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Abstract

The Opole region struggles from the most unfavourable demographic situation among all Polish administrative regions. The region is not only losing its population but also reports a growing number of inhabitants aged 50 and more. For this reason, demographic challenges are high on the region’s development agenda. The establishment of the Special Demographic Zone for Opolskie Voivodeship (SDZ) has provided an incentive to take measures, both on the local and regional scale, to reverse the undesirable situation.

This article discusses one of the SDZ packages, namely Package 4 Golden Autumn intended for persons aged 50 and move. Based on surveys held in the municipalities of the Opole region, the author seeks to answer questions related to the perception of the existing demographic processes as developmental barriers and looks at different initiatives and action taken by local self-governments for 50+ residents.

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Authors and Affiliations

Paulina Legutko-Kobus
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

Baltic Europe, i.e. the sea and inland hinterland, form a unique macro-regional unit. Strong collaboration links as well as competition in the Baltic Sea Region are an inherent feature of the region from the beginnings of its civilization development. The article shows the forty-year-long Baltic integration process and the Polish scientific contribution to the process. Since 2004, the Baltic has become an internal EU sea. This fact no doubt strengthened cooperation of the countries around the Baltic Sea. In many spheres, these ties take the form of networking. An important stimulus for further integrations is the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region. Political stabilisation and economic development may transform, in a longer time span, the emerging transnational Baltic Europe into a new economic and cultural European centre.

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Authors and Affiliations

Tadeusz Palmowski
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Abstract

There is a very high interest in international literature about the governance of common goods related to a redefinition of representative democracy. Scholars like Sheila Foster and Christian Iaione have proposed new models of governance enhancing the preservation and management of the commons in order to overcome problems and contradictions of complex contemporary cities, such as social exclusion and land privatisation. The aim of this paper is to verify, through a recognition of administrative documents, if in the example of Rome, the political actors, the municipal government, and the civil society, could be able to take part in a collaborative governance inspired reform. To answer this question, the relationship between the policy making process, the economic production model and the normative claims arising from social groups will be investigated. What is emerging is a difficulty of the administration in implementing collaborative principles. This is reflected in the issuance of discordant administrative measures, stemming from problems in relaying to civil society and active citizens the role that these principles assign. The reasons for this mismatching might be identified in the distinctive urban regime of Rome and the political and economic set that fosters social exclusion and does not consider the positive effects and the value of collaborative-oriented policy, enhancing sharing economy and social cohesion. The constant recall in the political discourse of concepts such as common goods, citizen’s participation and collaboration values takes the characteristics of a discursive resource, a ‘common washing’, which institutions and politics seem to re-propose and consolidate the traditional mode of public action, though apparently declaring its inadequacy and ineffectiveness.

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Authors and Affiliations

Giulia Pietroletti
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Abstract

This article sheds light on the advent of online platforms and the way it is reshaping urban enviroment, breaking down traditional axes of both social interaction and commercial power, shifting the structure of traditional services. The platform revolution is radically transforming an array of many functional cities’ areas, like transportation, accommodations and personal services. Thus current concerns as strong urbanization, industrialization and world population growth, enable sharing economy firms to flourish as a reaction against the frictions of urban life exploiting such exacerbation, in order to fulfill demand for appropriate services. After a critical analysis of these issues, the article deepens innovative transportation services, moving on to illustrate the Italian rulemaking process as a chance to provide a solution to the ongoing problem of striking the right balance between competing priorities, such as market access and preservation of sustainable mobility. It suggests to reflect upon the best approach able to face the complexity of urban transport systems, in order to break in a new culture for urban mobility, comply to EU legislation too.

