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Dynamic and steady state performance comparison of line-start permanent magnet synchronous motors with interior and surface rotor magnets

Cosmas Uchenna Ogbuka Cajethan Nwosu Marcel Agu

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2016 | vol. 65 | No 1 March | 105-116 | DOI: 10.1515/aee-2016-0008

Keywords PMSM line-start damper winding airgap torque reluctance torque saliency

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Abstract

A comprehensive comparison of the dynamic and steady state performance characteristics of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) with interior and surface rotor magnets for line-start operation is presented. The dynamic model equations of the PMSM, with damper windings, are utilized for dynamic studies. Two typical loading scenarios are examined: step and ramp loading. The interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) showed superior asynchronous performance under no load, attaining faster synchronism compared to the surface permanent magnet synchronous motor (SPMSM). With step load of 10 Nm at 2 s the combined effect of the excitation and the reluctance torque forced the IPMSM to pull into synchronism faster than the SPMSM which lacks saliency. The ability of the motors to withstand gradual load increase, in the synchronous mode, was examined using ramp loading starting from zero at 2 s. SPMSM lost synchronism at 12 s under 11 Nm load while the IPMSM sustained synchronism until 41 seconds under 40 Nm load. This clearly suggests that the IPMSM has superior load-withstand capability. The superiority is further buttressed with the steady state torque analysis where airgap torque in IPMSM is enhanced by the reluctance torque within 90E to 180E torque angle.

Authors and Affiliations

Cosmas Uchenna Ogbuka

Cajethan Nwosu

Marcel Agu

Force turning off the torque limiter

E. Maznev V. Malashchenko A. Borys

Teka Commission of Motorization and Power Industry in Agriculture | 2016 | vol. 16 | No 2

Keywords torque limiter friction a ball coupling

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Abstract

The article brightens scientific problem concerning the new ball coupling, which can be used in different branches of engineering. A comparative analysis of the results of research known freewheel. The design features a ball coupling on the basis of which it is easy to create a torque limiter evenly tightening bolted connections of various machines and mechanisms. Prepositional necessary analytical fallow that describe the basic values of the forces off the torque limiter, which have become a benchmark for the development of a new design, which received a patent of Ukraine for utility models. Shows a schematic design of torque limiter, which is based on the known developed ball coupling s full description of its constituent parts and principle of operation. Based design features selected design scheme, which allowed for a mathematical model for the analysis of the power unit. Analytically describes the amount of force that acts on working balls at the beginning of the release of their engagement with the groove of the driven coupling half, i.e. an analytical expression effort off the clutch. On the basis of the formulas A quantitative analysis of the impact force of the spring by the amount of torque limiter for different angles of inclination grooves of the coupling halves. Made confirmation of the classical position that the dependence of torque limiter the wire diameter of the spring is the value is not linear. On the basis of current research findings and made practical recommendations for the implementation of the results of research opportunities in industry engineering.

Authors and Affiliations

E. Maznev

V. Malashchenko

A. Borys

Cogging torque and torque ripple analysis of permanent magnet flux-switching machine having two stators

Chukwuemeka Chijioke Awah Ogbonnaya Inya Okoro Edward Chikuni

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2019 | vol. 68 | No 1 | 115-133 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2019.125984

Keywords cogging torque torque ripple separate stators unbalanced magnetic force

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Abstract

The analysis of cogging torque, torque ripple and total harmonic distortion of a permanent magnet (PM) flux-switching machine having separate excitation stators is presented in this study. Further, the effect of unbalanced magnetic force (UMF) on the rotor of this machine is also investigated. A comparison of the analysed machine having different rotor pole configurations is also given. The analysis shows that the largest cogging torque, torque ripple as well as total harmonic distortion (THD) are obtained in the four-rotor-pole machine while the least of THD and torque ripple effects is seen in the thirteen-rotor-pole machine. Furthermore, the evaluation of the radial magnetic force of the machines having an odd number of rotor poles shows that the investigated machine having a five-rotor-pole number exhibits the highest value of UMF, while the smallest amount of UMF is obtained in an eleven-rotor-pole machine. Similarly, it is observed that the machines having an even number of rotor poles exhibit a negligible amount of UMF compared to the ones of the odd number of rotor poles.

