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Abstract

Modern electronics systems consist of not only with the power electronics converters, but also with the friendly user interface which allow you to read the operating parameters and change them. The simplest solution of the user interface is to use alphanumeric display which displays information about the state of the converter. With a few additional buttons you can change the settings. This solution is simple, inexpensive but allows only local control (within walking distance from the system) and the number of displayed information is low. You can create extensive menu, but it causes problems with access to information. This paper presents the example of a rotating energy storage universal solution which is lack of the above mentioned disadvantages.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Baszyński
Tomasz Siostrzonek
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Abstract

Department of Electrical Drive and Industrial Equipment University of Science and Technology (AGH) The article describes the method of determining mechanical losses and electromagnetic motor torque on the example of a flywheel energy storage system utilizing BLDC motor. The description of the test stand contains: the topology of power factor correction boost rectifier, an inverter supplying the BLDC motor, and the measuring system. The detailed experimental results are included in the paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

Stanisław Piróg
Marcin Baszyński
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Abstract

This paper proposes four different cost-effective configurations of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) in an electric city bus. A comparison is presented between a battery powered bus (battery bus) and supercapacitor powered bus in two configurations in terms of initial and operational costs. The lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery type was used in the battery bus and three of the hybrids. In the first hybrid the battery module was the same size as in the battery bus, in the second it was half the size and in the third it was one third the size. The fourth hybrid used a lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) battery type with the same energy as the LFP battery module in the battery bus. The model of LFP battery degradation is used in the calculation of its lifetime range and operational costs. For the NMC battery and supercapacitor, the manufacturers’ data have been adopted. The results show that it is profitable to use HESS in an electric city bus from both the producer and consumer point of view. The reduction of battery size and added supercapacitor module generates up to a 36% reduction of the initial energy storage system (ESS) price and up to a 29% reduction of operational costs when compared to the battery ESS. By using an NMC battery type in HESS, it is possible to reduce operational costs by up to 50% compared to an LFP battery ESS.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Wieczorek
M. Lewandowski
W. Jefimowski
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Abstract

Finite fossil fuel resources, as well as the instability of renewable energy production, make the sustainable management of energy production and consumption some of the key challenges of the 21st century. It also involves threats to the state of the natural environment, among others due to the negative impact of energy on the climate. In such a situation, one of the methods of improving the efficiency of energy management – both on the micro (dispersed energy) and macro (power system) scale, may be innovative technological solutions that enable energy storage. Their effective implementation will allow it to be collected during periods of overproduction and to be used in situations of scarcity. These challenges cannot be overestimated - modern science has a challenge to solve various types of problems related to storage, including the technology used or the control/ /management of energy storage. Heat storage technologies, on which research works are carried out regarding both storage based on a medium such as water, as well as storage using thermochemical transformations or phase-change materials. They give a wide range of applications and improve the efficiency of energy systems on both the macro and micro scale. Of course, the technological properties and economic parameters have an impact on the application of the chosen technology. The article presents a comparison of storage parameters or heat storage methods based on different materials with specification of their work parameters or operating costs.

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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Jastrzębski
Piotr W. Saługa
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Abstract

Dr. Krzysztof Fic of the Poznań University of Technology discusses energy storage, aesthetic medicine’s quest for immortality, and how much time goes into being a scientist.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Fic
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Abstract

Energy storage, as a flexible resource that comprehensively supports network operation, will grow increasingly indispensable as the share of renewables increases.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Rafał
Paweł Grabowski
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Abstract

The energy sector is a majorarea that is responsible for the country development. Almost 40% of the total energy requirement of an EU country is consumed by the building sector and 60% of which is only used for heating and cooling requirements. This is a prime concern as fossil fuel stocks are depleting and global warming is rising. This is where thermal energy storage can play a major role and reduce the dependence on the use of fossil fuels for energy requirements (heating and cooling) of the building sector. Thermal energy storage refers to the technology which is related to the transfer and storage of heat energy predominantly from solar radiation, alternatively to the transfer and storage of cold from the environment to maintain a comfortable temperature for the inhabitants in the buildings by providing cold in the summer and heat in the winter. This work is an extensive study on the use of thermal energy storage in buildings. It discusses different methods of implementing thermal energy storage into buildings, specifically the use of phase change materials, and also highlights the challenges and opportunities related to implementing this technology. Moreover, this work explains the principles of different types and methods involved in thermal energy storage.
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Authors and Affiliations

Priyam Deka
1
Andrzej Szlęk
1

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Konarskiego 18, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

