A film stress measurement system applicable for hyperbaric environment was developed to characterize stress evolution in a physical simulation test of a gas-solid coupling geological disaster. It consists of flexible film pressure sensors, a signal conversion module, and a highly-integrated acquisition box which can perform synchronous and rapid acquisition of 1 kHz test data. Meanwhile, we adopted a feasible sealing technology and protection method to improve the survival rate of the sensors and the success rate of the test, which can ensure the accuracy of the test results. The stress measurement system performed well in a large-scale simulation test of coal and gas outburst that reproduced the outburst in the laboratory. The stress evolution of surrounding rock in front of the heading is completely recorded in a successful simulation of the outburst which is consistent with the previous empirical and theoretical analysis. The experiment verifies the feasibility of the stress measurement system as well as the sealing technology, laying a foundation for the physical simulation test of gas-solid coupled geological disasters.

Liquid-gas flows in pipelines appear in many industrial processes, e.g. in the nuclear, mining, and oil industry. The gamma-absorption technique is one of the methods that can be successfully applied to study such flows. This paper presents the use of the gamma-absorption method to determine the water-air flow parameters in a horizontal pipeline. Three flow types were studied in this work: plug, transitional plug-bubble, and bubble one. In the research, a radiometric set consisting of two Am-241 sources and two NaI(TI) scintillation detectors have been applied. Based on the analysis of the signals from both scintillation detectors, the gas phase velocity was calculated using the cross-correlation method (CCM). The signal from one detector was used to determine the void fraction and to recognise the flow regime. In the latter case, a Multi-Layer Perceptron-type artificial neural network (ANN) was applied. To reduce the number of signal features, the principal component analysis (PCA) was used. The expanded uncertainties of gas velocity and void fraction obtained for the flow types studied in this paper did not exceed 4.3% and 7.4% respectively. All three types of analyzed flows were recognised with 100% accuracy. Results of the experiments confirm the usefulness of the gamma-ray absorption method in combination with radiometric signal analysis by CCM and ANN with PCA for comprehensive analysis of liquid-gas flow in the pipeline.

In this paper a new method of frequency jumps detection in data from atomic clock comparisons is proposed. The presented approach is based on histogram analysis for different time intervals averaging phasetime data recorded over a certain period of time. Our method allows identification of multiple frequency jumps for long data series as well to almost real-time jump detection in combination with advanced filtering. Several methods of preliminary data processing have been tested (simple averaging, moving average and Vondrak filtration), to achieve flexibility in adjusting the algorithm parameters for current needs which is the key to its use in determining ensemble time scale or to control systems of physical time scales, such as UTC(PL). The best results have been achieved with the Vondrak filter.

Falls are one of the leading causes of disability and premature death among the elderly. Technical solutions designed to automatically detect a fall event may mitigate fall-related health consequences by immediate medical assistance. This paper presents a wearable device called TTXFD based on MPU6050 which can collect triaxial acceleration signals. We have also designed a two-step fall detection algorithm that fuses threshold-based method (TBM) and machine learning (ML). The TTXFD exploits the TBM stage with low computational complexity to pick out and transmit suspected fall data (triaxial acceleration data). The ML stage of the two-step algorithm is implemented on a server which encodes the data into an image and exploits a fall detection algorithm based on convolutional neural network to identify a fall on the basis of the image. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm achieves high sensitivity (97.83%), specificity (96.64%) and accuracy (97.02%) on the open dataset. In conclusion, this paper proposes a reliable solution for fall detection, which combines the advantages of threshold-based method and machine learning technology to reduce power consumption and improve classification ability.

