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The Occurrence Of Haloacetic Acids In Krakow Water Distribution System

A. Włodyka-Bergier T. Bergier
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2011 | vol. 37 | No 3
Keywords Haloacetic acids disinfection by-products
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Abstract

The article presents the results of the research on the water samples taken from the Krakow water

distribution system and their pollution by haloacetic acids: monochloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, bromochloroacetic acid and dibromoacetic acid. The water samples were

taken from the extremities of the distribution systems (Raba and Bielany) in the city of Krakow. Both analyzed

plants use the chlorination as the water treatment process, however, water for Raba and Bielany comes from

different surface waters and differs in quality and organic matter concentration. These plants also apply different

water treatment processes and their distribution systems have a different size. The objective of this study was

to measure the haloacetic acids levels in these two water distribution systems, asses the correlation between the

total trihalomethanes and the sum of six haloacetic acids, determine if trihalomethanes can be a good indicator

to predict haloacetic acids concentration in water distribution systems.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Włodyka-Bergier
T. Bergier

Disinfection of Meat Industry Equipment and Production Rooms with the Use of Liquids Containing Silver Nano-Particles

Michał Konopka Zygmunt Kowalski Zbigniew Wzorek
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2009 | vol.35 | No 1
Keywords Meat industry disinfection nanosilver
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Abstract

Essential sorts of disinfecting agents and principles of their action have been considered in the paper. Results of research on application of washing-disinfecting liquids, containing silver nano-particles, in meat industry have been presented. It has been established that liquids characterized by very efficient bactericidal and fungicidal properties can be prepared by composition of toxieal ly performing silver nano-particles, some degreasing agents, reducing surface tension, and frothing agents. The listed components eliminate "insulating effect" of fat particles in which bacteria are suspended and facilitate silver nano-particle contact with bacteria and fungi, increasing this way biochemical effect of silver nano-particles.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Konopka
Zygmunt Kowalski
Zbigniew Wzorek

Comparative analysis of selected water disinfection technologies with the use of life cycle assessment

Artur Jachimowski Tomasz Nitkiewicz
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2019 | vol. 45 | No 3 | 3-10 | DOI: 10.24425/aep.2019.128635
Keywords LCA drinking water sodium hypochlorite chlorination water disinfection UV disinfection
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Abstract

The objective of the paper is to use life cycle assessment to compare environmental impact of different technologies used in the process of water disinfection. Two scenarios are developed for water disinfection life cycle at ZUW Raba water treatment plant: (1) historical, in which gaseous chlorine is used as a disinfectant and (2) actual, in which UV radiation and electrolytically generated sodium hypochlorite are used for that purpose. Primary data is supplemented with ecoinvent 3 database records. Environmental impact is assessed by IMPACT2002+ method and its midpoint and endpoint indicators that are calculated with the use of SimaPro 8.4 software. The focus of the assessment is on selected life cycle phases: disinfection process itself and the water distribution process that follows. The assessment uses the data on flows and emissions streams as observed in the Raba plant. As the results of primal analysis show, a change of disinfectant results in quantitative changes in THMs and free chlorine in water supplied to the water supply network. The results of analysis confirm the higher potential of THMs formation and higher environmental impact of the combined method of UV/NaClO disinfection in distribution phase and in whole life cycle, mainly due to the increase of human toxicity factors. However, during the disinfection phase, gaseous chlorine use is more harmful for environment. But the final conclusion states that water quality indicators are not significant in the context of LCA, while both disinfection and distribution phases are concerned.