Authors and Affiliations

Chukwuemeka Chijioke Awah

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ogbonnaya Inya Okoro

Edward Chikuni

Induction motor analysis employing optimal torque predictor and massive conductor approach

Jakub Bernat Sławomir Stępień

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2010 | vol. 59 | No 1 - 2 September | 99-107 | DOI: 10.2478/s10171-010-0008-x

Keywords finite element method eddy current torque prediction

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Abstract

This research presents a method for the simulation of the magneto-mechanical system dynamics taking motion and eddy currents into account. The major contribution of this work leans on the coupling the field-motion problem considering windings as the current forced massive conductors, modelling of the rotor motion composed of two conductive materials and the torque calculation employing the special optimal predictor combined with the modified Maxwell stress tensor method. The 3D model of the device is analysed by the time stepping finite element method. Mechanical motion of the rotor is determined by solving the second order motion equation. Both magnetic and mechanical equations are coupled in the iterative solving process. Presented method is verified by solving the TEAM Workshop Problem 30.

Authors and Affiliations

Jakub Bernat

Sławomir Stępień

Influence of harmonic voltage coupling on torque ripple of permanent magnet synchronous motor

Shengtao Geng Yong Zhang Hongbo Qiu Cunxiang Yang Ran Yi

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2019 | vol. 68 | No 2 | 399-410 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2019.128276

Keywords PMSM harmonic voltage coupling torque ripple inverter

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Abstract

The permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) driven by an inverter is widely used in the industrial field, but the inverter has a significant impact on the operational stability of the PMSM. The torque ripple of the PMSM is directly affected by the coupling of multiple harmonic voltages in the motor windings. In order to analyze its influence, a water-cooled PMSM with 20 kW 2000 r/min is taken as an example to establish the finite element model of the prototype, and the correctness of the model is verified by experiments. Firstly, based on the finite element method, the electromagnetic field of the PMSM is numerically solved in different operating states, and the performance parameters of the PMSM are obtained. Based on these parameters, the influence of the harmonic voltage amplitude on the torque ripple is studied, and the influence law is obtained. Secondly, combined with the decoupling analysis method, the influence of harmonic voltage coupling on the torque ripple is compared and analyzed, and the variation law of harmonic voltage coupling on the torque ripple is obtained. In addition, the influence of different harmonic voltage coupling on the average torque of the PMSM is studied, and the influence degree of different harmonic voltage amplitude on the torque fluctuation is determined. The conclusion of this paper provides reliable theoretical guidance for improving motor performance.

Authors and Affiliations

Shengtao Geng

Yong Zhang

Hongbo Qiu

Cunxiang Yang

Ran Yi

Calibration of reference torque transducer in one direction and use of its cubic coefficients in both directions with improved interpolation error

K.M. Khaled Seif M. Osman

Metrology and Measurement Systems | 2022 | vol. 29 | No 3 | 539-551 | DOI: 10.24425/mms.2022.142272

Keywords torque calibration fitting function clockwise counterclockwise

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Abstract

The current research work presents an investigation into use of the fitting coefficients resulting from the cubic curve fitting of the torque transducer calibration results in one direction to calculate the actual torque in the other torque direction with two methods: one is direct substitution with the nominal torque which gives a propagated linear relative interpolation error and the other is changing the sign of the second coefficient in the cubic function when using in the other torque direction. This proposed modification improves the absolute relative interpolation error by 5 to 16 times in the clockwise and counterclockwise directions based on the torque transducer’s classification.

Authors and Affiliations

K.M. Khaled

1

Seif M. Osman

1

National Institute of Standards (NIS), Force and Material Metrology Department, Tersa st., 11221 Giza, Egypt

Inverse kinematics solution for humanoid robot minimizing gravity-related joint torques

Kacper Mikołajczyk Maksymilian Szumowski Łukasz Woliński

Archive of Mechanical Engineering | 2022 | vol. 69 | No 3 | 393-409 | DOI: 10.24425/ame.2022.140423

Keywords humanoid robot redundant kinematics joint torque minimalization

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Abstract

A method of solving the inverse kinematics problem for a humanoid robot modeled as a tree-shaped manipulator is presented. Robot trajectory consists of a set of trajectories of the characteristic points (the robot’s center of mass, origins of feet and hands frames) in the discrete time domain. The description of motion in the frame associated with the supporting foot allows one to represent the robot as a composite of several serial open-loop redundant manipulators. Stability during the motion is provided by the trajectory of the robot’s center of mass which ensures that the zero moment point criterion is fulfilled. Inverse kinematics solution is performed offline using the redundancy resolution at the velocity level. The proposed method utilizes robot’s redundancy to fulfill joint position limits and to reduce gravity-related joint torques. The method have been tested in simulations and experiments on a humanoid robot Melson, and results are presented.

Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Kacper Mikołajczyk

1

Maksymilian Szumowski

1

Łukasz Woliński

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

Caster Car – underactuated ground vehicle with caster wheels

Sebastian Korczak

Archives of Control Sciences | 2024 | vol. 34 | No 1 | 91-116 | DOI: 10.24425/acs.2024.149654

Keywords underactuated system caster wheel computed torque technique pseudoinverse

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Abstract

This paper presents a new type of underactuated ground mobile robot called Caster Car. The platform consists of a front-driven and steered wheel and two uncontrolled rear caster wheels. The Caster Car model presented can be an interesting alternative for mobile robots that connects dynamic properties of hovercrafts and classical 4-wheeled cars. Underactuated properties of the Caster Car cause that classical proportional-derivative feedback control give the ability to affect only selected configuration variables. Three mathematical models of the Caster Car are proposed: a dynamic model with free-moving casters, a dynamic model with blocked casters, and a simplified hovercraft description. Models were tested during tracking tasks with demanding trajectory using selective and full-state control. This full state control was based on the computed torque technique with the pseudoinverse operation and proportional-derivative feedback. It gives the ability to suppress unstable behaviors of uncontrolled orientation but in cost of overall effect (higher position errors).

Authors and Affiliations

Sebastian Korczak

1

e-mail: sebastian.korczak@pw.edu.pl

ORCID:

Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Narbutta84, 02-524 Warsaw, Poland

Global and distributed torque calculations using the CDSA approach

M. Li D. Lowther

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2011 | vol. 60 | No 4 December | 459-471 | DOI: 10.2478/v10171-011-0038-z

Keywords torque calculation distributed torques sensitivity analysis electrical machines

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Abstract

Accurate force and torque calculations are fundamental to being able to predict the operation of an electromechanical device or system. The Maxwell stress tensor and the virtual work principle are the two major theories for force and torque calculation. However, if local distributions of torque are needed to couple to structural and vibration analyses, the conventional Maxwell stress approach cannot provide this easily. A recently developed approach based on sensitivity analysis has the capability to deliver local stress and torque as well as accurate global results. In addition, this approach divides the total torque into different components which are essential to the design of electrical devices. This paper includes several numerical examples of torque calculations of different electrical machines. The results are verified by a commercial software package using the Maxwell stress based force calculation.

Authors and Affiliations

M. Li

D. Lowther

Cogging torque sensitivity to permanent magnet tolerance combinations

Lovrenc Gašparin Rastko Fišer

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2013 | vol. 62 | No 3 September | 449-461 | DOI: 10.2478/aee-2013-0036

Keywords cogging torque finite element method harmonic components PM synchronous motor

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Abstract

This study presents the dependence of the level and harmonic structure of the cogging torque in permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) to imperfections of permanent magnet (PM) dimensions and positions, which can not be avoided in massproduction. Slightly diverse dimensions and misplacements of PMs are introducing asymmetries in magnetic field distribution which cause additional harmonic components. A finite element method (FEM) and Fast Fourier transform (FFT) were used to calculate cogging torque harmonic components with regard to several combinations of PM assembly imperfections. It has been established and proved that unequal PMs cause magnetic asymmetries which give rise to additional cogging torque harmonic components and consequently increase the total cogging torque. It is also shown that in some particular combinations the influence of an individual PM imprecision could compensate with others due to different phase shifts which can result even in the decrease of cogging torque. Considering presented results it is possible to foresee which additional harmonic components will comprise the cogging torque of mass-produced PMSMs due to PM imperfections. In this way the designers are able to predetermine required manufacturing tolerances to keep the level of cogging torque in a admissible level. Simulation results were verified and confirmed by laboratory tests.

