This article proposes a model describing the nature of associative processes as diagnostic cues for formulating attitudes and judgments. The assumption of the model is that attitudes, judgments and behaviours are based on how people selectively activate, interpret and integrate previously associated signals (selectively limiting the excess of information from both the senses and from our immediate environment). The model specifies which factors hinder or facilitate the formulation of associations between diagnostic signals and how it translates into attitudes, judgments and behaviours. To test the predictions derived from this model, we first showed that linguistic cues of diminutives can indicate physical properties – they were associated with the belief that the described objects were smaller but also worse or less valuable. The second line of research dealt with embodied moral judgments – we demonstrated that the usage of a hand over heart gesture led to more honest behaviour, an increase in judgments of honesty but also reduced tendency to lie for one's own profit. Our findings also suggest that using “standing at attention” body manipulation increased participants' submissiveness to the experimenter and their obedience to norms. This pattern of results suggests that the described model integrates perspectives of embodied cognition and social cognition, documenting the cognitive mechanism needed to formulate and adjust attitudes and judgments.

Życie codzienne mieszkańców miast, miasteczek i wsi budzi niesłabnące zainteresowanie nie tylko środowisk naukowych, ale także szeroko rozumianych społeczności lokalnych. Siedemnastowieczny Zamość, jako ważne centrum handlowe i naukowe wielokulturowej i wielowyznaniowej Rzeczypospolitej stanowi także interesujący przedmiot badań w różnych aspektach związanych z życiem codziennym. Zagadnienie to podejmowało już w swoich opracowaniach wielu badaczy, jednak że ciągle jeszcze dalekie jest ono od wyczerpania. Podejmując próbę odtworzenia fragmentów barwnego życia codziennego mieszka ńców Zamościa w tym okresie autor koncentruje się na wybranych aspektach, takich jak uroczystości cechowe czy udział w uroczystościach religijnych. Analizuje także codzienne swary i kłótnie, próby ich łagodzenia, drobne i poważne przestępstwa, wyroki sądowe i sposoby wymierzania kar. Ważnym elementem ż ycia codziennego są także plotki, wskazujące na sposób rozpowszechniania się informacji kształtujących opinie społeczne. W życiu codziennym szczególne miejsce zajmuje rozrywka, towarzysząca mieszkańcom na różnych etapach aktywności zawodowej i społecznej, jako stały element zamykający wszystkie sprawy.

Artykuł oparty jest na pamiętniku zamojskiego mieszczanina i profesora Akademii Zamojskiej Bazylego Rudomicza z lat 1656–1672, oraz innym materiałach źródłowych.

The Court of the Eurasian Economic Union was created in 2015 as a judicial organ with jurisdiction over a range of subject matters within the Eurasian Economic Union. It replaced the Court of the Eurasian Economic Community, which operated within the Eurasian Economic Community and its Customs Union (2012-2014). Though the Union become the next step in the integration process of the post-Soviet area, the newly created Court has not been given de jure a successor status. The Court of the Union was set up anew as one of the four institutional bodies in the structure of the Union. It was empowered to settle disputes between the Member States, as well as to consider different types of actions brought by private actors (economic entities only). The interpretative function of the Court was enshrined as “competence on clarification.” Moreover, the Commission, the main executive and regulative organ, was not given locus standi in actions against the Member States to enhance their compliance with the obligations of EAEU law. Preliminary jurisdiction was also cut down as compared to the Court of the Community or other regional integration courts. However, some new functions were given to the Court, and its five years long practice shows a clear tendency to substitute missing powers with those given but in a broader context, as well as its aspirations to play a consolidating role for the legal order of the Union.

We aimed to investigate whether educational activities in the form of guided tours through an exhibition change the appreciation of art when young experts (i.e. first-years students of artistic faculties) view contemporary art in a gallery. Participants viewed and assessed the artworks presented at the gallery twice – before and after taking part in a guided tour led by a gallery educator. The guide-led tour increased both understanding and ratings (the hedonic value) of the artworks, which is consistent with the “effort after meaning” hypothesis and also with the model of aesthetic appreciation and aesthetic judgments. Our results suggest that the reception of works of art by young experts is changed when they are under the influence of extensive contextual information.