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Authors and Affiliations

Artur Jachimowski
Tomasz Nitkiewicz

Membranes in water and wastewater disinfection– review

Michał Bodzek Krystyna Konieczny Mariola Rajca
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2019 | vol. 45 | No 1 | 3-18 | DOI: 10.24425/aep.2019.126419
Keywords disinfection disinfection byproducts membrane bioreactors membrane processes water and wastewater
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Abstract

Production of sanitary safe water of high quality with membrane technology is an alternative for conventional disinfection methods, as UF and MF membranes are found to be an effective barrier for pathogenic protozoa cysts, bacteria, and partially, viruses. The application of membranes in water treatment enables the reduction of chlorine consumption during final disinfection, what is especially recommended for long water distribution systems, in which microbiological quality of water needs to be effectively maintained. Membrane filtration, especially ultrafiltration and microfiltration, can be applied to enhance and improve disinfection of water and biologically treated wastewater, as ultrafiltration act as a barrier for viruses, bacteria and protozoa, but microfiltration does not remove viruses. As an example of direct application of UF/MF to wastewater treatment, including disinfection, membrane bioreactors can be mentioned. Additionally, membrane techniques are used in removal of disinfection byproducts from water. For this purpose, high pressure driven membrane processes, i.e. reverse osmosis and nanofiltration are mainly applied, however, in the case of inorganic DBPs, electrodialysis or Donnan dialysis can also be considered.

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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Bodzek
Krystyna Konieczny
Mariola Rajca

Nanoparticles for water disinfection by photocatalysis: A review

Michał Bodzek
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2022 | vol. 48 | No 1 | 3-17 | DOI: 10.24425/aep.2022.140541
Keywords Nanoparticles Photocatalysis water and wastewater disinfection
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Abstract

Photocatalysis is an efficient and ecological method of water and wastewater disinfection. During the process, various microorganisms are deactivated, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, for example Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, and so on, fungi like Aspergillus niger, Fusarium graminearum, algea ( Tetraselmis suecica, Amphidinium carterae, and so on) and viruses. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most commonly used material due to its price and high oxidation efficiency; it is easy to modify using both physical and chemical methods, what allows for its wide use in industrial scale. Intensive research on novel photocatalysts (e.g. ZnO and carbon based photocatalysis like graphene, carbon nanotube, carbon nitride and others) has been carried out. The future development of nano-disinfection containing metal/metal oxides and carbon based nanoparticles should focus on:
 improving disinfection efficiency through different manufacturing strategies,
 proper clarification and understanding of the role and mechanism of interaction of the nano-material with the microorganisms,
 progress in scaling up the production of commercial nano-photocatalysts,
 determination of the extent of environmental release of nano-photocatalysts and their toxicity.

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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Bodzek
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institute of Environmental Engineering Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland

The Influence Of Organic Matter Quality On The Potential Of Volatile Organic Water Chlorination Products Formation

A. Włodyka-Bergier T. Bergier
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2011 | vol. 37 | No 4
Keywords disinfection by-products natural organic matter fractionation
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of experiments on the influence of the organic matter’s characteristics on the formation potential of water chlorination by-products – representatives of the following groups:

trihalomethanes, haloacetonitriles, haloketones, chloral hydrate and chloropicrin. The products of water fractionation (the hydrophobic and hydrophilic acids, hydrophobic and hydrophilic bases, and hydrophobic and

hydrophilic neutral fractions) were chlorinated with sodium hypochlorite. Its dose was adjusted to obtain a

residual free chlorine concentration between 3 and 5 mg/dm3

after 24 h. After this time, the water chlorination

by-products were analyzed with gas chromatography. The results’ analysis has defined the fractions, which have

the highest potential to form particular groups of volatile organic water chlorination by-products.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Włodyka-Bergier
T. Bergier

Redefining the purpose, goals and methods of disinfection in contemporary water supply systems

Zbysław Dymaczewski Joanna Jeż-Walkowiak Michał Michałkiewicz Marek M. Sozański Aleksandra Makała
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2020 | vol. 46 | No 1 | 85-92 | DOI: 10.24425/aep.2020.132529
Keywords monitoring disinfection water conservation water safety multiple barriers
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Abstract