Whatever the type of surgery related to inner organs, traditional or robotic, the contact with them during surgery is a key moment for pursuing the intervention. Contacts by means of surgery instruments namely scalpels, staples, clamps, graspers, etc. are decisive moments. False, and erroneous touching and manoeuvring of organs operated on can cause irreversible damage as regard morphological aspects (outer impact) and physiological aspects (inner impact). The topic is a great challenge in the effort to measure and characterize damages. In general, electrical instruments for surgery employ the following technologies: ultrasound, radiofrequency (monopolar, and bipolar), and laser. They all result in thermal damages difficult to evaluate. The article proposes a method for a pre-screening of organ features during robotic surgery sessions by pointing out mechanical and thermal stresses. A dedicated modelling has been developed based on experimental activities during surgery session. The idea is to model tissue behaviour from real images to help surgeons to be aware of handling during surgery. This is the first step for generalization by considering the type of organ. The measurement acquisitions have been performed by means of an advanced external camera located over the surgery quadrant. The modelling and testing have been carried out on kidneys. The modelling, carried out through Comsol Multiphysics, is based on the bioheat approach. A further comparative technique has been implemented. It is based on computer vision for robotics. The findings of human tissue behavior exhibit reliable results.

High-speed serial standards are rapidly developing, and with a requirement for effective compliance and characterization measurement methods. Jitter decomposition consists in troubleshooting steps based on jitter components from decomposition results. In order to verify algorithms with different deterministic jitter (DJ) in actual circuits, jitter generation model by cross-point calibration and timing modulation for jitter decomposition is presented in this paper. The generated jitter is pre-processed by cross-point calibration which improves the accuracy of jitter generation. Precisely controllable DJ and random jitter (RJ) are generated by timing modulation such as data-dependent jitter (DDJ), duty cycle distortion (DCD), bounded uncorrelated jitter (BUJ), and period jitter (PJ). The benefit of the cross-point calibration was verified by comparing generation of controllable jitter with and without cross-point calibration. The accuracy and advantage of the proposed method were demonstrated by comparing with the method of jitter generation by analog modulation. Then, the validity of the proposed method was demonstrated by hardware experiments where the jitter frequency had an accuracy of 20 ppm, the jitter amplitude ranged from 10 ps to 8.33 ns, a step of 2 ps or 10 ps, and jitter amplitude was independent of jitter frequency and data rate.

In order to find the defects in ferromagnetic materials, a non-contact harmonic detection method is proposed. According to the principle of frequency modulated carrier wave, a tunnel magneto resistance harmonic focusing vector array detector was designed which radiates lower and higher frequency electromagnetic waves through the coil array to the detection targets. We use bistable stochastic resonance to enhance the energy of collected weak target signal and apply quantum computation and a Sobol low deviation sequence to improve genetic algorithm performance. Then we use the orthogonal phase-locked loop to eliminate the intrinsic background excitation field and tensor calculations to fuse the vector array signal. The finite element model of array detector and the magnetic dipole harmonic numerical model were also established. The simulation results show that the target signal can be identified effectively, its focusing performance is improved by 2 times, and the average signal-to-noise ratio is improved by 9.6 times after the algorithm processing. For the experiments, we take Q235 steel pipeline as the object to realize the recognition of three defects. Compared with the traditional methods, the proposed method is more effective for ferromagnetic materials defects detection.

This paper presents a method of optical fluorescence analysis for the evaluation of homogeneity of multicomponent grain mixtures. This method is based on the evaluation of the content of fluorescent marker. Maize with two degrees of fineness d1 = 1:25 mm and d2 = 2:00 mm was used as a tracer. Maize was covered with Rhodamine B, which emits red light under the influence of ultraviolet radiation. The tracer was introduced into the mixture before the mixing process began. Nine multicomponent grain mixtures were used. The proportion of fluorescent maize was evaluated on the basis of computer image analysis. Additionally, the fraction of the tracer was evaluated using a control method (validation of the accuracy of the proposed method). The results indicate that the degree of the tracer’s fineness influences the results obtained. The use of fluorescent maize with particle size d2 = 2:00 mm allowed to obtain results which differed less from the control method. The average size of the difference in results ranged from 0.20–0.38 for the 2.00 mm tracer and 0.38–1.34 for the 1.25 mm tracer.

Active thermography is an efficient tool for defect detection and characterization as it does not change the properties of tested materials. The detection and characterization process involves heating a sample and then analysing the thermal response. In this paper, a long heating pulse was used on samples with a low thermal diffusivity and artificially created holes of various depths. As a result of the experiments, heating and cooling curves were obtained. These curves, which describe local characteristics of the material, are recognized using a classification tree and divided into categories depending on the material thickness (hole depths). Two advantages of the proposed use of classification trees are: an in-built mechanism for feature selection and a strong reduction in the dimensions of the pattern. Based on the experimental study, it can be concluded that classification trees are a useful tool for the thinning detection of homogeneous material.