Authors and Affiliations

Lovrenc Gašparin

Rastko Fišer

Direct predictive control of asynchronous machine torque using matrix converter

Vahid Talavat Sadjad Galvani Mahdi Hajibeigy

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2018 | vol. 67 | No 4 | 773–788 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2018.124739

Keywords asynchronous motor direct predictive control of torque direct matrix converter

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Abstract

The matrix converter is a new generation of power electronic converters and is an alternative to back-to-back converters in applications that dimensions and weight are important. In this paper, a simple control algorithm for a three-phase asynchronous motor based on a direct torque control technique, which is fed through a three-phase direct matrix converter, is presented. For direct matrix converters, 27 switching modes are possible, which using the predictive control technique and for the different modes of the matrix converter, the motor behavior is estimated at the next sampling interval. Then the objective function is determined and the optimal possible mode is selected. Finally, the best switching mode is applied to the direct matrix converter. In order to evaluate the proposed method, simulation of the system in Matlab/Simulink software environment is performed. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Authors and Affiliations

Vahid Talavat

Sadjad Galvani

Mahdi Hajibeigy

The effect of winding topologies on the performance of flux-switching permanent magnet machine having different number of rotor poles

Chukwuemeka Chijioke Awah Ogbonnaya Inya Okoro

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2018 | vol. 67 | No 4 | 845–855 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2018.124744

Keywords average torque copper loss phase back-EMF winding topologies

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Abstract

Comparison of the electromagnetic performance of a flux-switching permanent magnet (PM) machine having two separate stators as well as different winding topologies is investigated in this paper. Different stator and rotor pole combinations of these machines are also considered. The analysis includes the open-circuit and on-load characteristics of the analyzed machines. It is observed that, the largest fundamental values of electromagnetic torque, for each winding topology, is seen in the 11-rotor-pole and 10-rotor-pole machines having alternate- and all-pole-wound configurations, respectively. Moreover, significant ripple is observed in the waveforms of the even-number rotor pole machines compared to their corresponding odd-number rotor pole counterparts. Overall, the alternate-pole-wound machines essentially have larger torque-density than their equivalent all-pole-wound ones. The investigated machine is also tested for validation.

Authors and Affiliations

Chukwuemeka Chijioke Awah

Ogbonnaya Inya Okoro

Control method of high-speed switched reluctance motor with an asymmetric rotor magnetic circuit

Piotr Bogusz Mariusz Korkosz Jan Prokop

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2016 | vol. 65 | No 4 December | 685-701 | DOI: 10.1515/aee-2016-0048

Keywords switched reluctance motor SRM power converter electromagnetic torque

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Abstract

In the paper, the modified (compared to the classical asymmetric half-bridge) converter for a switched reluctance machine with an asymmetric rotor magnetic circuit was analysed. An analysis for two various structures of switched reluctance motors was conducted. The rotor shaping was used to obtain required start-up torque or/and to obtain less electromagnetic torque ripple. The discussed converter gives a possibility to turn a phase off much later while reduced time of a current flows in a negative slope of inductance. The results of the research in the form of waveforms of currents, voltages and electromagnetic torque were presented. Conclusions were formulated concerning the comparison of the characteristics of SRM supplied by the classic converter and by the one supplied by the analysed converter.

Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Bogusz

Mariusz Korkosz

Jan Prokop

The electromagnetic calculations of complex motion common magnetic circuit electromagnetic converter

Grzegorz Kamiński Paweł Góralski

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2014 | vol. 63 | No 1 March | 125-133 | DOI: 10.2478/aee-2014-0010

Keywords electrical machines common magnetic circuit torque relative error

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Abstract

This document contains results of research on complex motion common magnetic circuit electromagnetic converter characteristic that allows making independent axial and rotary shaft motion. The converter in addition to linear-rotary mechanism consists of two drive rotors and one common magnetic circuit excitator. Such a solution allows to reduce volume of the machine and makes it easier to use. The paper cites design intent and possible structure of the device. Phenomenon of common magnetic circuit adverse effect on correct operation of device is discussed. The concept of using relative error as a way to evaluate the influence of that phenomenon in the torques is discussed. Waveforms of determined relative errors for all possible cases is presented. Furthermore the concept of average relative error is defined and its use as a quantitative method of assessing the degree of common circuit impact is indicated. Definition of relative error ripple factor is given, and its usage is shown. Winding inductance calculation based on free FEM application is shown and its influence on control strategy and power system.

Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Kamiński

Paweł Góralski

Buckling of moderately thick annular plates subjected to torque

Hamed Bagheri Yaser Kiani Mohammad Reza Eslami

Archive of Mechanical Engineering | 2019 | vol. 66 | No 2 | 209-227 | DOI: 10.24425/ame.2019.128445

Keywords annular plate torque generalized differential quadrature asymmetric buckling trigonometric expansion

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Abstract

An attempt is made in the current research to obtain the fundamental buckling torque and the associated buckled shape of an annular plate. The plate is subjected to a torque on its outer edge. An isotropic homogeneous plate is considered. The governing equations of the plate in polar coordinates are established with the aid of the Mindlin plate theory. Deformations and stresses of the plate prior to buckling are determined using the axisymmetric flatness conditions. Small perturbations are then applied to construct the linearised stability equations which govern the onset of buckling. To solve the highly coupled equations in terms of displacements and rotations, periodic auxiliary functions and the generalised differential quadrature method are applied. The coupled linear algebraic equations are a set of homogeneous equations dealing with the buckling state of the plate subjected to a unique torque. Benchmark results are given in tabular presentations for combinations of free, simply-supported, and clamped types of boundary conditions. It is shown that the critical buckling torque and its associated shape highly depend upon the combination of boundary conditions, radius ratio, and the thickness ratio.

Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Hamed Bagheri

1

Yaser Kiani

2

Mohammad Reza Eslami

1

Mechanical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
Faculty of Engineering, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.

Maximum Torque Control of 3-phase induction motor drives

Piotr Wach

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2018 | vol. 67 | No 2 | DOI: 10.24425/119651

Keywords induction motor control angular velocity control direct torque control field oriented control DC-AC power converters Maximum Torque Control

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Abstract

Maximum Torque Control (MTC) is a new method applied for control of induction motor drives. The drive is controlled by dc voltage supplying a converter in the range below nominal speed and by a field that weakens for a speed range above the nominal speed. As a consequence, the control is quite similar to the control of a classical separately excited dc motor. This control method could be explained as a kind of sim- plification of Direct Torque Control (DTC), because the switching scheme is the same as for the DTC, but the variable responsible for a torque control is constantly set for “torque increase”. This kind of control of induction motor drive is simpler than DTC because torque values need not be estimated. The proposed control method offers very good performance for 3-phase induction motors and requires smaller switching frequency in comparison to DTC and Field Oriented Control (FOC). The application of the con- trol is widely demonstrated for a 3-phase 315 kW, 6 kV motor drive by use of computer simulation.

Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Wach

Indirect torque observer-based sensor-less efficient control of bearingless switched reluctance motor using global sliding mode and square currents control method

Pulivarthi Nageswara Rao Ramesh Devarapalli Fausto Pedro García Márquez G.V. Nagesh Kumar Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo

Archives of Control Sciences | 2021 | vol. 31 | No 1 | 53-80 | DOI: 10.24425/acs.2021.136880

Keywords bearingless global sliding mode efficient: maintenance, safety, torque ripple

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Abstract

The Bearingless Switched Reluctance Motor (BSRM) is a new technology motor, which overcomes the problems of maintenances required associated with mechanical contacts and lubrication of rotor shaft effectively. In addition, it also improves the output power developed and rated speed. Hence, the BSRM can achieve high output power and super high speed with less size and cost. It has a considerable ripple in the net-torque due to its critical non-linearity and the salient pole structures of both stator and rotor poles. The resultant torque ripple, especially in these motors, causes the more vibrations and acoustic noises will affects the levitated rotor safety also. Practically at high-speed operations, the accurate measurement of the rotor position is complicated for conventional mechanical sensors. A new square currents control with global sliding mode control based sensorless torque observer is proposed to minimize the torque ripple and achieve a smooth, robust operation without using any mechanical sensors. The proposed controller is designed based on the error between the reference and measured torque values. The sliding mode torque observer measures the torque from the actual phase voltages, currents, and look-up tables. The simulation model has been modelled to validate the proposed methodology. From the simulation outputs, it is clear that the reduction of torque ripple by the proposed method shows improved than the conventional sliding mode controller. The overall system is more robust to the external disturbances, and it also gets efficient torque profile.