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Authors and Affiliations

Alessia Palladino
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Abstract

The present qualitative study sought to unravel English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers’ perceptions and experiences of classroom justice and injustice. By employing purposive sampling, 31 EFL teachers in Iran were targeted to respond to an open-ended questionnaire. Subsequently, five of them took part in a follow-up, semi-structured interview. All data analyses were conducted via MAXQDA software. The main findings of the study were as follows; (1) The procedural, interactional, and distributive justice dimensions emerged in the teachers’ accounts of justice and injustice; (2) classroom justice was highlighted more saliently in teachers’ accounts than classroom injustice; (3) the teachers mainly had positive evaluations of their justice practices; and (4) they regarded educational and institutional factors, student-related factors, and teacher-related factors as the three major sources of challenges faced by EFL teachers when enacting classroom justice. It is hoped that by unraveling and reflecting on their justice and injustice behaviors, EFL teachers be prompted to go for their instructional justice betterment and more skillfully handle daily challenges that they face when trying to act fairly in the classroom.
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Authors and Affiliations

Masoomeh Estaji
1
Kiyana Zhaleh
1

  1. Department of English Language and Literature, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract

The article presents the Identity Dynamics Questionnaire (IDQ) as a method for measuring identity processes and modes included in the identity dynamics model by Oleś. The model refers to general processes of personality development that underlie identity functioning located on two dimensions: the internal experience and the external activity. The new tool was created to validly and reliably operationalize the theoretical proposition and to verify its assumptions and relations between components of the model. Four studies were conducted as successive stages of constructing the IDQ. Studies 1 and 2 aimed to exploratory setting the content of subscales designed to measure four identity processes (integration, reconstruction, adaptation, expansion – part A of the IDQ) and four identity modes (stabilization, fluidity, amplification, pliability – part B of the IDQ). Studies 3 and 4 served to confirmatory analyses concerning the structure of the IDQ and show its validity. The studies showed satisfactory psychometric properties of current version of the new method.
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Authors and Affiliations

Elwira Brygoła
1
Mariusz Zięba
1
Krzysztof Kwapis
2

  1. SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poznań, Poland
  2. Jesuit University Ignatianum in Cracow, Poland
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Abstract

The study was conducted to identify significant predictors of psychological distress in the group of young Polish adults during COVID-19 epidemic outbreak. The web-based cross-sectional survey was applied to 975 Polish respondents (755 female, 77.44%) aged 18-35 years. They were divided into two age groups: younger (18-25) and older (25-35). All participants completed: General Functioning Questionnaire (GFQ), COVID-19 Risk Perception Scale (C-RPS), State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S), and General Sense of Threat to Life Scale (GSTLS). The Polish adults aged 18-25 years manifested significantly higher psychological distress, state anxiety, and a sense of threat to life, but they perceived less risk in COVID-19 epidemic compared to older participants. Risk perception and a sense of threat to life were indirectly related to state anxiety and psychological distress. Significant predictors of psychological distress in the group of young adult Poles during the COVID-19 epidemic are: state anxiety, risk perception, and a sense of threat to life, where risk perception and a sense of threat to life mediate the relation between state anxiety and psychological distress.
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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Mirucka
1
Urszula Bielecka
2
Maria Mirucka
3
Natalia Kępińska
4

  1. John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
  2. University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
  3. University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
  4. SWPS University, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

This study aimed to measure the hope level of Iranian English-major students and also to find out if their gender, academic degree, years spent in a program, and GPA were associated with their hope level. To reach these aims, the Integrative Hope Scale developed by Sharpe, McElheran, and Whelton (2017) was modified, checked for validity, and piloted. Then, it was distributed among 206 English-major students doing their BA, MA, and PhD in different universities of Iran, chosen through random and snowball sampling. The analysis of the data through non-parametric tests showed that although undergraduate and postgraduate students enjoyed a higher level of hope, there was no significant difference in the students’ hope level based on their academic degree. Furthermore, no significant relationship was found between students’ levels of hope, on the one hand, and their GPA and the number of years spent in a program, on the other hand. However, there was a significant difference between male and female students, with males having a higher level of hope.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mansoor Ganji
1
ORCID: ORCID
Farzane Safarzade Samani
1
ORCID: ORCID
Elahe Sadeghi
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Chabahar Maritime University, Chabahar, Iran
  2. Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran
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Abstract