This paper presents a new concept of disinfection traditionally applied in water treatment systems. The new definition of this process results from the change in its functionality, aims and methods, which guarantee high quality of water supply. The literature review and technical practice demonstrate a demand for disinfection to act as a functional element of the integrated water distribution system and an active intermediate link between the technology of water treatment and the water distribution network. The presented concept of a disinfection process enables evaluation of water treatment, increases its effectiveness in integrated water treatment systems. Such defined disinfection addresses water conservation and its biological stability within the water supply network. The presented here new concept of disinfection assigns its new role and function in the integrated water distribution system. The controlling and diagnostic function of the disinfection defined in the paper provides a transparent and comprehensive method, with considerable application in experimental design, as well as practical solutions for integrated water distribution systems.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zbysław Dymaczewski
1
Joanna Jeż-Walkowiak
1
Michał Michałkiewicz
1
Marek M. Sozański
1
Aleksandra Makała
1
  1. Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Environmental Engineering and Building Installations

The study on bactericidal effect and ultrastructural alterations of chlorocresol nanoemulsion disinfectant against Staphylococcus aureus

Y.F. Zhang Y.W. Sun X.H. Liu Z.X. An X.F. Yang
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2023 | vol. 26 | No 1 | 13-20 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2023.145002
Keywords chlorocresol nanoemulsion disinfectant Staphylococcus aureus bactericidal effect ultrastructure
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Abstract

Chlorocresol nanoemulsion disinfectant (CND) is an environmental disinfectant prepared with nanoemulsion as its drug carrier. This study aimed to investigate the bactericidal effect of CND on Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus) and its effect on bacterial ultrastructure. The neutralizing effect of CND against S. aureus was first screened by suspension quantitative evaluation experiment procedure of neutralizer. Disinfection performance was evaluated by the determination of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), quantitative bactericidal experiment, and comparative experiment of disinfection performance between 0.1% CND and 0.1% chlorocresol aqueous solution. Meanwhile, the effect of CND on the ultrastructure of S. aureus was investigated with scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) to preliminarily explore the bactericidal mechanism. The results showed that 3% Tween-80 in PBS could be screened as the neutralizer of CND against S. aureus. MIC and MBC were 100 μg/mL and 200 μg/mL, respectively. The bactericidal rates were all 100% when 0.06% and 0.08% disinfectant acted for 15 and 5 min, respectively. Furthermore, compared with 0.1% chlorocresol aqueous solution, the bactericidal effect of 0.1% CND was significantly enhanced (p<0.01). After treatment with CND for 10 min, SEM observation showed that the morphology of S. aureus cells were changed and the integrity destroyed. TEM observation showed that the cell shape changed, and the structures of the cell wall, cell membrane and cytoplasm were damaged in varying degrees. CND showed the strong bactericidal effect on S. aureus and could cause ultrastructure alterations of S. aureus.
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Authors and Affiliations

Y.F. Zhang
1
Y.W. Sun
1
X.H. Liu
1
Z.X. An
1
X.F. Yang
1
  1. College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Hualan Road No. 90, Xinxiang City, Henan Province, 453003, China

Statistical methods of data analysis in obtaining thyme oil-loaded nanoemulsions as potential skin antiseptic

Małgorzata Miastkowska Anna Łętocha Alicja Michalczyk
Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers | 2023 | vol. 44 | No 4 (24th Polish Conference of Chemical and Process Engineering, 13-16 June 2023, Szczecin, Poland. Guest editor: Prof. Rafał Rakoczy) | e36 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2023.147395
Keywords nanoemulsions thyme oil antimicrobial activity disinfectant design ofexperiment
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Abstract

