Celem artykułu jest rozważenie możliwych relacji między kategoriami „umysł” i „życie”. Zdaniem niektórych autorów, kategorie te są ściśle ze sobą powiązane lub nawet stanowią dwie strony tego samego zjawiska. Tezę tę poddaję analizie i ocenie w świetle różnorodnych podejść do zagadnienia definiowania życia, w szczególności nurtu metabolicznego (kładącego nacisk na samotworzenie i samopodtrzymywanie się) oraz nurtu ewolucyjnego (który koncentruje uwagę na ewolucji drogą doboru naturalnego). Pierwszy z tych nurtów reprezentuje koncepcja autopoiesis Humberto Maturany i Francisco Vareli, drugi zaś cybernetyczna definicja życia autorstwa B. Korzeniewskiego oraz zaproponowana przez J. H van Haterena modyfikacja darwinowskiej definicji życia. Szczególnie interesująca wydaje się możliwość nawiązania relacji miedzy kategoriami umysłu i życia na gruncie podejścia ewolucyjnego.
One of the main human goals is to achieve the state of happiness. Almost all people ask themselves the question of how to attain this goal. For thousands of years, philosophers and spiritual leaders and, nowadays, researchers representing various disciplines of social sciences, have been searching for the right answer to this question. One of the dilemmas intertwined in the debate about the essence of happiness relates to the tension expressed by the question “to be or to have”; the tension between the spiritual and the material world; between sacrum and profanum. Can accumulation of money and material possessions make us happy? Starting with the message passed on by a German psychoanalyst Erich Fromm in his essay “To Have or to Be” and the wisdom derived from the classic philosophical and religious works, I will attempt to define the relation between the state of happiness and the attachment to money and possessions or the attachment to social and transcendent values. This difficult, yet crucial, problem will be analyzed in the context of the current psychological knowledge related to the emotional and cognitive consequences of taking a materialistic approach to life. Erich Fromm and other thinkers who had lived hundreds of years before him, suggested that greed and pursuit of material possessions did not appease the human longing for happiness. The latest experimental research, conducted by psychologists, economists and scholars representing other disciplines of science, seem to strongly confirm these assumptions.
In 2018 we celebrate the 250th anniversary of the Jędrzej Śniadecki’s birth. This work aims to show the importance of his thoughts for the development of natural sciences. He studied at some of the largest universities in Europe, where he met great scientists of the Enlightenment. The effects can be seen in his works. He was remembered as a founder of Polish biochemistry, anthropology and pathology, also as the author of chemical terminology and language. The essence of his thoughts is Theory of organic being, which is an attempt to answer the question: „what is life?”. Jędrzej Śniadecki introduced a new definition of life based on the term „organic power”. This work shows how import are the thoughts of Jędrzej Śniadecki in the context of the times in which he lived, as well as the following development of natural sciences, what makes him and his theories worth memory.
In the plankton samples, collected with a Nansen net in three water layers downwards to a depth of 500 m, larvae and eggs of Euphausia superba were found as well as the larvae of E. crystallorophias and E. frigida. Eggs of the species E. superba predominated and among the larvae most numerous were calyptopis I and metanauplius stages. Eggs and larvae of E. superba occurred in small quantities, mainly in Bransfield Strait. Larvae of E. crystallorophias were found in the southeastern part of Bransfield Strait. Metanauplius, calyptopis I and II stages were predominant. Larvae of E. frigida, mostly calyptopis I stage, were very scarce and occurred only at the stations located in Drake Passage.
Distribution and population age structure of krill Euphausia superba larvae is presented for four consequent years on the basis of the summer materials from 1976 to 1979. An approximate rate of growth of krill larvae was calculated on the basis of the above observations and the literature data on the occurrence of particular larval stages. This allowed to determine the main period of krill breeding in particular years. Intense breeding of krill took place from January to middle of March in summers 1976/1977 and 1977/1978, but much earlier — mid November to mid January in 1975/1976. In summer of 1978/1979 the breeding of krill was poor till March.
The model for estimating the whole life costs of the building life cycle that allows the quantification of the risk addition lets the investor to compare buildings at the initial stage of planning a construction project in terms of the following economic criteria: life cycle costs (LCC), whole life costs (WLC), life cycle equivalent annual costs (LCEAC) and cost addition for risk (ΔRLCC). The subsequent stages of the model development have been described in numerous publications of the authors, while the aim of this paper is to check the accuracy of the model in the case of changing the parameters that may affect the results of calculations. The scope of the study includes: comparison of the results generated by the model with the solutions obtained in the life cycle net present value method (LCNPV) for time and financial input data, not burdened with the risk effect; the analysis of the variability of results due to changes in input data; analysis of the variability of results as a consequence of changing the sets of membership functions for input data and methods for defuzzification the result.
