Article investigates the issue of terms of trade in energy products. The goal of this paper is to check how the terms of trade in energy fluctuate. The analysis is carried out on the example of Poland as a country which offers an interesting energy imports and exports structure. The time horizon covers the period from 2005–2015 and is extended to give the broader picture of the phenomenon wherever possible. In the research, the author uses the barter terms of trade concept. The paper has been organized in four sections. The study opens with introductory remarks presenting Polish energy situation, which is followed by a description of the terms of trade concept on the grounds of international economics. The results of the research are discussed in section three which ends with a summary and conclusions. The last part includes an additional description of study constraints and suggestions the next research steps. The statistical data used in the paper comes from national databases of the Polish Central Statistical Office and international sources such as the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. Additional information on energy prices was derived from recognized branch sources such as BP Statistical Review of World Energy.

If the most parsimonious behavioral model between an observed behavior, Y, and some factors, X, can be defined as f(Y|X₁, X₂), then f_x1 will measure the impact in behavior of a change in factor X₁. Additionally, if f_x1x2 ≠ 0, then the impact in behavior of a change in factor X₁ is qualified, or moderated by X₂. If this is the case, X₂ is said to be a moderating variable and f_x1x2 is said to be the moderating effect. When Y is modeled via a logistic regression, the moderation effect will exist regardless of whether the index function of the logit specification includes a moderation term or not. Thus, including a moderation terms in the index function will help the researcher more precisely qualify the moderation effect between X₁ and X₂. The question that naturally arises is whether the researcher must include the moderation term or not. In this document, we provide the conditions in which moderation terms will naturally arise in a logistic regression and introduce some modeling guidelines. We do so by introducing a general framework that nests models with no moderation terms in three scenarios for the independent variables, commonly found in applied research.

The paper investigates the geographical denominations of Western lranian dialects, largely functioning also in the place-names, hydronyms, and oronyms of the area. The relevant lexical material, when taken together and approached as a system, opens larger possibilities for adequate analysis: the paradigm and internal ties of the constituent units become more visible and more clear revealing many otherwise unseen tendencies and peculiarities, particularly regarding the origin of given terms or groups of lexemes within the system. Moreover, as a mirror, it can detect various areal characteristics - first of all lexical and phonetic - of a language or language group in a particular territory. ln other words, it can reveal not only the features of linguistic development in diachrony, i.e. in time, but also in diatopy, i.e. in space.

The present work focuses on analyses of the autoignition delay time predicted by the large eddy simulation (LES) method by applying different subgrid scales (SGS) models and two different discretization schemes. The analysed flow configuration is a two-phase chemically reacting turbulent flow with monodispersed evaporating fuel droplets. The impact of numerical procedure is investigated in a 3D flow domain with a temporally evolving mixing layer that constituted between the streams of fuel and oxidizer that moved in opposite directions. The upper stream of cold gas carries a dispersed fuel spray (ethanol at 300 K). The lower stream is a hot air at 1000 K. Three commonly used in LES, SGS models are investigated, namely: classical Smagorinsky model, model proposed by Vreman and the σ-model proposed by Nicoud. Additionally, the impact of two discretization schemes, i.e., total variation diminishing (TVD) and weighted essentially nonoscillatory (WENO) is analysed. The analysis shows that SGS model and discretization scheme can play a crucial role in the predictions of the autoignition time. It is observed that for TVD scheme the impact of SGS model is rather small. On the contrary, when the WENO scheme is applied the results are much more dependent on the SGS model.

After an introduction on previous work on this topic (§1), a survey is provided of all the Ugaritic terms in the alphabetic texts relating to parts of the body, of both humans (§2) and animals (§3). Cognates in various Semitic languages are given as well as equivalents in Afro-Asiatic and Indo-European, with several new proposals. A separate section is on composite expressions, which form an unusual set within Semitic (§4). A table of the results is included (§5), followed by comments on distribution (§6) and some conclusions (§7).

The aim of the article is to describe the semantics and origin, noted in ethnographic works from Polesie, of the beekeeping terms pczòły pàszut, pasznià ‘to bear benefit (pożytek), to work about the bee’. On the basis of historical materials of East Slavic languages and previous etymological hypotheses, the article relates the meaning of the described terms to the verb pachać ‘to plow; to create, to work’, recognizing it as a semantic archaism. The work also verifies the origin of the form pasznia in Old Polish lexis, recognizing it as a Beloruthenism.