The two aims of this study were to obtain stable thyme-oil loaded nanoemulsions using the statistical design of experiment method (DOE) and to confirm their antimicrobial and disinfecting properties. Thyme oil was used as the oil phase, ECO Tween ® 80 acted as an emulsifier, and the rest of the formulation was deionized water. Ultrasonication was chosen as the method of obtaining the nanoemulsions. It was checked whether the input parameters (oil concentration, emulsifier concentration, amplitude, and sonication time) had a significant impact on the output parameters (nanoemulsion particle size, polydispersity index, viscosity, and stability over time). For the formulations selected on the basis of the statistical data analysis, the values of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum biocidal concentrations (MBC/MFC) were determined in relation to 10 bacterial strains and 10 strains fungi (filamentous fungi, yeast-like fungi). The results obtained from the statistical analysis showed that the optimal concentration of the thyme oil in nanoemulsion should amount up to 2%. Biological studies proved that the obtained formulation had stronger antibacterial and antifungal activity compared to pure oil. Moreover, it was shown that the nanoemulsion caused the required for disinfectants reduction of > 5 log of bacterial strains ( S. aureus, P. aeruginosa) and > 4 log of fungal strains ( C. albicans) after 30 minutes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Małgorzata Miastkowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Łętocha
1
Alicja Michalczyk
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology,Cracow, Poland
  2. Lukasiewicz - Research Network-Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry, Warsaw, Poland

A new magnetic-hybrid photoreactor for photocatalytic water disinfection

Oliwia Paszkiewicz Kunlei Wang Marian Kordas Rafał Rakoczy Ewa Kowalska Agata Markowska-Szczupak
Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers | 2023 | vol. 44 | No 3 (24th Polish Conference of Chemical and Process Engineering, 13-16 June 2023, Szczecin, Poland. Guest editor: Prof. Rafał Rakoczy and 8th European Process Intensification Conference, 31.05–2.06.2023, Warsaw, Poland.) | e22 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2023.146724
Keywords photocatalysis rotating magnetic field titanium dioxide disinfection water purification
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Abstract

Environmental contamination is an urgent topic to be solved for sustainable society. Among various pollutants, microorganisms are believed to be the most dangerous and difficult to be completely inactivated. In this research, a new hybrid photoreactor assisted with rotating magnetic field (RMF) has been proposed for the efficient removal of two types of bacteria, i.e., gram-negative Escherichia coli and gram-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis. Three selfsynthesized photocatalysts were used, based on commercial titanium(IV) oxide - P25, homogenized and then modified with copper by photodeposition, as follows: 0.5Cu@HomoP25, 2.0Cu@HomoP25 and 5.0Cu@HomoP25 containg 0.5, 2.0 and 5.0 wt% of deposited copper, respectively. The response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to design the experiments and to deteremine the optimal conditions. The effects of various parameters such as copper concentration [% w/w], time [h] and frequency of RMF [Hz] were studied. Results: Analysis of variance (ANOVA), revealed a good agreement between experimental data and proposed quadratic polynomial model ((R2=0.86 for E. coli and R2=0.69 for S. epidermidis). Experimental results showed that with increasing copper concentration, time and decreasing of frequency of RMF removal efficiency was increased. Accordingly, the water disinfection efficiency of 100% in terms of the independent variables was optimized, including cooper concentration c =5 % and 2.5% w/w, time t = 3 h and 1.3 h and frequency of rotating magnetic field f = 50 Hz and 26.6 for E.coli and S. epidermidis, respectively. This study showed that response surface methodology is a useful tool for optimizing the operating parameters for photocatalytic disinfection process.
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Authors and Affiliations

Oliwia Paszkiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kunlei Wang
2
ORCID: ORCID
Marian Kordas
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rafał Rakoczy
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ewa Kowalska
2 3
ORCID: ORCID
Agata Markowska-Szczupak
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Faculty of Chemical Technologyand Engineering, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Piastow 42, 71-065Szczecin, Poland
  2. Hokkaido University, Institute for Catalysis (ICAT), N21, W9, 001-0021 Sapporo, Japan
  3. Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Chemistry, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland

Virucidal effect of chosen disinfectants against African swine fever virus (ASFV) – preliminary studies

