature representing the thermal radiation of the surrounding elements of the object under consideration placed in open air space, which could be applied at a fairly uniform temperature of the sky during the thermovision measurements as well as for the calculation of radiative heat losses.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tadeusz Kruczek
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Abstract

An alternative method for analysis of acoustic emission (AE) signals generated by partial discharges (PD), based on a correlation between voltage phase run and AE pulses, so called phase resolved PD pattern (PRPD), is presented in the paper. PRPD pattern is a well-known analysis tool commonly used in such PD diagnostic methods as conventional electrical and UHF ones. Moreover, it yields various signal analysis abilities and allows a direct correlation indication between measurement results achieved using different methods. An original PRPD measurement methodology applied for AE method as well as some exemplary measurement results and further data analysis capabilities are presented in the paper. Also a comparative analysis of PRPD patterns achieved using various measurement methods and different PD source configurations have been investigated. All presented experiments were done under laboratory conditions using PD model sources immersed in the insulation oil. The main purpose of the presented research is to indicate an all-embracing analytical tool that yields an ability to direct comparison (qualitative as well as quantitative) of the AE measurement results with other commonly applied PD measurement methods. The presented results give a solid fundamental for further research work concerning a direct correlation method for AE and other described in the paper diagnostic techniques, mainly in order to continue PD phenomena analysis and assessment in real life high voltage apparatus insulation systems under normal onsite operation conditions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Kunicki
Andrzej Cichoń
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Abstract

A fault diagnostics system of three-phase induction motors was implemented. The implemented system was based on acoustic signals of three-phase induction motors. A feature extraction step was performed using SMOFS-20-EXPANDED (shortened method of frequencies selection-20-Expanded). A classification step was performed using 3 classifiers: LDA (Linear Discriminant Analysis), NBC (Naive Bayes Classifier), CT (Classification Tree). An analysis was carried out for incipient states of three-phase induction motors measured under laboratory conditions. The author measured and analysed the following states of motors: healthy motor, motor with one faulty rotor bar, motor with two faulty rotor bars, motor with faulty ring of squirrel-cage. Measured and analysed states were caused by natural degradation of parts of the machine. The efficiency of recognition of the analysed states was good. The proposed method of fault diagnostics can find application in protection of three-phase induction motors.

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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Glowacz
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Abstract

Partial discharges (PD) are influencing electrical insulating systems of high voltage electrical devices. Typically, in laboratory and diagnostics AC tests focused on measuring and analysis of PD, a pure sinusoidal voltage waveform is assumed. However, in practice the spectral content of the working voltage is rarely so ideal and additional spectral components have a significant impact on the discharge behaviour in electrical insulation systems. In this paper the influence of voltage harmonics on PD behaviour and phase-resolved PD patterns evolution is analysed. The presented experiments were conducted on a specimen representing a gaseous inclusion embedded in electrical insulation. The experimental results showed that various harmonic compositions superimposed on the fundamental sinusoidal waveform have a significant impact on PD intensity and maximum charge. In consequence, the derived patterns of PD phase, and magnitude distributions are distorted, and statistical parameters calculated on their basis are changed. In certain en- vironments, neglecting harmonic content in the testing voltage may lead to a misleading interpretation and assessment of PD severity.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Florkowski
Barbara Florkowska
Paweł Zydroń
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Abstract

Description of program tools simplifying simulation applications building for physical phenomenons described by differential equations in state equations form modeling is presented in the paper. A method for using prepared libraries for squirrel-cage motors including any motor damages modeling had been described. For that purpose, squirrel-cage motor mathematical model in natural coordinates system had been presented. Presented solutions provide also supply sources (inverters) modeling, including their microprocessor implementation and other phenomenons, that assume state equation structure step changes, depending on variable limitations and time value.
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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Sołbut
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Abstract

The problem of lithium-ion cells, which degrade in time on their own and while used, causes a significant decrease in total capacity and an increase in inner resistance. So, it is important to have a way to predict and simulate the remaining usability of batteries. The process and description of cell degradation are very complex and depend on various variables. Classical methods are based, on the one hand, on fitting a somewhat arbitrary parametric function to laboratory data and, on the other hand, on electrochemical modelling of the physics of degradation. Alternative solutions are machine learning ones or nonparametric ones like support-vector machines or the Gaussian process (GP), which we used in this case. Besides using the GP, our approach is based on current knowledge of how to use non-parametric approaches for modeling the electrochemical state of batteries. It also uses two different ways of dealing with GP problems, like maximum likelihood type II (ML-II) methods and the Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) sampling.
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Authors and Affiliations

Adrian Dudek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jerzy Baranowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Automatic Control and Robotics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

Modern drives with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) require both efficient control structure to ensure excellent dynamics and effective diagnostic algorithms to detect the motor faults that can occur. This paper shows the combination of both mentioned aspects – the direct-axis based signals of the Field Oriented Control (FOC) structure are proposed as diagnostic signals to allow diagnosing the interturn short-circuit failure that can appear inside stator windings. The amplitudes of second order harmonics are selected as the fault indicators. Different modelling methods are analysed and compared in detail in this paper: an analytical mathematical model, a Finite Element Method (FEM)- based model and next verified using a laboratory setup. The results obtained using all the mentioned models proved that the proposed fault indices are increasing significantly with the number of shorted turns and are independent on the load torque level.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mateusz Krzysztofiak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Zawilak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Grzegorz Tarchała
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Department of Electrical Machines, Drives and Measurements, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland

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