Wyniki prowadzonych w ostatnim czasie badań empirycznych wskazują, że rozprzestrzenianie praw własności intelektualnej (Intellectual Property – IP) oraz fragmentacja praw patentowych wśród różnych posiadaczy patentów stwarzają bariery dla innowacji oraz powodują utrudnienia w komercjalizacji odkryć naukowych. Prawnicy i ekonomiści zasugerowali, że ze względu na rosnącą liczbę zgłoszeń patentowych, ograniczone zasoby w urzędach patentowych na całym świecie oraz brak wystarczającego czasu na uzupełnienie aktualnego stanu wiedzy w danej dziedzinie, osoby odpowiedzialne za ich weryfikację nie były w stanie przeprowadzić szczegółowych badań patentowych. Ponadto wyniki przeprowadzonych badań wskazują na powiązanie rosnące liczby nakładających się praw własności intelektualnej do tzw. tragedii prywatnego zawłaszczenia i koncepcji chaszczy patentowych. Przeprowadzono wiele badań w celu opracowania narzędzi i miar, które mogłyby zweryfikować występowanie chaszczy patentowych oraz lepiej zrozumieć społeczny i ekonomiczny wpływ właścicieli fragmentarycznych praw patentowych. Problem chaszczy patentowych jest istotny dla sektora energetycznego, ponieważ staje się on coraz bardziej innowacyjny. W konsekwencji kwestia chaszczy patentowych może w znacznym stopniu wpłynąć na jego długoterminowy rozwój. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia przegląd literatury dotyczącej pojęcia chaszczy patentowych oraz omawia wybrane czynniki powodujące wzrost udziału chaszczy patentowych. Ponadto w artykule omówiono najnowsze osiągnięcia w odniesieniu do mierników chaszczy patentowych oraz metod ich identyfikacji.
Renewable energy development is crucial for resolving global warming issues and achieving
sustainable development goals. The objective of this paper is to reveal renewable energy trends
using statistical data to identify the most developed technologies in the field, their distribution by
territory, checking the interrelation between investments in R&D and patent activity.
The changes in total investments made in renewables are studied for 2004–2019 and the increasing
trend has been observed with some fluctuations in certain years, major current investments in solar
and wind energy are detected. The dynamics of international patenting activity in solar and wind
technologies, geothermal and fuel cells, the total number of PCT applications over the past 10 years
by geographic region are considered. The results show some differences across various renewable
technologies. Solar is the most patented, wind and fuel cells are less patented but solar and wind
have shown an uptrend for the last five years, while fuel cell technologies showed a decline after
2008. Geothermal is the least patented.
The comparison between investment and patent application trends in renewables undercovers some
important issues – the leading role of Japan in patenting under the PCT procedure, while China is
a major investor in renewable energy; the US and Europe with big investments in renewables are
also leading in patent registration.
Correlation between investment in R&D and patenting activity in the field of global renewable
energy should be emphasized (correlation coefficient R = 0,849 for 2002–2019). Since private
and public investment is strongly stimulated by domestic renewable energy policies, IP indicators
can help identify policy instruments and their effectiveness within the further research
framework.
The article describes mine survey works during opening old St. Anthony of Padua water adit in Horní Město (Czech Republic) to make it accessible to visitors. The works cover the connecting survey and orientation measurement, traverse measurement of the first opened part, setting-out projection of the end of opened part to the surface to make shaft from the surface, new connecting survey and orientation measurement by shaft and traverse measurement of the rest of water adit. Non-standard aids and techniques were used during surveying. One of the tools is a suspended prism holder developed at Institute of geodesy and mine surveying, VSB – Technical university of Ostrava, registered as a utility patent.
This study investigated the utility of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) closure with hemostatic clip by comparing with traditional PDA closure. Medical records of 51 dogs with surgical closure of PDA were reviewed and retrospective study was conducted. 29 dogs were treated by procedure with hemostatic clip (Group HC), and 22 dogs were treated by surgical ligation (Group SL). Data pertaining to breed, sex, age and body weight at the time of surgery, echocardiographic minimal ductal diameter, duration of surgery, hemostatic clip size, echocardiographic findings, hemorrhage, residual ductal flow and recanalization were collected from records. The results showed that procedure with hemostatic clip had been selected in lighter dogs than traditional PDA closure. Duration of surgery performed only hemostatic clip technique was significantly shorter than that in group SL. Preoperative LVIDd, E-wave and FS were significantly lower than postoperative ones. As regard all parameters, the differences between pre- and postoperative periods were not significantly different between group HC and group SL. Hemorrhage, residual ductal flow, and recanalization were not significantly different in both groups. The present study showed that procedure with hemostatic clip is beneficial in that it is available in smaller dogs and can make shorter operation duration than traditional PDA closure. Moreover, the procedure is effective for the resolution of volume overload of the left atrium and ventricle in short-term outcome. Complications including hemorrhage, residual ductal flow and recanalization were not significantly different with both techniques.
The article is a part of materials regarding current problems of Polish science and higher education. It provides an in-depth analysis of the Act on degrees and academic titles as well as several other laws which introduce the so-called Ph.D. implementation in Poland. These laws were adopted by the Sejm of the Republic of Poland in April 2017. The author focuses on several problems, discussing them in separate chapters. The article also tries to predict the far-reaching results of the new rules. At the same time, the author proposes specific solutions that should be included in the future in the Act on degrees and academic titles, or in the Act of industrial property. They should eliminate the negative effects of conflicts between the provisions of various legal acts.