Changing a problem’s representation is a crucial process when solving insight problems. Recently, Laukkonen and Tangen (2017) found that observing ambiguous figures such as a Necker Cube before solving problems can increase insight frequency. In our research, we extended their procedure by including measures of feelings of insight (e.g., confidence and pleasure). This approach allowed us to test the replicability of relationships between perceptual switching and insight frequency in terms of both accuracy of problem solutions and insight phenomenology. The research took the form of two studies using two different samples (NA = 68 and NB = 198) using online platforms. Our results consistently showed no effect of prior Necker cube perception on accuracy. However, we found a significant difference in self- reported insight (1 - non-aha! experience to 5 – a very strong aha! experience) in our Sample B study. The results suggest the possibility that viewing ambiguous figures may not have a triggering effect on insight problem-solving performance but that it may trigger stronger insight experiences when solving insight problems.
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Authors and Affiliations

Angelika Olszewska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Agata Sobkow
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wroclaw, Poland
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Abstract

This study aims to identify the potential predictors (i.e., financial well-being, mindfulness, and marital duration) of relationship satisfaction among married couples in Malaysia. Respondents were 156 Malaysian married couples from different races – Malay, Chinese, Indian, and others. All respondents responded to three questionnaires which are In Charge Financial Distress/ Financial Well-Being Scale (Prawitz et al., 2006), Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (Brown & Ryan, 2003), and Couple Satisfaction Index (Funk & Rogge, 2007). A significant positive relationship was found between financial well-being and mindfulness with relationship satisfaction, meanwhile, no statistically significant relationship was found between marital duration and relationship satisfaction. Moreover, mindfulness is established to be the strongest predictor of relationship satisfaction among married couples in Malaysia. This result emphasized the role of mindfulness within the context of development and sustainability of marital relationships satisfaction in addition to general well-being.
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Authors and Affiliations

Athirah Yasmin Mohd Shakir
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dzilal Abdul Aziz
1
Suwathi Carmergam
1

  1. Management & Science University, Malaysia
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Abstract

Many studies have investigated the relationship between mindfulness and creativity; however, there are a limited number of studies on the neurological basis of this therapeutic approach using electroencephalogram (EEG). This study aimed at evaluating the effect of mindfulness on improving the creativity of healthy individuals. In this study, 7 healthy subjects (1 male and 6 females) with a mean age of 40.37 years and a standard deviation of 14.52 years received group mindfulness training for 8 weeks. They had no experience of mindfulness training up to that time. Before and after mindfulness training, EEG signal was recorded from all participants in eyes-closed and eyes-open conditions on Fz, C3, C4, and Pz electrodes. After data preprocessing, wavelet coefficients were extracted from each frequency band of EEG signal and evaluated using paired sample t-test and correlation methods. The gamma-band on C3 (t = 2.89, p=0.03) and Pz (t= 2.54, P = 0.04) significantly increased as a result of mindfulness training. Also, significant correlations were found between the anxiety and the gamma band in Pz (r = 0.76, P = 0.04) and Fz (r = 0.75, P = 0.04) channels and between arousal and the gamma band in the Fz channel (r=0.88, P = 0.008). Mindfulness training to promote creativity leads to the increase of gamma bands in the central and parietal regions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mahdieh Naderan
1
Majid Ghoshuni
1
ORCID: ORCID
Elham Pour Afrouz
2

  1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
  2. Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate four sources of implied motion in static images (a moving object as the source of implied motion, hand movements of the image creator as the source of implied motion, past experiences of the observer as the source of implied motion, and fictive movement of a point across an image as the source of implied motion). In the experiment of the study, participants orally described 16 static images that appeared on the screen of a computer. The aim was to find whether participants had used any motion-related word to describe each image. It was assumed that using motion-related words to describe a static image was an indication that the image had created a sense of motion for the observer. These results indicated that all four types of implied motion could create a significant sense of motion for the observer. Based on these results, it is suggested that observing these images could lead to simulating the actions involved in those motion events and the activation of the motor system. Finally, it is proposed that the three characteristics of being rule-based (clearly-defined), continuous, and gradual are critical in perceiving that image as a fictive motion.
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Authors and Affiliations