Authors and Affiliations

Pulivarthi Nageswara Rao

1

Ramesh Devarapalli

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Fausto Pedro García Márquez

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

G.V. Nagesh Kumar

4

Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo

5

Department of Electrical Electronics and Communication Engineering, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (Deemed to be University),Visakhapatnam, 530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
Department of Electrical Engineering, BITSindri, Dhanbad 828123, Jharkhand, India
Ingenium Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
Department of EEE, JNTU Anantapur, College of Engineering, Pulivendula-516390, Andhra Pradesh, India
University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

Calculations and measurements of torque and inductance of switched reluctance motors with laminated and composite magnetic cores

Marek Przybylski

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2022 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 125-138 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2022.140201

Keywords electromagnetic torque measurements inductance measurements simulations switched reluctance motors

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Abstract

The performance of drives with switched reluctance motors (SRMs) depends on magnetic materials used in their construction which influence static parameters such as inductance and electromagnetic torque profiles. The paper deals with simulations of switched reluctance motors in the finite element method and their comparison with measurements. Two kinds of switched reluctance motors were analysed, the modified Emerson Electric motor with a laminated steel core and a prototype, the one with a magnetic core made of iron-based powder composite materials. In the first part of the research, magnetization curves of magnetic materials were measured for static and dynamic conditions with 50 Hz. Next, simulations and measurements of inductance and developed torque were compared and analysed. In the last part of the research, simulations of magnetic flux density in motors were conducted. As the result of the research, it occurred that the simulations and measurements are quite close and two kinds of motors exhibit similar performance.

Bibliography

[1] Miller T.J.E., Brushless permanent-magnet and reluctance motor drives, Oxford University Press (1989).
[2] Krishnan R., Switched reluctance motor drives: modelling, simulation, analysis, design, and applications, CRC Press (2001).
[3] Ahn J.-W., Switched reluctance motor, in book Torque control Ed. Lamchich M.T., Intech (2011), DOI: 10.5772/10520.
[4] Lawrenson P.J., Stephenson J.M., Blenkinsop P.T., Corda J., Fulton N.N., Variable-speed switched reluctance motors, IEE Proceedings B. (Electric Power Applications), vol. 127, no. 4, pp. 253–265 (1980), DOI: 10.1049/ip-b.1980.0034.
[5] Widmer J.D., Martin R., Kimiabeigi M., Electric vehicle traction motors without rare earth magnets, Sustainable Materials and Technologies, vol. 3, pp. 7–13 (2015), DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2015.02.001.
[6] Riba J.-R., López-Torres C., Romeral L., Garcia A., Rare-earth-free propulsion motors for electric vehicles: A technology review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 57, pp. 367–379 (2016), DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.121.
[7] Nakamura H., The current and future status of rare earth permanent magnets, Scripta Materialia, vol. 154, pp. 273–276 (2018), DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2017.11.010.
[8] Coey J.M.D., Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Cambridge University Press (2010).
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[10] Périgo E.A.,Weidenfeller B., Kollár P., Füzer J., Past, present, and future of soft magnetic composites, Applied Physics Reviews, vol. 5, no. 3 (2018), DOI: 10.1063/1.5027045.
[11] Przybylski M., Modelling and analysis of the low-power 3-phase switched reluctance motor, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 443–454 (2019), DOI: 10.24425/aee.2019.128279.
[12] Przybylski M., Slusarek B., Di Barba P., Mognaschi M.E.,Wiak S., Temperature and torque measurements of switched reluctance actuator with composite or laminated magnetic cores, Sensors, vol. 20, no. 3065, pp. 1–14 (2020), DOI: 10.3390/s20113065.
[13] Meeker D., Finite element method magnetics – User’s manual, ver. 4.2 (2018).
[14] Miller T.J.E., Optimal design of switched reluctance motors, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 15–27 (2002), DOI: 10.1109/41.982244.