Increasing the share of energy production from renewable sources (RES) plays a key role in the sustainable and more competitive development of the energy sector. Among the renewable energy sources, the greatest increase can be observed in the case of solar and wind power generation. It should be noted that RES are an increasingly important elements of the power systems and that their share in energy production will continue to rise. On the other hand the development of variable generation sources (wind and solar energy) poses a serious challenge for power systems as operators of unconventional power plants are unable to provide information about the forecasted production level and the energy generated in a given period is sometimes higher than the demand for energy in all of the power systems. Therefore, with the development of RES, a considerable amount of the generated energy is wasted. The solution is energy storage, which makes it possible to improve the management of power systems. The objective of this article is to present the concept of electricity storage in the form of the chemical energy of hydrogen (Power to Gas) in order to improve the functioning of the power system in Poland. The expected growth in the installed capacity of wind power plants will result in more periods in which excess energy will be produced. In order to avoid wasting large amounts of energy, the introduction of storage systems is necessary. An analysis of the development of wind power plants demonstrates that the Power to Gas concept can be developed in Poland, as indicated by the estimated installed capacity and the potential amount of energy to be generated. In view of the above, the excess electricity will be available for storage in the form of chemical energy of hydrogen, which

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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksandra Komorowska
ORCID: ORCID
Lidia Gawlik
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

The objective of the European Green Deal is to change Europe into the world’s first climate- -neutral continent by 2050. Therefore, European countries are developing technological solutions to increase the production of energy from renewable sources of energy. In order to universally implement energy production from renewable energy sources, it is necessary to solve the problem of energy storage. The authors discussed the issue of energy storage and renewable energy sources, reviewing applied thermal and mechanical energy storage solutions. They referred to the energy sector in Poland which is based mainly on mining activities. The method that was used in this paper is a review of thermal and mechanical energy storage solutions. In industrial practice, various solutions on energy storage are developed around the world. The authors reviewed those solutions and described the ones which currently function in practice. Hence, the authors presented the good practices of energy storage technology. Additionally, the authors conducted an analysis of statistical data on the energy sector in Poland. The authors presented data on prime energy production in Poland in 2004–2019. They described how the data has changed over time. Subsequently, they presented and interpreted data on renewable energy sources in Poland. They also showed the situation of Poland compared to other European countries in the context of the share of renewables in the final gross energy consumption.
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Authors and Affiliations

Artur Dyczko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Kamiński
2
Kinga Stceuła
3
Dariusz Prostański
4
Michał Kopacz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Daniel Kowol
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
  2. Faculty of Mining and Geoengineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
  3. Przedsiębiorstwo Budowy Szybów SA, Tarnowskie Góry, Poland
  4. KOMAG Institute of Mining Technology, Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

The article presents the current state of the CNG market used as an alternative fuel for car engines. Attention was paid to European Union directives requirements and the current state of the directives’ fulfillment. The economic aspect of CNG usage was analyzed and the approximate costs of driving 10,000 km on different fuels in the last four years were presented. The PtG process which uses electric energy (hydrogen production) and carbon dioxide captured from the flue gas for the production of synthetic methane were discussed. The scheme of the SNG plant with the indication of its most important components was presented, and attention was paid to the mutual complementation of PtG technologies with carbon dioxide capture technology. The benefits of synthetic methane production are presented and the use of compressed natural gas to power engines in vehicles has been described. First, the focus was on the single-fuel use of CNG in bus and truck engines, paying particular attention to the ecological aspect of the implemented solutions. It has been shown that the use of compressed natural gas will reduce almost 100% of the particulates emission from the combustion process. The advantages and disadvantages of the alternative fuel supply are given. Next, the aspect of dual-fuel use in diesel engines was analyzed on the example of a smaller engine. The degree of reduction of harmful compounds emission from the combustion process is shown. Finally, attention was paid to the possible scale effect, referring to the number of motor vehicles in Poland.

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Authors and Affiliations

Szymon Dobras
Lucyna Więcław-Solny
Andrzej Wilk
Adam Tatarczuk
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Abstract

In this article, the contribution of renewable energy sources (RES) to the worldwide electricity production was analyzed. The scale of development and the importance of RES in the global economy as well as the issues and challenges related to variability of these sources were studied. In addition, the chemical conversion of excess energy to renewable methanol has been presented. The European Union regulations and targets for the years 2020 and 2030 concerning greenhouse gases reduction were taken into consideration. These EU restrictions exact the further development of renewable energy sources, in particular, the improvement of their efficiency which is closely related to economics. Moreover, as a part of this work, energy storage were described as one of the ways to increase the competitiveness of renewable energy sources with respect to conventional energy. A method for the conversion of carbon dioxide separated from high-carbon industries with hydrogen obtained by the over-production of green energy were described. The use of methanol in the chemical industry and global market have been reviewed and thus an increasing demand was observed. Additionally, the application of renewable methanol as fuels, in pure form and after a conversion of methanol to dimethyl ether and fatty acid methyl esters has been discussed. Hence, the necessity of modifying car engines in order to use pure methanol and its combination with petrol also was analyzed.