Omid Khatin-Zadeh
1

  1. School of Foreign Languages, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Abstract

The misinformation effect is influenced by many mnestic and non-mnestic factors. This article concerns the role of two of them: 1) state anxiety, defined as a situational experience of anxiety; 2) memory distrust, understood as a constant tendency to negatively evaluate one's memory. Both factors are relevant in the situation of being a witness and are believed to have a negative effect on the magnitude of the misinformation effect. In the present research, participants’ state anxiety had an immunizing effect against misinformation. As for memory distrust, no relationship was found between negative evaluation of memory and susceptibility to misinformation. The results confirm the beneficial effect of anxiety on resisting misinformation and demonstrate a greater need for further explorations concerning memory distrust.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marta Kuczek
1
Malwina Szpitalak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Romuald Polczyk
1

  1. Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Poland
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Abstract

This research aims to explore the associations of maternal anxiously attached feelings towards the child, parenting stress, and negative parenting among Chinese mothers with school-aged children. 105 Chinese mothers participated in it. The study utilized the modified anxious attachment subscale in Experiences in Close Relationships Scale, the Parenting Stress Index, and the subscale of authoritarian parenting in The Short Version of Parenting Style and Dimension Questionnaire. It found that parenting stress played a mediator role in the relationship between parents’ anxiously attached feelings towards a child and negative parenting. These results highlight the importance of intervention programs aiming for parenting stress management.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yi Huang
1

  1. Masaryk University, Czech Republic
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Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine whether there are differences in the performance on simple and complex mathematical tasks depending on the personality traits and the presence of an audience. After completing the personality questionnaire, within the first experimental session, participants (N=70) solved one set of simple and one set of complex mathematical tasks. In the second session participants solved another set of simple and another set of complex tasks. In one of the sessions, participants were solving tasks in front of the audience, while in the other session the audience was absent. The results indicate that presence of an audience facilitates performance of those participants low on neuroticism, but only when they are solving simple tasks.
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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Kalebić Maglica
1
Petra Anić
1
Domagoj Švegar
1
Hana Mehonjić
1

  1. University of Rijeka, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Croatia
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Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of manipulating visual information about one’s movement in Virtual Reality (VR) during physical training on a stationary bike. In the first experiment, the participants’ (N=30) task was to cycle on a stationary bike while embodying a virtual avatar. Fifteen participants experienced the Slow condition, in which a virtual avatar cycled at the constant speed of 15km/h, while the other fifteen participants experienced the Fast condition, in which a virtual avatar cycled at the constant speed of 35km/h. In the second experiment, we tested whether introducing agency (i.e., linking real-life cycling speed with the cycling speed of a virtual avatar), would improve exercise performance. Participants (N=31) experienced counterbalanced conditions: Faster optic flow (avatar’s speed was 15% faster than the participants’ real cycling speed), and Slower optic flow (avatar’s speed was 15% slower than the participants’ real cycling speed). Results showed that all participants increased their cycling speed when experiencing altered cycling speed of a virtual avatar compared with their baselines, but in the first experiment, participants cycled faster in the faster optic flow condition, while in the second experiment, when participants controlled the virtual avatar’s cycling speed, there were no differences between the Fast and Slow conditions. Participants described the cycling in VR as a pleasant experience. The present study suggests that the addition of Virtual Reality during exercise training may increase cycling performance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marta Kowal
1
ORCID: ORCID
Joanna Piskorz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Czub
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Poland
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Abstract

The current literature on personality types—understood as basic configurations of the Big Five’s personality traits—provides inconsistent results. The most commonly reported, three-type RUO (Resilient-Undercontrolled- Overcontrolled) solution is not definitive, as other solutions are also" often obtained. The current paper starts from reviewing and discussing the inconsistencies found in the previous results as well as in the RUO typology itself. The prevalence of an exploratory orientation in research on personality type was interpreted as the main cause of these problems. Then, we proposed a solution by using the Two Factor Model of personality and its extension—the Circumplex of Personality Metatraits—as the theoretical foundation for a four-type RUNO typology (Resilient- Undercontrolled-Nonresilient-Overcontrolled). The paper presents the RUNO personality typology and its theoretical consequences – in particular, we argue that the RUNO (a) is the most theoretically justified, and therefore, empirically expected solution, (b) allows us to explain why the three-type RUO solution is so commonly obtained, and (c) helps to solve some other problems that have arisen in the literature (e.g., with “typeness”).
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Strus, W., Cieciuch, J., & Rowiński, T. (2014). The Circumplex of Personality Metatraits: A synthesizing model of personality based on the Big Five. Review of General Psychology, 18(4), 273–286. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000017
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Zawadzki, B. (2017). The location of personality disorders in the Circumplex of Personality Metatraits. Annals of Psychology, 20(2), 493–512. https://doi.org/10.18290/rpsych.2017.20.2-7en
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Authors and Affiliations