The paper points out the role of terms in academic activity, particularly in onomastics. A survey of onomastic terms present in Polish dictionaries of linguistic terminology and onomastic encyclopaedias has been made. The need has been stressed to follow the rules of terminography in every dictionary of terms. Some normative terms, such as official name, dialectal name, minority name, have been suggested to be included as additional entries in glossaries of onomastic terms.

In the paper, forty-five Polish and British incongruent labour law terms are analysed. Polish terms under the analysis appear in the Polish labour code. The research aims to verify whether the published typology of translation methods used in the Polish-English translation of civil law terms (Kizińska 2018: 247–251) encompasses translation methods applied when translating Polish and British incongruent labour law terms. The definitions of the source terms and the equivalents in question are analysed to identify the translation methods applied while producing equivalents.

The aim of this study was to assess the anisakid nematode distribution pattern in the fish collected from the South Shetland Islands . A total of 32 fish species were examined for the presence of nematodes in 1978, 1979, 1981 and 2007/2008. The fish were caught off the South Shetland Islands ( Elephant Island , Shishkov Island and in Admiralty Bay – King George Island ). Three genera of L3 larval nematodes were identified: Anisakis sp., Contracaecum spp. and Pseudoterranova decipiens. The infection level was higher on the shelf around the islands than in Admiralty Bay . This is explained by a higher abundance of the final hosts in the region. A comparison of the infection data from 1978/79 and 2007/2008 with data from 1994/96 (Palm et al. 1998, 2007) was done. The parameters of infection of Notothenia coriiceps and Lepidonotothen nudifrons by Pseudoterranova decipiens were decreasing within the 30 years period.

The issue of the morphemic analysis of medical terminology is a crucial factor in terms of translation strategies and compilation of a terminological dictionary. The research was conducted in the context of author’s current lexicographical work called as English-Ukrainian-Russian defining dictionary of dental terms. To provide the user of the dictionary with reliable techniques to construct the meaning of terms, morphemes relative frequency in the area of dentistry have been determined.

The subject of my contribution is the cognition in the jurisprudence. It focuses on the question of the methods used in the jurisprudence to achieve knowledge of the law and the importance of the language in this process. My considerations focus on the evaluative position of the jurist. It is based on the assumption that the choice of a view requires not only an evaluation but also a kind of hierarchization. Therefore the important question is which evaluations are displaced by jurisprudence, and which ones creep into the theoretical considerations. The arguments on this topic have been drawn from three texts by German jurists of the 19th century.

Very often, a digital system includes sequential blocks which can be represented using a model of the finite state machine (FSM). It is very important to improve such FSM characteristics as the number of used logic elements, operating frequency and consumed energy. The paper proposes a novel technology-dependant design method targeting LUT-based Mealy FSMs. It belongs to the group of structural decomposition methods. The method is based on encoding the product terms of Boolean functions representing the FSM circuit. To diminish the number of LUTs, a partition of the set of internal states is constructed. It leads to three-level logic circuits of Mealy FSMs. Each function from the first level requires only a single LUT to be implemented. The method of constructing the partition with the minimum amount of classes is proposed. There is given an example of FSM synthesis with the proposed method. The experiments with standard benchmarks were conducted. They show that the proposed method can improve such FSM characteristics as the number of used LUTs. This improvement is accompanied by a decrease in performance. A positive side effect of the proposed method is a reduction in power consumption compared with FSMs obtained with other design methods.

Etymologies demonstrate complexity of semantic changes that the Maltese words underwent as well as reflect the local history and lifestyle of peasants dwelling in rural areas of Malta and Gozo. In such way the words may be considered as a reservoir of the collective memory of Maltese people. Strikingly, the Maltese language, though Semitic in its grammar, semantically seems to be attached more to the Romance word. It is manifested not only in the preponderance of Sicilian words in Maltese dictionaries, but also in the transposition of some semantic structures mirroring the internal development of Romance languages. In the article the following Maltese terms were discussed: mgħażqa, zappun, minġel, xatba, rixtellu, minġla, ranċila, romblu tad-dris, midra, luħ, mannara, lexxuna.