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Authors and Affiliations

Szymon Dobras
Lucyna Więcław-Solny
Tadeusz Chwoła
Aleksander Krótki
Andrzej Wilk
Adam Tatarczuk
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Abstract

Renewable energy sources are connected to the grid through inverters, resulting in reduced grid inertia and poor stability. Traditional grid-connected inverters do not have the function of voltage and frequency regulation and can no longer adapt to the new development. The virtual synchronous generator (VSG) has the function of voltage and frequency regulation and has more outstanding advantages than the traditional inverter. Based on the principle of the VSG, the relationship between energy storage capacity, frequency response and output power of the VSG is derived, and the relationship between the virtual inertia coefficient, damping coefficient and frequency characteristics of the VSG and output power is revealed. The mathematical model is established and modeled using the Matlab/Simulink simulation software, and the simulation results verify the relationship between energy storage capacity and frequency response and the output power of the VSG.
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Authors and Affiliations

Baoge Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Shanyan Ping
1
Yi Long
1
Yuemin Jiao
1
Boxiang Wu
1

  1. School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, China
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Abstract

This paper proposes an electromechanical transient method to build a battery energy storage system-based virtual synchronous generator model, suitable for a large-scale grid. This model consists of virtual synchronous generator control, system limitation and the model interface. The equations of a second-order synchronous machine, the characteristics of charging/discharging power, state of charge, operating efficiency, dead band and inverter limits are also considered. By equipping the energy storage converter into an approximate synchronous voltage source with an excitation system and speed regulation system, the necessary inertia and damping characteristics are provided for the renewable energy power system with low inertia and weak damping. Based on the node current injection method by the power system analysis software package (PSASP), the control model is built to study the influence of different energy storage systems. A study on the impact of renewable energy unit fluctuation on frequency and the active power of the IEEE 4-machine 2-area system is selected for simulation verification. Through reasonable control and flexible allocation of energy storage plants, a stable and friendly frequency environment can be created for power systems with high-penetration renewable energy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Juntao Cui
1
Zhao Li
2
ORCID: ORCID
Ping He
2
ORCID: ORCID
Zhijie Gong
2
Jie Dong
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lanzhou Resources and Environment Voc-Tech University, China
  2. Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, China
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Abstract

Thermal energy encounters a huge demand in the world, part of which can be met by renewable energy sources, such as solar energy, and storage of thermal energy surplus from industrial processes. For this purpose, thermal energy storage (TES) units, in which heat is stored, are developed. The energy is accumulated by phase change materials (PCM) characterized by high phase transition enthalpy. PCMs have poor thermal conductivity; therefore, to take full advantage of their capabilities and to accelerate the charging and discharging cycle, metallic structures are used. These structures are manufactured using investment casting technology. Creating models with additive methods, such as 3D printing, allows obtaining complex shapes with high accuracy, such as thin-walled castings. At a large scale, the method may not be cost-effective. In this paper, the heat exchanger models were made from PLA and the castings - from AC44200 aluminum alloy. Investment casting requires the proper selection of parameters, such as the right material for the model, the selection of the firing temperature, the adjustment of the temperature of the molten metal, the temperature of the mold, and the pressure in it. Misaligning any of the parameters can lead to imperfections on the finished casting. Based on the model roughness study, it was found that minor roughness and higher accuracy are presented by the lower parts of the casting, while weaker performance is observed for the upper parts. Metal castings in a salt PCM environment may be subjected to corrosion. Therefore, the authors proposed to produce protective coatings on aluminum castings by the PEO method - plasma electrolytic oxidation. Porous ceramic thin films consisting mainly of alumina were obtained. The next tests will be aimed to confirm whether this layer will not negatively influence the thermal conductivity of the thermal energy storage.
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Authors and Affiliations

N. M. Raźny
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Lightweight Elements Engineering, Foundry and Automation, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Stanisława Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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Abstract

