Life cycles,number of eggs per female,minimal adult female length and reproductive costs are presented for 18 species of Amphipoda from the West Spitsbergen area, 77 79 °N. Fifteen species incubated eggs during the polar night and released their offspring in early April. Three species incubated eggs from late spring till late summer. The appearance of the youngest juveniles, indicating the hatching period, is presented for 63 species. Most of the species studied were K strategists, with large eggs of over 1 mm diameter; only one species (Hyperoche medusarum ) was r strategist.
The model for estimating the whole life costs of the building life cycle that allows the quantification of the risk addition lets the investor to compare buildings at the initial stage of planning a construction project in terms of the following economic criteria: life cycle costs (LCC), whole life costs (WLC), life cycle equivalent annual costs (LCEAC) and cost addition for risk (ΔRLCC). The subsequent stages of the model development have been described in numerous publications of the authors, while the aim of this paper is to check the accuracy of the model in the case of changing the parameters that may affect the results of calculations. The scope of the study includes: comparison of the results generated by the model with the solutions obtained in the life cycle net present value method (LCNPV) for time and financial input data, not burdened with the risk effect; the analysis of the variability of results due to changes in input data; analysis of the variability of results as a consequence of changing the sets of membership functions for input data and methods for defuzzification the result.
W artykule dokonano analizy wartości śladu węglowego dla obuwia dziecięcego, czyli takiego, które charakteryzuje się niewielką masą, ale różni się pod względem materiałów konstrukcyjnych. Ślad węglowy jest to ekologiczny wskaźnik, który stosowany jest do pomiaru sumy emisji gazów cieplarnianych (GHG) do atmosfery, wynikającej z wytworzenia obuwia. Złożoność metodyki jego obliczania implikowana jest faktem, że produkcja obuwia jest procesem wieloetapowym i na każdym z nich istnieje prawdopodobieństwo wystąpienia emisji gazów cieplarnianych. Dodatkowo stosowanie szerokiej gamy materiałów zarówno sztucznych, jak i naturalnych do wytwarzania półproduktów obuwniczych powoduje, że w cyklu życia mogą pojawiać się duże ilości odpadów stałych, ścieków, a także emisja szkodliwych gazów cieplarnianych, mogących mieć negatywny wpływ na środowisko. Różnorodność materiałów wiąże się z powstawaniem problemów, związanych z precyzją określenia źródła ich pochodzenia, co utrudnia oszacowanie śladu węglowego związanego z produkcją surowców, zwłaszcza w przypadku, gdy istnieje skomplikowany łańcuch dostaw. W niniejszej pracy na podstawie dostępnej metodyki obliczono ślad węglowy dla czterech modeli obuwia dziecięcego (jeden o cholewce w postaci otwartej (obuwie typu sandał) oraz trzy o cholewce pełnej) z uwzględnieniem poszczególnych cykli jego życia obejmujących: nabycie surowców (etap 1), produkcję materiałów wejściowych (etap 2), produkcję komponentów obuwia (etap 3), montaż, wykańczanie, pakowanie (etap 4), produkcję opakowań (etap 5), dystrybucję do klientów (etap 6) oraz koniec cyklu życia produktu (etap 8), poprzedzony okresem użytkowania ustalonym na 6 miesięcy (etap 7). Na tej podstawie wskazano te obszary cyklu życia obuwia, w których możliwa jest implementacja opcji zmniejszających ilość wyemitowanych gazów cieplarnianych wyrażonych w ekwiwalencie dwutlenku węgla. Potencjalne działania naprawcze powinny być w szczególności skierowane na etapy: 3 (najbardziej emisyjny), 4 oraz 8.
In this study we investigate why bequests are left using a life course approach. Planned post mortem wealth transfers to children are linked with inter vivos transfers and inheritances left by the parents of the plan-makers. Individual decisions concerning wealth accumulation and bequeathing can be understood better if adjacent generations are taken into account. Moreover, particular events from an individual life history (widowhood, divorce, disease, and others) affect bequest decisions. A life course perspective proved fruitful in better understanding bequest behavior.
The occurence of the crustacean Branchinecta gaini was observed in the fresh-water ponds on King George Island. Morphological structure of the following developmental stages was described: nauplius, metanauplius, adult males, adult females, and gravid females with egg-sacs filled with eggs. The active phase of the life cycle of this species lasts 6 months (November-May). During that time one generation of Branchinecta develops. The reproductive season lasts from January until the freezing of the ponds.