The paper proposes an adaptation of mathematical models derived from the theory of deterministic chaos to short-term power forecasts of wind turbines. The operation of wind power plants and the generated power depend mainly on the wind speed at a given location. It is a stochastic process dependent on many factors and very difficult to predict. Classical forecasting models are often unable to find the existing relationships between the factors influencing wind power output. Therefore, we decided to refer to fractal geometry. Two models based on self-similar processes (M-CO) and (M-COP) and the (M-HUR) model were built. The accuracy of these models was compared with other short-term forecasting models. The modified model of power curve adjusted to local conditions (M-PC) and Canonical Distribution of the Vector of Random Variables Model (CDVRM). Examples of applications confirm the valuable properties of the proposed approaches.

Fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) due to their specific high-strength properties become more and more popular and replace traditional structural materials like conventional steel in prestressed concrete structures. FRP reinforced structures are relatively new when compared to structures prestressed with steel tendons. For that reason only several studies and applications of pre-tensioned FRP reinforcement have been conducted until now. Moreover, researchers only considered short-term behavior of FRP reinforced concrete members. The precise information about long-term behavior of FRP reinforcement is necessary to evaluate the prestress losses, which should be taken into account in the design of prestressed RC structures. One of the most important factor influencing long term behavior of FRP reinforcement is stress relaxation. The overview of experimental tests results described in the available literature considering the prestress losses obtained in FRP prestressed concrete members is presented herein.

The research focuses on the properties of foam glass, popular insulation material used in various industries and applications, including construction, chemistry and defence, after several years of use under varying load, thermal and humidity conditions. The material used as an insulating sub-base underneath industrial steel tank, which had failed with a threat of leakage of the stored high-temperature medium (200°C), was tested. After macroscopic and material evaluation of the foam glass samples, their compressive strength, water absorption, and behaviour under complex conditions including loading, high temperature, and moisture were examined experimentally. Absorption of water considerably affects reducing the foam glass performance. Investigations show that the foam glass generally does not reach the declared compressive strength. If this surface is additionally heated to high temperature, the foam glass undergoes destruction by chipping or crushing just at stresses several times lower than the limits for this material, and even with no applied load. The test results show that foam glass exposed to simultaneous action of water and high temperature undergoes progressive deterioration, resulting in a decrease in declared parameters and losing its usability. Therefore, effective and durable protection from water is of critical importance to ensure reliability of foam glass exposed to high temperatures.

The article covers the functioning of medical vocabulary in the poem Aeneid by Ivan Kotlyarevskyi. Lexical‑semantic groups within the medical vocabulary were analyzed. Medical vocabulary performs a nominative function and forms a medical discourse in the artistic text. The medical lexemes of the Aeneid are representatives of the phenomena of the medical culture of that time. Medicine in the text is implemented through a significant arsenal of lexemes, which are related to folk and the new scientific medicine of the 18th century and at the same time represent the level of medical development. The evolution of medical practices and professions in Ukraine can be traced through the prism of medical images and the corresponding names of medical professions. The text of the Aeneid contains rich linguistic material for the study of the development of medical terminology in the Ukrainian language, therefore it bodes well to introduce the poem into the field of terminological research. The work’s medical issues give credence to an interdisciplinary approach and a multi‑vector study of Ivan Kotlyarevsky’s Aeneid.

This paper analyses the question from the Lexical volume 9 – “Man” of the General Slavic Linguistic Atlas (OLA). It is about the terms for the ‘footprint, track’ (‘stapalka, traga’ in Macedonian) in the Slavic dialects covered by the question L 1575 (‘след стопы’) according to the Questionnaire of OLA. The aim of the analysis is to show the geographical distribution, etymology and semantic motivation for the terms of ‘footprint, track’ in Macedonian dialects (which are based on the material from the OLA) in correlation with the equivalents on the Slavic linguistic territory.