In microgrid distribution generation (DG) sources are integrated parallelly for the economic and efficient operation of a power system. This integration of DG sources may cause many challenges in a microgrid. The islanding condition is termed a condition in which the DG sources in the microgrid continue to power the load even when the grid is cut off. This islanding situation must be identified as soon as possible to avoid the collapse of the microgrid. This work presents the hybrid islanding detection technique. This technique consists of both active and parametric estimation methods such as slip mode shift frequency (SMS) and exact signal parametric rotational invariance technique (ESPRIT), respectively. This technique will easily distinguish between islanding and non-islanding events even under very low power perturbations. The proposed method also has no power quality impact. The proposed method is tested with UL741 standard test conditions.
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Authors and Affiliations

S. Jayanthi
1
S. Arockia Edwin Xavier
2
ORCID: ORCID
P.S. Manoharan
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Sapthagiri College of Engineering, Periyanahali, Dharmapuri, India
  2. Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, India
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Abstract

The overall efficiency of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) strongly depends on the temperature uniformity of the batteries, usually disregarded in studies of the integrated performance of BESSs. This paper presents a new battery thermal management system (BTMS) using a personalized air supply instead of a central air supply. Thermal models are established to predict the thermal behavior of BESSs with 400 battery packs. Moreover, several optimizations comprising the effect of the position and number of air inlets, the number, and angle of the baffles on the air distribution in the ducts are proposed. The results show that the distributed air supply from the main air inlet makes the air velocity in the main air ducts more uniform. It is demonstrated that air deflection is the main source of airflow inhomogeneity at the air outlets. The airflow uniformity is better when the baffles are added at the entrance and the bottom of each riser duct than at other locations. The improved air supply scheme makes the nonuniformity coefficient of air velocity reduced from 1.358 to 0.257. The findings can guide the selection of a cooling form to enhance the safety of BESSs.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zhu Xinlong
1
Shi Hong
1
Xu Wenbing
1
Pan Jiashuang
1
Zhang Tong
2
Wang Yansong
2

  1. College of Energy & Power Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Mengxi, Jingkou, Zhenjiang 212003, China
  2. Key Laboratory of Aircraft environment control and life support, MIIT, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Yudao Street, Nanjing 210016, China
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Abstract

The paper proposes to apply an algorithm for predicting the minimum level of the state of charge (SoC) of stationary supercapacitor energy storage system operating in a DC traction substation, and for changing it over time. This is done to insure maximum energy recovery for trains while braking. The model of a supercapacitor energy storage system, its algorithms of operation and prediction of the minimum state of charge are described in detail; the main formulae, graphs and results of simulation are also provided. It is proposed to divide the SoC curve into equal periods of time during which the minimum states of charge remain constant. To predict the SoC level for the subsequent period, the learning algorithm based on the neural network could be used. Then, the minimum SoC could be based on two basic types of data: the first one is the time profile of the energy storage load during the previous period with the constant minimum SoC retained, while the second one relies on the trains’ locations and speed values in the previous period. It is proved that the use of variable minimum SoC ensures an increase of the energy volume recovered by approximately 10%. Optimum architecture and activation function of the neural network are also found.

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Authors and Affiliations

W. Jefimowski
A. Nikitenko
Z. Drążek
M. Wieczorek
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Abstract

The article present results of economic efficiency evaluation of storage technology for electricity from coal power plants in large-scale chemical batteries. The benefits of using a chemical lithium-ion battery in a public power plant based on hard coal were determined on the basis of data for 2018 concerning the mining process. The analysis included the potential effects of using a 400 MWh battery to optimize the operation of 350 MW power units in a coal power plant. The research team estimated financial benefits resulting from the reduction of peak loads and the work of individual power units in the optimal load range. The calculations included benefits resulting from the reduction of fuel consumption (coal and heavy fuel oil – mazout) as well as from the reduction of expenses on CO2 emission allowances.

The evaluation of the economic efficiency was enabled by a model created to calculate the NPV and IRR ratios. The research also included a sensitivity analysis which took identified risk factors associated with changes in the calculation assumptions adopted in the analysis into account. The evaluation showed that the use of large-scale chemical batteries to optimize the operation of power units of the subject coal power plant is profitable. A conducted sensitivity analysis of the economic efficiency showed that the efficiency of the battery and the costs of its construction have the greatest impact on the economic efficiency of the technology of producing electricity in a coal power plant with the use of a chemical battery. Other variables affecting the result of economic efficiency are the factors related to battery durability and fuels: battery life cycle, prices of fuels, prices of CO2 emission allowances and decrease of the battery capacity during its lifetime.