Authors and Affiliations

Marek Przybylski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Łukasiewicz Research Network – Tele and Radio Research Institute, Poland

A new topology of double-stator permanent magnet machine equipped with AC windings on both stators

Chukwuemeka Chijioke Awah

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2022 | vol. 71 | No 2 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2022.140711

Keywords double and single stator electromotive force flux linkage machine geometries torque

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Abstract

A new double stator permanent magnet machine having two sets of alternating current (AC) windings in separate stators is proposed in this study. The proposed machine is appropriate for low-speed direct-drive applications. 2D- and 3D-finite element analysis (FEA) is adopted in the result predictions. The considered machine elements are: coil and phase flux linkage, coil and phase induced-electromotive force (EMF), copper loss, current density and torque characteristics. The analysis shows that the studied permanent magnet (PM) machine has better electromagnetic performance than its single-stator equivalent. Moreover, the proposed machine has potential for higher reliability if the separate stators are used independently. The effect of design parameters on open-circuit flux linkage and induced-electromotive force, as well as on the average electromagnetic torque of the proposed double stator machine is also presented. It is observed that for each of the investigated design variables, there is a need to select the optimal value in order to achieve the best average torque. The investigated design parameters are: the split ratio, magnet thickness, rotor radial thickness, inner stator tooth-width, rotor inner and outer iron-width/pitch ratio, and stator yoke size.

Authors and Affiliations

Chukwuemeka Chijioke Awah

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Nigeria

Performance comparison of double stator permanent magnet machines

Chukwuemeka Chijioke Awah

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2022 | vol. 71 | No 4 | 829-850 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2022.142111

Keywords demagnetization double stator induced voltage losses power and torque

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Abstract

The electromagnetic and output performance characteristics of three (3) different types of double stator permanent magnet machines are quantitatively compared and presented in this study, in order to determine the most promising machine topology amongst the considered machine types, for potential practical applications(s). Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis (FEA) methods are deployed in the computation of the performance metrics using ANSYS-MAXWELL software. The compared machines in this work are designated as: Machine 1, Machine 2 and Machine 3, respectively. The investigated machines have varying structural arrangements and two separate excitation sources. Machine 1 has its magnets situated in the outer stator with corresponding armature windings on both inner and outer stators. The magnets of Machine 2 are located in its inner stator while it has armature windings on both inner and outer stator parts. More so, Machine 3 is equipped with magnets in its inner and outer stators, though without armature windings on the inner stator section. The considered performance metrics include: inducedelectromotive force (induced-EMF), torque, power, demagnetization, losses and efficiency. The results show that the investigated Machine 3 has higher induced-EMF value and more sinusoidal electromotive force waveform than the other compared machines. Consequently, Machine 3 also has larger electromagnetic torque and power. Moreover, Machine 1 has the best flux-weakening potential, obtained from both the ratio of its maximum speed to base speed and the flux-weakening factor ( k_p).

Authors and Affiliations

Chukwuemeka Chijioke Awah

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria

Six-phase doubly fed induction machine-based standalone DC voltage generator

Paweł Maciejewski Grzegorz Iwański

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | No. 1 | e135839 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.135839

Keywords six-phase induction machine induction generator torque oscillations DC voltage generation

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Abstract

The paper presents a multi-phase doubly fed induction machine operating as a DC voltage generator. The machine consists of a six-phase stator circuit and a three-phase rotor circuit. Two three-phase six-pulse diode rectifiers are connected to each three-phase machine section on the stator side and in parallel to the common DC circuit feeding the isolated load. The same DC bus is also common for the rotor side power electronics converter responsible for machine control. Two methods – direct torque control DTC and field oriented control FOC – were implemented for machine control and compared by means of simulation tests. Field oriented control was implemented in the laboratory test bench.

Bibliography

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G.D. Marques and M.F. Iacchetti, “A self-sensing stator-current-based control system of a DFIG connected to a DC-link”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 62(10), 6140–6150 (2015).
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H. Misra, A. Gundavarapu, and A.K. Jain, “Control scheme for DC voltage regulation of stand-alone DFIG-DC system”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 64(4), 2700–2708 (2017).
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M.F. Iacchetti, G.D. Marques, and R. Perini, “Torque ripple reduction in a DFIG-DC system by resonant current controllers”, IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 30(8), 4244–4254 (2015).
C. Wu and H. Nian, “Improved direct resonant control for suppressing torque ripple and reducing harmonic current losses of dfig-dc system”, IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 34(9), 8739–8748 (2019).
C. Wu, et al, “Adaptive repetitive control of DFIG-DC system considering stator frequency variation”, IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 34(4), 3302‒3312 (2018).
A. Gundavarapu, H. Misra, and A. K. Jain, “Direct torque control scheme for dc voltage regulation of the standalone DFIG-DC system”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 64(5), 3502–3512 (2017).
P. Maciejewski and G. Iwanski, “Direct torque control for autonomous doubly fed induction machine based DC generator”, 12^th Int. Conf. Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies – EVER’17, Monte Carlo, Monaco, 2017, pp. 1–6.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Maciejewski