Angle calibrations are widely used in various fields of science and technology, while in the high-precision angle calibrations, a complete closure method which is complex and time-consuming is common. Therefore, in order to improve the measurement efficiency and maintain the accuracy of the complete closure method, an improved calibration method was proposed and verified by the calibration of a high-precision angle comparator with sub-arc-second level. Firstly, a basic principle and algorithm of angle calibration based on complete closure and symmetry connection theory was studied. Then, depending on the pre-established calibration system, the comparator was respectively calibrated by two calibration methods. Finally, by comparing En values of two calibration results, the effectiveness of the improved method was verified. The calibration results show that the angle comparator has a stable angle position error of 0:1700 and a measurement uncertainty of 0:0500 (k = 2). Through method comparisons, it was shown that the improved calibration method can greatly reduce calibration time and improve the calibration efficiency while ensuring the calibration accuracy, and with the decrease of measurement interval, the improvement of calibration efficiency was more obvious.

Low-cost Micro-Electromechanical System (MEMS) gyroscopes are known to have a smaller size, lower weight, and less power consumption than their more technologically advanced counterparts. However, current low-grade MEMS gyroscopes have poor performance and cannot compete with quality sensors in high accuracy navigational and guidance applications. The main focus of this paper is to investigate performance improvements by fusing multiple homogeneous MEMS gyroscopes. These gyros are transformed into a virtual gyro using a feedback weighted fusion algorithm with dynamic sensor bias correction. The gyroscope array combines eight homogeneous gyroscope units on each axis and divides them into two layers of differential configuration. The algorithm uses the gyroscope array estimation value to remove the gyroscope bias and then correct the gyroscope array measurement value. Then the gyroscope variance is recalculated in real time according to the revised measurement value and the weighted coefficients and state estimation of each gyroscope are deduced according to the least square principle. The simulations and experiments showed that the proposed algorithm could further reduce the drift and improve the overall accuracy beyond the performance limitations of individual gyroscopes. The maximum cumulative angle error was - 2:09 degrees after 2000 seconds in the static test, and the standard deviation (STD) of the output fusion value of the proposed algorithm was 0.006 degrees/s in the dynamic test, which was only 1.7% of the STD value of an individual gyroscope.

In recent years, assessing supply system impedance has become crucial due to the concerns on power quality and the proliferation of distributed generators. In this paper, a novel method is shown for passive measurement of system impedances using the gapless waveform data collected by a portable power quality monitoring device. This method improves the overall measurement accuracy through data regrouping. Compared with the traditional methods that use the consecutive measurement data directly, the proposed method regroups the data to find better candidates with less flotation on the system side. Simulation studies and extensive field tests have been conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results indicate that the proposed method can serve as a useful tool for impedance measurement tasks performed by utility companies.

The paper presents a comprehensive look at the perspectives on the use of THz in digital communication systems. The publication aims to focus on arguments that justify a significant increase in the frequency of radio links and their integration with fibre-based networks. Comparison of THz links with their microwave and optical counterparts is discussed from basic physical limitations to technological constraints. Main attention is paid to the available channel capacity resulting from its bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio. The short final discussion is about technology platforms that seem to be crucial to the availability of suitable THz sources. According to the author, the biggest advantage of using bands in the range of several hundred GHz for a digital data transmission is their use for mobile communication over short distances, as well as for broadband indoor links. However, these applications require a development of compact electronic THz sources with low noise and power reaching single watts. This is beyond the range of the most popular silicon-based technology platform, although a significant progress can be expected with the development of technologies based on wide bandgap semiconductors. Fibre optic connections remain the unquestioned leader in communication over long distances and permanent links.