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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Krawczyk
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Śliwińska
Mariusz Ćwięczek
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Abstract

The aim of the article is a preliminary assessment of the possibility of using ATES (Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage) technology for the seasonal storage of heat and cold in shallow aquifers in Poland. The ATES technology is designed to provide low-temperature heat and cold to big-area consumers. A study by researchers from the Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands indicates very favorable hydrogeological and climate conditions in most of Poland for its successful development. To confirm this, the authors used public hydrogeological data, including information obtained from 1324 boreholes of the groundwater observation and research network and 172 information sheets of groundwater bodies (GWBs). Using requirements for ATES systems, well-described in the world literature, the selection of boreholes was carried out in the GIS environment, which allowed aquifers that meet the required criteria to be captured. The preliminary assessment indicates the possibility of the successful implementation of ATES technology in Poland, in particular in the northern and western parts of the country, including the cities of: Gdańsk, Warsaw, Wrocław, Bydgoszcz, Słupsk, and Stargard.

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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Miecznik
Robert Skrzypczak
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Abstract

A country’s “energy mix” typically evokes varying opinions among different groups within society. It also changes over time, at a pace that most energy consumers fail to appreciate. It is shifting even in Poland – certainly not a leader in the energy transition.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Kozłowski
1

  1. Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

Transforming the energy sector is necessary but not sufficient to prevent a climate catastrophe.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Kozłowski
1

  1. Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

Climate change is driving the transformation of energy systems from fossil to renewable energies. In industry, power supply systems and electro-mobility, the need for electrical energy storage is rising sharply. Lithium-based batteries are one of the most widely used technologies. Operating parameters must be determined to control the storage system within the approved operating limits. Operating outside the limits, i.e., exceeding or falling below the permitted cell voltage, can lead to faster aging or destruction of the cell. Accurate cell information is required for optimal and efficient system operation. The key is high-precision measurements, sufficiently accurate battery cell and system models, and efficient control algorithms. Increasing demands on the efficiency and dynamics of better systems require a high degree of accuracy in determining the state of health and state of charge (SOC). These scientific contributions to the above topics are divided into two parts. In the first part of the paper, a holistic overview of the main SOC assessment methods is given. Physical measurement methods, battery modeling, and the methodology of using the model as a digital twin of a battery are addressed and discussed. In addition, adaptive methods and artificial intelligence methods that are important for SOC calculation are presented. Part two of the paper presents examples of the application areas and discusses their accuracy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcel Hallmann
1
ORCID: ORCID
Christoph Wenge
2
ORCID: ORCID
Przemyslaw Komarnicki
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Magdeburg–Stendal University of Applied Sciences, Germany
  2. Fraunhofer IFF Magdeburg, Germany
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Abstract

The energy storage system (ESS) is an important way to improve the power quality of renewable energy sources (such as solar energy and wind energy). A bi-directional DC/DC converter is an essential part of the ESS to achieve bi-directional energy transfer. According to the characteristics of the low-voltage gain and high-voltage stress of switches in the existing bi-directional DC/DC converter, this study proposes a novel two-phase interleaved parallel bi-directional DC/DC converter. The converter can effectively combine the advantages of a Z-source network and interleaved parallel structure. The working principle, the boost mode and buck mode of the converter are analyzed in detail. In addition, the voltage conversion ratios under the two modes are deduced. The control strategy of the two-phase interleaved parallel bi-directional DC/DC converter is introduced in detail. Furthermore, the main working waveforms of the system under each working mode are verified by building a simulation experiment model using MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results show that the system has advantages of high-voltage gain, low-voltage stress of switches and automatic current sharing between inductors.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Baoge Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Deyu Hong
1
Tianpeng Wang
1
Zhen Zhang
1
Donghao Wang
1

  1. Lanzhou Jiaotong University, China
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Abstract

Aiming at the problems of the negative sequence governance and regenerative braking energy utilization of electrified railways, a layered compensation optimization strategy considering the power flow of energy storage systems was proposed based on the railway power conditioner. The paper introduces the topology of the energy storage type railway power conditioner, and analyzes its negative sequence compensation and regenerative braking energy utilization mechanism. Considering the influence of equipment capacity and power flow of the energy storage system on railway power conditioner compensation effect, the objective function and constraint conditions of the layered compensation optimization of the energy storage type railway power conditioner were constructed, and the sequential quadratic programming method was used to solve the problem. The feasibility of the proposed strategy is verified by a multi-condition simulation test. The results show that the proposed optimization compensation strategy can realize negative sequence compensation and regenerative braking energy utilization, improve the power factor of traction substations when the system equipment capacity is limited, and it also has good real-time performance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ying Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yanqiang He
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xiaoqiang Chen
1
Miaomiao Zhao
1
Jing Xie
2

  1. School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
  2. Xi’an Rail Transit Group Co., LTD Operation Branch Xi’an, 710000 China

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