Włodzimierz Strus
1
Natalia Cybis
1
Jan Cieciuch
1
Tomasz Rowiński
1

  1. Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw
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Abstract

Personality types are currently understood as basic configurations of personality traits from the Big Five model. However, to date, research has provided inconsistent results as to the number and content of personality types. The broadest support was found for the three-type RUO (Resilient-Undercontrolled-Overcontrolled) typology, but many studies indicate the existence of four or five basic personality types. The prevalence of an exploratory orientation in research on personality types was identified as the main cause of these inconsistencies, and the need for a well-justified theoretical basis for the personality typology was observed. The current study examines the predictions resulting from the four-type RUNO (Resilient-Undercontrolled-Nonresilient-Overcontrolled) typology – a proposal built on the Two Factor Model of personality and its extension: the Circumplex of Personality Metatraits. We used various measurement instruments (11 questionnaires to measure Big Five traits), samples (five samples with a total of 4430 respondents) and statistical procedures (cluster analyses on row and standardized data) testing the three-type, four-type and five-type solutions. We expected that although the robustness of the empirically derived type-solutions across different research conditions will be limited (in accordance with the previous studies), the configurations of each type found in the Big Five data will be in a concordance with the RUNO typology. Obtained results roughly confirmed our expectations. We conclude that a renewed focus on the theoretical basis of personality typology seems to be necessary to further advance this field of research and the Circumplex of Personality Metatraits enables the essential turn from an exploratory approach (usually used in the previous studies) to a theoretically driven approach (proposed by us in the current study) to personality typology.
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Authors and Affiliations

Włodzimierz Strus
1
Natalia Cybis
1
Jan Cieciuch
1
Tomasz Rowiński
1

  1. Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw
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Abstract

The main goal of this study is to check if the relationship between the perceived stress and life satisfaction or the general health is mediated by health behaviors and whether this mediated relationship is moderated by temperament structures: sanguine, melancholic, phlegmatic and choleric. A total of 254 people from local community sample, aged 18-93, took part in the study and filled a set of questionnaires. The results show that there are significant differences in the level of perceived stress, life satisfaction and the level of general health between different temperament structures. The relationship between perceived stress and life satisfaction is partially mediated by health behaviors only in the group of people with melancholic temperament structure. The higher level of stress turned out to be only directly and negatively related to the life satisfaction in all other structures. Among all temperament structures the perceived stress is only directly related to general health, and health behaviors do not serve as a mediator for this relationship. The obtained results suggest that incorporating more health behaviors may have a specifically beneficial effect on people with a melancholic temperament structure. Subsequent studies of experimental design are needed to directly test this hypothesis.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maria Cyniak-Cieciura
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Institute of Psychology, Advanced Clinical Studies and Therapy Excellence Centre, Poland
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Abstract

The lack of instruments that evaluate strategic thinking and the fact that it is positively related to high levels of professional performance has led us to the development and validation of a questionnaire that allows us to measure it in an organizational context. This was done through three studies. First an exploratory study, in which 272 Human Resources (HR) professionals participated, allowed us to develop its items and analyze its psychometric properties. From it three factors were extracted: (1) systemic thinking, (2) vision towards the future and, (3) identification of new opportunities. Also, the results indicated the existence of a latent overall model of strategic thinking. Secondly, a confirmatory study, where 352 Human Resources professionals participated, intended to validate the results of the previous study. The same three factors, and a latent factor were replicated revealing that the model presented had an excellent adjustment. Furthermore, a third study was carried out in order to study the perceived relationship between strategic thinking, satisfaction, trust and customers’ retention. This study counted with the participation of 273 professionals who held positions of middle and upper management, key employees regarding the use of ST in organizations. The results of the three studies allow us to conclude that the Strategic Thinking Questionnaire is a valid instrument to analyze strategic thinking.
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Authors and Affiliations