Ten tekst szkicuje związek pomiędzy kategoriami żyjącego osobnika, organizmu oraz życia. Argumentuję, że chociaż te kategorie są związane ze sobą i często traktuje się je jako takie same, powinniśmy od siebie je separować od siebie. Główny argument za oddzieleniem osobnika od życia ma charakter metodologiczny: definicje życia interesują głównie atrobiologów i uczonych zajmujących się definicją powstawania życia, podczas gdy żyjący osobnik jest ważny w, miedzy innymi, standardowej biologii ewolucyjnej i ekologii. Obecnie wśród pojęć żyjącego osobnika obecnie dominują różne formy definicji ewolucyjnej (indywiduum jako jednostka selekcji). Żyjący osobnik rozumiany w taki sposób nie jest identyczny z obiektem strukturalnie ograniczonym i funkcjonalnie zintegrowanym samopodtrzymującym się, zwykle nazywanym organizmem”. Ponadto sukces eksplanacyjny ewolucyjnego pojęcia osobnika implikuje, jak sądzę, przyjęcie pewnej wersji ewolucyjnej definicji życia. W ostatniej części tego artykułu proponuję procesualno-ewolucyjną definicję życia, która wskazuje związek pomiędzy trzema wspomnianymi kategoriami.
Biologia jest nauką o życiu. Określenie to, zwięzłe i najczęściej stosowane, zadowala prawie wszystkich. Zupełnie inaczej ma się sprawa, kiedy pada pytanie „Co to jest życie?”. Wówczas okazuje się, że nie można wskazać ani jednej właściwości, której obecność lub brak jednoznacznie rozdzielałaby „żywe” od „nieżywego”. Autor przedstawia źródła tych trudności a następnie przedstawia własną próbę rozwiązania problemu definicji życia — odwołującą się do idei poziomów organizacji biologicznej. Jego zdaniem, dla scharakteryzowania zjawisk, które są przedmiotem badań biologii powinniśmy posługiwać się nie jednym pojęciem życia (lub żywego organizmu), lecz trzema pojęciami: zorganizowanej materii biologicznej (dla poziomu molekularnego i subkomórkowego), organizmu żywego (dla poziomu osobnika) i życia (dla sfery zjawisk rozgrywających się na płaszczyźnie populacyjno-gatunkowej i biocenotycznej).
Searching and exploring the motives of continuing in the profession may be an important objective of efforts undertaken by researchers and people directly responsible for the organization and quality of work. Identifying the needs and expectations of the employee is an important element of her/his adaptation in the work environment. Because the age of life is one of the factors affecting the perception of the world and work, in this article motives of continuing professional activity in group of special educators are described in the age of life context.
O b j e c t i v e s: The aim of study was to investigate the association between anxiety, depression, stress and determinants of quality of life among Iranian students.
M e t h o d s: The questionnaires were completed by 275 students. The random sampling was conducted in two phases, the stratified sampling which some classes were selected among different classes of faculty of health and at the second phase, in each class the number of students who had the requirements to enter in the study were selected randomly. the logistic regression to find out the association between demographic characteristics with the quality of life was run and according to the normality status of the distribution of data the parametric or non-parametric tests were used.
R e s u l t s: In the univariable model, the students that were living in their own homes had the odds of 2.18 times more than the others to have a higher quality of life level (95% CI: 1.07–4.45). In the multi variable model the anxiety and stress were significantly related to the quality of life and for increasing each 1 unit in the amount of anxiety and stress the odds of a better quality of life decreases 0.19 and 0.03 respectively. Even after adjusting for other covariates – in the multivariable model – both anxiety and stress were associated with the quality of life.
C o n c l u s i o n: It is useful for the universities to understand different aspects of the students’ lives which are under the influence of stress, anxiety and depression, and also determining the resources from which they are originated.
When and where did life first appear on Earth? Humankind has been pondering this question for centuries. The discovery of ancient microalgae is providing a partial answer.
End-of-life oriented product design (design for recycling, disassembly, remanufacturing) is considered an emerging area in modern approach to product lifecycle. Numerous tools aiding the design process have been developed, but many of them work as independent computer applications. The presented solution is strictly integrated with typical design environment: CAD 3D and PLM systems. This paper presents the application of agent technology operating in the PLM environment to support the design process. The architecture of the proposed solution is shown. A method of product assessment, based of three indicators, is described. The example analysis of real household appliance is presented
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