Fusarium avenaceum, F. oxysporum, Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, Mucor sp., Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp. were the most often isolated species from fiber seeds. The antagonistic action of Trichoderma lignorum T 13–82 in relation to seed contaminants was evaluated. The use of Trichodermin-BL, based on that antagonist, applied as pre-sowing seed treatment and on growing plants decrease diseases incidence. The application of Trichodermin-BL improved a set of biometrical and physiological parameters during crop vegetation, increased the yield and raised flax fiber quality.

The aim of the research was to analyze the degree of infection of winter wheat by fungal diseases and to evaluate the morphological and physiological parameters of plants depending on varied foliar fertilization (with and without the ionic form of silver) and applied plant protection agents (active ingredients: propiconazole, fenpropidin, azoxystrobin) in the 2016/2017, 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 growing seasons. The results showed that micronutrient fertilizers with silver and pesticides reduced the severity of fungal diseases better than the control. In most cases, foliar fertilizers enriched with the ionic form of silver at a dose of 1 and 2 l · ha ⁻¹ were the most effective. Moreover, foliar fertilization and pesticides had a positive effect on the morphology of wheat. Combined treatment (micronutrient fertilizer with silver and pesticide at a dose of 1 l · ha ⁻¹) increased stalk length and weight, ear weight and thousand grain weight to the greatest extent in comparison to the other treatments, while the pesticides stimulated ear length the most. In turn, microelement fertilizers with silver at a dose of 1 and 2 l · ha ⁻¹ were better in terms of flag leaf length. Wheat treated with foliar fertilizer and pesticide significantly improved the chlorophyll content based on the leaf greenness index (SPAD). It was found that the foliar application of microelements with silver is promising for use in agriculture because they controlled fungal diseases and ensured the good condition of plants more effectively than pesticides harmful to the environment.

The aim of this research was to prepare the basis for the certification of the apple orchard protection program by determining disappearance models for active ingredients (AIs) of plant protection products (PPPs) in fruits. Field trials were carried out in a conventional apple orchard protected with PPPs in accordance with the currently adopted program. Residues of their AIs were determined using Agilent GC-MS/MS 7000D and LC-MS/MS 6470 QQQ, and their decreases were expressed by the exponential formula: R _t = R ₀ × ^{e–k × t}. Of all the AIs found in mature fruits, captan disappeared at the fastest rate [t _(1/2) in the range of 9 to 13 days], followed by fluopyram [t _(1/2) = 13 days], tebuconazole [t _(1/2) = 14 days] and carbendazim [t _(1/2) in the range of 24 to 32 days]. With the exception of dithiocarbamates and some fungicides (e.g., Captan 80 WDG) based on captan and methyl thiophanate, other insecticides and fungicides currently recommended can be used up to 3 months before harvest practically with virtually no restrictions. From July 15 to August 15, the chemicals effective at application rates not exceeding 0.3 kg of AI per ha should be used. To protect apples against storage diseases, PPPs that are effective at a dose ≤ 0.1 kg AI per ha (e.g., certain triazoles or strobilurins) and applied not later than 1 month before harvest, should be used.