Rosa Isabel Rodrigues
1
ORCID: ORCID
Aristides Ferreira
2
José Neves
2

  1. Instituto Superior de Gestão, Lisboa, Portugal
  2. ISCTE-IUL, Lisboa, Portugal
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Abstract

Background: Observing one’s own body has been shown to influence pain perception—a phenomenon called visual analgesia. The effect was originally obtained using a mirror reflection of one’s own hand and later replicated with prosthetic and virtual hands. Most studies show increased pain thresholds during visual analgesia, but the opposite effect can be obtained by inducing ownership illusion over a limb that looks wounded. We tested the hypothesis that a resilient-looking virtual limb would lead to an increased pain threshold.
Methods: Eighty-eight students (Mage = 21.4, SDage = 2.98) participated in a within-group experimental design study (natural hand virtual reality [VR], marble hand VR, and non-VR control). In both VR conditions, a visuo-tactile synchronous stimulation was used to elicit the illusion of embodiment. Pressure pain stimulus was applied to the forearm. Dependent variables were: pressure pain threshold, pain intensity and self-reported embodiment.
Results: There were significant differences between the control condition and the Natural Hand VR (V = 647, p < .0001), and between the control condition and the Marble Hand VR (V = 947.5, p < .005), but not between the Natural Hand and Marble Hand conditions (V = 1428.5, p = .62). Contrary to our predictions, pain threshold was higher in the control condition. Pain intensity differences were not significant.
Conclusions: We obtained a significant effect in the opposite direction than predicted. Such results may mean that the visual analgesia effect is more context-dependent than previously thought. We discuss methodological differences between the paradigm used in this study and paradigms reported in the literature as a possible explanation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Czub
1
ORCID: ORCID
Joanna Piskorz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Instytut Psychologii
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Abstract

Our aim was to test existing sex and age stereotypes related to emotional expressivity, gender and age. This was a complex analysis of facial expressions of all basic emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise) to everyday life stimuli observing a large sample (2,969 unique participants creating 39,694 recordings) using an Emotion Artificial Intelligence. Our data partially support emotion-specific stereotype that women express more affiliate emotions and men express more dominant emotions except for sadness. There were found correlations of emotion expression with age, however intensity and frequency of emotion expression did not follow the same pattern. Not eliminating the differences between men and women in the baseline facial appearance resulted in men expressing dominant emotions (anger and disgust) more intensively, and women expressing more affiliative emotions (happiness, fear, and surprise). To sum up, facial appearance can be one of the origins of the existing gender stereotypic socialisation stereotype.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mária Gablíková
1
Júlia Halamová
1

  1. Institute of Applied Psychology, Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava
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Abstract

The study aimed to determine the psychological aspects of captivity in the War in the East of Ukraine: the purposes and motives of the capture of Ukrainian Forces (UF); the types of captivity and their specifics; the stages and phases of captivity. The measures included a questionnaire and interview method. 694 former prisoners of war (POWs) (servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and soldiers of volunteer battalions) participated in the study. The research results revealed the purposes of capturing UF: to stop UF advance; obtaining intelligence; demoralization of UF; demonstration of military superiority; capturing prisoners for exchange; unwillingness to kill; receiving a ransom. The UF invaders were military units, professional mercenaries’ units, and gang formation units. The stages of captivity (capture and transportation to a place of permanent detention; first interrogation; being held captive; exchange of POWs and homecoming) were characterized by intimidation, aggression, physical, psychological and sexual violence against POWs, the purposeful creation of an environment of mass psychosis among POWs. Captivity kept the POWs in constant tension and fear. The altered mental status of POWs took place in successive phases: life reactions, shock, psychological demobilization, denouement, recovery, and conflict phase.
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Authors and Affiliations

Olexander Timchenko
1
Ihor Prykhodko
2
Yuri Shyrobokov
3
Nataliia Onishchenko
1
Vasiliy Lefterov
4

  1. National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine
  2. National Academy of National Guard of Ukraine
  3. Ivan Kozhedub Kharkiv National University of the Air Force
  4. National University "Odessa Law Academy", Ukraine

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