In this study, the environmental impacts of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) treatment and its conversion in anaerobic digestion to glycerol tertiary butyl ether (GTBE) were assessed. The production process is a part of the innovative project of a municipal waste treatment plant. The BioRen project is funded by the EU’s research and innovation program H2020. A consortium has been set up to implement the project and to undertake specific activities to achieve the expected results. The project develops the production of GTBE which is a promising fuel additive for both diesel and gasoline. It improves engine performance and reduces harmful exhaust emissions. At the same time, the project focuses on using non-recyclable residual organic waste to produce this ether additive.
The aim of this paper is the evaluation through Life Cycle Assessment of the environmental impact GTBE production in comparison with a production of other fuels. To quantify the environmental impacts of GTBE production, the ILCD 2011 Midpoint+ v.1.10 method was considered. The study models the production of GTBE, including the sorting and separation of municipal solid waste (MSW), pre-treatment of organic content, anaerobic fermentation, distillation, catalytic dehydration of isobutanol to isobutene, etherification of GTBE with isobutene and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC).
The results indicate that unit processes: sorting and hydrothermal carbonization mostly affect the environment. Moreover, GTBE production resulted in higher environmental impact than the production of conventional fuels.
The paper presents an application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method for the environmental evaluation of the technologies for the fertilizers production. LCA has been used because it enables the most comprehensive identifi cation, documentation and quantifi cation of the potential impacts on the environment and the evaluation and comparison of all signifi cant environmental aspects. The main objective of the study was to assess and compare two technologies for the production of phosphorus (P) fertilizers coming from primary and secondary sources. In order to calculate the potential environmental impact the IMPACT 2002+ method was used. The fi rst part of the LCA included an inventory of all the materials used and emissions released by the system under investigation. In the following step, the inventory data were analyzed and aggregated in order to calculate one index representing the total environmental burden. In the scenario 1, fertilizers were produced with use of an integrated technology for the phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge ash (SSA) and P fertilizer production. Samples of SSA collected from two Polish mono-incineration plants were evaluated (Scenario 1a and Scenario 1b). In the scenario 2, P-based fertilizer (reference fertilizer – triple superphosphate) was produced from primary sources – phosphate rock.
The results of the LCA showed that both processes contribute to a potential environmental impact. The overall results showed that the production process of P-based fertilizer aff ects the environment primarily through the use of the P raw materials. The specifi c results showed that the highest impact on the environment was obtained for the Scenario 2 (1.94899 Pt). Scenario 1a and 1b showed the environmental benefi ts associated with the avoiding of SSA storage and its emissions, reaching -1.3475 Pt and -3.82062 Pt, respectively. Comparing results of LCA of P-based fertilizer production from diff erent waste streams, it was indicated that the better environmental performance was achieved in the scenario 1b, in which SSA had the higher content of P (52.5%) in the precipitate. In this case the lower amount of the energy and materials, including phosphoric acid, was needed for the production of fertilizer, calculated as 1 Mg P2O5. The results of the LCA may play a strategic role for the decision-makers in the aspect of searching and selection of the production and recovery technologies. By the environmental evaluation of diff erent alternatives of P-based fertilizers it is possible to recognize and implement the most sustainable solutions.
Management and Production Engineering Review (MPER) is a peer-refereed, international, multidisciplinary journal covering a broad spectrum of topics in production engineering and management. Production engineering is a currently developing stream of science encompassing planning, design, implementation and management of production systems. Orientation towards human resources factor differentiates production engineering from other technical disciplines. The journal aims to advance the theoretical and applied knowledge of this rapidly evolving field, with a special focus on production management, organisation of production processes, management of production knowledge, computer integrated management of production flow, enterprise effectiveness, maintainability and sustainable manufacturing, productivity and organisation, modelling and simulation, decision making systems, project management, innovation management and technology transfer, quality engineering and safety at work. Management and Production Engineering Review is published under the auspices of the Polish Academy of Sciences Committee on Production Engineering and Polish Association for Production Management.
The main purpose of Management and Production Engineering Review is to publish the results of cutting-edge research advancing the concepts, theories and implementation of novel solutions in modern manufacturing. Papers presenting original research results related to production engineering and management education are also welcomed.
We welcome original papers written in English. The Journal also publishes technical briefs, discussions of previously published papers, book reviews, and editorials.
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