1

Grzegorz Iwański

1

Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Control and Industrial Electronics, 75, Koszykowa St., 00-662 Warszawa, Poland

Experimental rig study on resistance forces in car steering system with rack and pinion

Józef Knapczyk Michał Maniowski

Archive of Mechanical Engineering | 2004 | vol. 51 | No 2 | 259-281

Keywords car steering system friction resistance torque self-returnability rig study

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Abstract

The authors present the results of experimental rig study on resistance forces in a rack and pinion steering system without power assistance of a small car with MacPherson front suspension. The influence of a harmonic steering angle excitation, with frequency ranging from I to 3 Hz, and different wheel load conditions on self-returnability, sensitivity, and friction forces in the steering system is studied. These characteristics are responsible for the car directional stability at high-speed of cruising or during braking maneuver, and influence comfort, effort, and good feeling of the car driver. On the basis of experimental results, some parameters (equivalent moment of friction forces and stiffness coefficients) of a simplified model are estimated for different excitations and load conditions.

Authors and Affiliations

Józef Knapczyk

Michał Maniowski

Experimental and Statistical Analysis of Possibility Sources – Rotation Speed, Clamping Torque and Clamping Pith for Quality Assessment in Friction Stir Welding

Ibrahim Sabry

Management and Production Engineering Review | 2021 | vol. 12 | No 3 | DOI: 10.24425/mper.2021.138533

Keywords factorial analysis mechanical characteristics clamping pitch clamping torque

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Abstract

This paper is the first to optimize the friction stir welding (FSW) process considering the Clamp Pitch (mm) and Clamping Torque effect using the Various combinations of parameters were constructed using factorial design and responses, resulting in a comprehensive factorial analysis. Conspicuous changes in the tensile strength, yield strength, hardness, and power profile were observed for all amalgamations of parameters. Significant parameters of the FSW process have been considered in many optimization studies, however, the effect of the Clamp Pitch (mm) and Clamping Torque (Nm) has been never studied. Three levels of three parameters were used in the experiments: Clamp Pitch, tool rotational speed and Clamping Torque. The full factorial analysis was performed, was applied as an approach for selecting the values of the Significant factors of the parameters. For each result the three key parameters were important with p-values of less than 0.05, suggesting their significance in the phase of FSW. Mathematical models built with high R-sq. and least percentage error were adequate for the investigated responses. The findings were gained by important parameter values factors of 30 mm, 1800 rpm and 70 Nm for the take into consideration parameter range for the Clamp Pitch, rotational speed and Clamping Torque respectively.

Authors and Affiliations

Ibrahim Sabry

Kinematic synthesis of the mechanism for static balancing of an input torque in three positions

Jacek Buśkiewicz

Archive of Mechanical Engineering | 2022 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 571-594 | DOI: 10.24425/ame.2022.143095

Keywords mechanism synthesis machine design discrete balancing torque balancing

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Abstract

The aim of this work is to design the links‒spring mechanism for balancing, in the three positions of the operating range, a rotary disc subjected to a torque. An energy-related approach towards the conditions of the mechanical system balance for a discrete number of positions leads to the formulation of a task of searching for a four-bar linkage which guides a coupler point through the prescribed positions, where, at the same time, geometrical conditions (specifying the spring tension) and kinematic conditions (defining the radial component of the tension change rate) are satisfied. The finitely and infinitesimally separated position synthesis is considered, however, only a component of the coupler point velocity is essential. A general method was proposed for determining the four-bar mechanism geometry. Mechanism inversion was applied in order to reduce the number of designed variables and simplify the solution method. The system of complex algebraic equations defines the problem. Linear, symbolic transformations and a systematic search technique are utilized to find multiple local optimal solutions. The problem is solved using Mathematica software.

Bibliography

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[5] B. Demeulenaere and J. De Schutter. Input torque balancing using an inverted cam mechanism. Journal of Mechanical Design, 127(5):887–900, 2005. doi: 10.1115/1.1876452.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Buśkiewicz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland

1
2

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