Interpersonal interaction performance is significantly determined by group members’ personality traits. If a group lives in long-term isolation, the influence of personality traits on interpersonal interaction performance will be even stronger. The current study identified and examined the impact of the personality traits of the personnel living at the Ukrainian Antarctic Akademik Vernadsky station (N = 35) on their interpersonal interactions during long-term Antarctic expeditions. The results show that expeditioners’ personality traits significantly determined their interpersonal interactions. However, the influence of personality traits on different areas of interactions can vary significantly among different groups of expeditioners, even sometimes in diametrically opposite directions. The main reason for this is a formed microclimate specific to each group and corresponding group norms for formal and informal relations due to significant differences in personality traits that are characteristic of different groups’ participants. We determined that eleven indicators, out of a total of 23 examined personality traits, significantly differed among expeditioners from different groups (different expeditions). The study results can be used to enable better psychological selection of Antarctic expedition participants and to provide psychological support for these individuals.

The paper presents application of Taguchi method in optimizing the sound transmission loss through sandwich gypsum constructions and those comprising of masonry concrete blocks and gypsum boards in order to investigate the relative influence of the various parameters affecting the sound transmission loss. The application of Taguchi method for optimizing sound transmission loss has been rarely reported. The present work uses the results analytically predicted on “Insul” software for various sandwich material configurations as desired by each experimental run in an L8 orthogonal array. The relative importance of the parameters on single-number rating, Rw (C, Ctr) is evaluated in terms of percentage contribution using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The ANOVA method reveals that type of studs, steel stud frame and number of gypsum layers attached are the key factors controlling the sound transmission loss characteristics of sandwich multi-layered constructions.

The paper presents an extensive review investigating the practical aspects related to the use of single- number ratings used in describing the sound insulation performance of partition wall panels and practical complications encountered in precise measurements in extensive frequency range from 50 Hz to 5 kHz. SWOT analysis of various single number ratings is described. A laboratory investigation on a double wall partition panel combination revealed the significant dependence of STC rating on transmission loss at 125 Hz attributed to 8 dB rule. An investigation conducted on devising alternative spectrums of aircraft noise, traffic noise, vehicular horn noise and elevated metro train noise as an extension to ISO 717-1 Ctr for ascertaining the sound insulation properties of materials exclusively towards these noise sources revealed that the single-number rating Rw + Ctr calculated using ISO 717-1 Ctr gives the minimum sound insulation, when compared with Rw + Cx calculated using the alternative spectrums of aircraft noise, traffic noise, etc., which means that material provides a higher sound insulation to the other noise sources. It is also observed that spectrum adaptation term Cx calculated using the spectrum of noise sources having high sound pressure levels in lower frequencies decreases as compared to ISO 717-1 Ctr owing to significant dependence of Ctr at lower frequencies.

Many tourist cities face the problems regarding the social impact of short-term tourist rental. The rapid development of the tourism economy in recent years, combined with the development of digital technologies and the emergence of peer-to-peer digital platforms, has brought both positive and negative effects of the transformations. The problem is difficult and complex because the attitudes of local stakeholders vary. While residents look only through the phenomenon of gentrification and quality of life, entrepreneurs see in the short-term lease unconditional economic benefits. Cities, protecting the public interest, try to eliminate the adverse effects of tourist short-term rental in various ways. The article presents the attitudes of three groups of stakeholders in Cracow towards the phenomenon of short-term rental, namely residents, hoteliers and restaurateurs.

The “plain and intelligible language” requirement performs a dual function within the framework of Council Directive 93/13/EEC of 5 April 1993 on unfair terms in consumer contracts. First, it is listed as a requirement for application of the exemption included in Art. 4(2) as regards policing terms relating to the main subject matter of the contract or to the adequacy of the price and remuneration. Second, the “plain and intelligible language” requirement is a general requirement addressed at all consumer contracts executed in writing (Art. 5). This paper examines the boundaries of the precept, and places particular emphasis on the recent developments in both EU and Polish law, where the requirement has been used to imply a host of information duties aimed at enhancing consumers’ capacity to foresee the consequences of the terms that they are assenting to. This apparently novel approach, which has been developing in piecemeal fashion in the CJEU’s ever-expanding case law, may trigger significant consequences in the field of consumer contract law. In some ways, expansion of the substantive scope of the requirement may be said to be motivated by the fact that courts, under Art. 4(2) of Directive 93/13, are unable to subject the adequacy of the price and remuneration against the services or supply of goods received in exchange to the substantive fairness test under Art. 3(1) (examination of terms through the prism of the notions of good faith and significant imbalance in the parties’ rights and obligations to the detriment of the consumer).