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Future of National Reference Frames – from static to kinematic?

Markku Poutanen Pasi Häkli
Geodesy and Cartography | 2018 | vol. 67 | No 1
Keywords reference frames kinematic reference frames semi-kinematic reference frames CORS precise positioning
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Abstract

Technical development, new applications and requests for increased accuracy in georeferencing are setting new demands for accuracy and reliability of reference frames. Due to crustal deformations and local movements of benchmarks, a static reference network deteriorates with time, thus eventually requiring update of the whole system. Technically, renewal of a reference frame is straightforward and should be done whenever enough new data or updated information exist to get an improvement in accuracy. An example is the International Terrestrial Reference Frame, ITRF, which is renewed regularly. The situation is more complicated with national reference frames which may have been given a legal status, and parameters defined by the national legislation. Even without that, renewal and implementation of such a frame is a multi-million euro project taking years to complete. Crustal deformations and movements deteriorate static reference frames (defined by fixed/static coordinates of benchmarks) with time. Eventually, distortions in a static reference frame will become bigger than the uncertainties of GNSS measurements, thus deteriorating the obtainable accuracy of the measurement technique. Instead of a static reference frame, one can use semi-kinematic or kinematic approach where either the transformation from global to the national reference frame or the coordinates of reference frame benchmarks are time-dependent. In this paper we give a short overview of the topic, and discuss on technical issues and future aspects of the reference frames in the viewpoint of National Mapping and Cadastre Authorities (NMA) with an example on the national strategy in Finland.
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Authors and Affiliations

Markku Poutanen
Pasi Häkli

Research on reference frames and reference networks in Poland in 2019–2022

Jan Kryński Tomasz Liwosz
Advances in Geodesy and Geoinformation | 2023 | vol. 72 | No 2 | e44 | DOI: 10.24425/agg.2023.146156
Keywords reference system reference frame vertical control gravity control magneti ccontrol
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Abstract

The article presents the reviewed and summarised research activities of Polish research groups on reference frames and reference networks in a period of 2019–2022. It contains the results on the implementation of latest resolutions on reference systems of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics and the International Astronomical Union focusing on changes in the consecutive issues of the Astronomical Almanac of the Institute of Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw. It further presents the status of the implementation of the European Terrestrial Reference System 1989 (ETRS89) in Poland, monitoring the terrestrial reference frame, including research on global terrestrial reference frames, GNSS data analysis within the EUREF Permanent Network, research on GNSS receiver antenna phase centres, research on impact of non-tidal loading effects on position solutions, and on station velocities. Then the activities concerning the realization of ITRS and ETRS89 in Poland are discussed, including operational work of GNSS IGS/EPN stations as well as operational work of the laser ranging station of the International Laser Ranging Service, with special emphasis on the Polish active GNSS network for the realization of ETRS89 and maintenance of the vertical control network. Extensive research activities are observed in the field of implementation of the International Terrestrial Gravity Reference Frame in Poland, maintenance and modernization of gravity control network in Poland but also in Sweden, establishment of gravity control network in Ireland based on absolute gravity survey as well as maintenance of the national magnetic control network in Poland which is traditionally performed on a regular basis.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Kryński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Liwosz
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institute of Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw, Poland
  2. Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

Conformal and empirical transformation between the PL-ETRF89 and PL-ETRF2000 reference frames using the new adjustment of the former Polish I class triangulation network

Roman Kadaj
Geodesy and Cartography | 2021 | vol. 70 | No 2 | article no. e05 | DOI: 10.24425/gac.2021.136680
Keywords European reference frames empirical transformation interpolation grid network adjustment 3D Helmert transformation
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Abstract

The European reference frame ETRF2000 was introduced on the territory of Poland on 1 July 2013, named PL-ETRF2000, as a result of the appropriate measurement campaign 2008-2011. The new PL-ETRF2000 reference frame has replaced the previously used PL-ETRF89 frame, which had more than 10 years of history in Poland until 2013, implemented in almost all geodetic and cartographic “products”, in geodetic networks, economic map systems and databases. The relationship of the new reference frame with the previously used PL-ETRF89 frame has become an important practical issue. Currently, all position services of the ASG-EUPOS (Active Geodetic Network – EUPOS) system use only the PL-ETRF2000 reference frame, which also results from the relevant legal and technical regulations. The relationships between the frames was considered in two aspects: “theoretical”, expressed by conformal (Helmert, 7-parameter) transformation, and “empirical”, based on an interpolation grid that allows to take into account local distortions of the PL-ETRF89 frame. The estimation of the parameters of the conformal transformation model was based on 330 points of the POLREF network, while to create an interpolation grid approximately 6500 points of the old triangulation network were additionally used, after new adjustment in PL-ETRF200 reference frame. Basic algorithms for the transformation between two frames and mapping systems are implemented in the new version of the TRANSPOL program, which is available on the web ( www.gugik.gov.pl).
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Authors and Affiliations

Roman Kadaj
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland

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