M. Juszkiewicz M. Walczak N. Mazur-Panasiuk G. Woźniakowski
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2019 | vol.22 | No 4 | 777-780 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2019.131407
Keywords African swine fever (ASF) African swine fever virus (ASFV) disinfection biosecurity virucidal effects
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Abstract

Four commercial disinfectants were chosen for being generally accepted as effective against ASFV. Only two of them, based on sodium hypochlorite and potassium peroxymonosulfate, confirmed their effectiveness in selected concentrations. Taken together, our data supports the effectivenes of chemical disinfectants containing sodium hypochlorite (1%, 0.5% in low level soiling) and potassium peroxymonosulfate (1% in high level soiling). Furthermore, these results highlight the importance of pre-cleaning steps to remove soiling before proper disinfection which improves the effectiveness of tested disinfectants.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Juszkiewicz
M. Walczak
N. Mazur-Panasiuk
G. Woźniakowski

Prospects for the use of microwave energy in grain crop seeding

Fedor A. Kipriyanov Petr A. Savinykh Alexey Yu. Isupov Yulia A. Plotnikova Natalia A. Medvedeva Svetlana V. Belozerova
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 49 | 74-78 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.137098
Keywords disinfection microwave drying microwave energy microwave use on plants pre-sowing treatment
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Abstract

This study looks at determining the main trends in the application of microwaves on plants in agricultural production in the processing of grain material, it provides examples of their effectiveness and an overview of the use of microwaves on plants available on the Russian market. Additionally, the research studied the experience and developments of leading scien-tists in the field of microwave radiation. Analysis of the available sources provided information on the positive effect of microwave radiation in the processing of crops. The use of microwaves on plants during drying destroys pathogens and bacteria, in particular, microwave processing of red lentils reduces grey mould damage by up to 30%. Positive results are also noted in the microwave processing of other crops, providing an increase in germination capacity of up to 7% and yield growth of up to 6%. The microwave plant market in Russia is represented mainly by dryers, and the use of microwaves on plants combining several functions of drying, disinfection, and pre-sowing stimulation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Fedor A. Kipriyanov
1
ORCID: ORCID
Petr A. Savinykh
2
ORCID: ORCID
Alexey Yu. Isupov
2
Yulia A. Plotnikova
1
Natalia A. Medvedeva
1
Svetlana V. Belozerova
1
  1. Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Vologda State Dairy Farming Academy, st. Schmidt, 2, 160555, Molochnoe, Vologda, Russia
  2. Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East, Kirov, Russian Federation

Effective inactivation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus on contaminated surgery masks by low-concentrated sodium hypochlorite dispersion

M. Antas A. Szczotka-Bochniarz G. Woźniakowski
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2020 | vol. 23 | No 4 | 647-650 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2020.135801
Keywords coronaviruses SARS-CoV-2 disinfection surgery/protective masks dispersion portable humidifier porcine epidemic diarrhea PEDV sodium hypochlorite
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Abstract

Coronaviruses present a considerable concern for humans and animals. The current world- wide pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 virus showed many gaps in understanding of coronaviruses spread and transmission. Because of lack of effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 the only preventive measures are represented by wearing protective masks and gloves thus limiting potential risk of contact with the airborne virus. Inversely, the limited time of protective function of the masks presents another drawback of their use. Therefore, the application of disinfection agent dispersed on the surface of protective masks may enhance their effectivity and safety of their application. The aim of the study was to examine the virucidal efficacy of low-concentra- ted sodium hypochlorite dispersed using ultrasonic humidifier on the surface of surgery masks. The study was conducted using SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus, namely porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) representing a model with similar biophysical properties and genomic structure to human coronaviruses. Five different concentrations of the disinfectant with different content of sodium hypochlorite were selected for the study. A final concentration of 0.228 g/L sodium hypochlorite effectively inactivated the PED virus and may support the biosafety of masks usage.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Antas
A. Szczotka-Bochniarz
G. Woźniakowski

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