The paper presents a dual-band plasmonic solar cell. The proposed unit structure gathers two layers, each layer consists of a silver nanoparticle deposited on a GaAs substrate and covered with an ITO layer, It reveals two discrete absorption bands in the infra-red part of the solar spectrum. Nanoparticle structures have been used for light-trapping to increase the absorption of plasmonic solar cells. By proper engineering of these structures, resonance frequencies and absorption coefficients can be controlled as it will be elucidated. The simulation results are achieved using CST Microwave Studio through the finite element method. The results indicate that this proposed dual-band plasmonic solar cell exhibits an absorption bandwidth, defined as the full width at half maximum, reaches 71 nm. Moreover, It can be noticed that by controlling the nanoparticle height above the GaAs substrate, the absorption peak can be increased to reach 0.77.

Thermo-optic properties enhancement of the bi-stable temperature threshold sensors based on a partially filled photonic crystal fiber was reported. Previously tested transducers filled with a selected group of pure n-alkanes had in most cases differences between switching ON and OFF states. Therefore, the modification of filling material by using additional crystallization centers in the form of gold nanoparticles was applied to minimize this undesirable effect. The evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of pentadecane and its mixtures with 14 nm spherical Au nanoparticles based on the differential scanning calorimetry measurements was presented. Optical properties analysis of sensors prepared with these mixtures has shown that they are bounded with refractive index changes of the filling material. Particular sensor switches ON before melting process begins and switches OFF before crystallization starts. Admixing next group of n-alkanes with these nanoparticles allows to design six sensors transducers which change ON and OFF states at the same temperature. Thus, the transducers with a wider temperature range for fiber-optic multi-threshold temperature sensor tests will be used.

In this paper, we present the electrical and electro-optical characterizations of an InAs/GaSb type-2 superlattice barrier photodetector operating in the full longwave infrared spectral domain. The fabricated detectors exhibited a 50% cut-off wavelength around 14 μm at 80 K and a quantum efficiency slightly above 20%. The dark current density was of 4.6 × 10 2 A/cm2 at 80 K and a minority carrier lateral diffusion was evaluated through dark current measurements on different detector sizes. In addition, detector spectral response, its dark current-voltage characteristics and capacitance-voltage curve accompanied by electric field simulations were analyzed in order to determine the operating bias and the dark current regimes at different biases. Finally, dark current simulations were also performed to estimate a minority carrier lifetime by comparing experimental curves with simulated ones.

ZnO thin layers were deposited on p-type silicon substrates by the sol-gel spin-coating method and, then, annealed at various temperatures in the range of 573–873 K. Photoluminescence was carried out in the temperature range of 20–300 K. All samples showed two dominant peaks that have UV emissions from 300 nm to 400 nm and visible emissions from 400 nm to 800 nm. Influence of temperature on morphology and chemical composition of fabricated thin layers was examined by XRD, SEM, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. These measurements indicate that ZnO structure is obtained for samples annealed at temperatures above 573 K. It means that below this temperature, the obtained thin films are not pure zinc oxide. Thus, annealing temperature significantly affected crystallinity of the thin films.

Graphene applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices have been thoroughly and intensively studied since graphene discovery. Thanks to the exceptional electronic and optical properties of graphene and other two-dimensional (2D) materials, they can become promising candidates for infrared and terahertz photodetectors.

Quantity of the published papers devoted to 2D materials as sensors is huge. However, authors of these papers address them mainly to researches involved in investigations of 2D materials. In the present paper this topic is treated comprehensively with including both theoretical estimations and many experimental data.

At the beginning fundamental properties and performance of graphene-based, as well as alternative 2D materials have been shortly described. Next, the position of 2D material detectors is considered in confrontation with the present stage of infrared and terahertz detectors offered on global market. A new benchmark, so-called “Law 19”, used for prediction of background limited HgCdTe photodiodes operated at near room temperature, is introduced. This law is next treated as the reference for alternative 2D material technologies. The performance comparison concerns the detector responsivity, detectivity and response time. Place of 2D material-based detectors in the near future in a wide infrared detector family is predicted in the final conclusions.

The perovskites XBiO3 (X = Al, Ga, In) have been studied in terms of mechanical, optical and thermoelectric behavior for energy harvesting application. Density functional theory is applied to study electronic, optical and thermoelectric properties of the studied materials. Structural, mechanical and thermodynamic stabilities are confirmed from the tolerance factor, Born mechanical stability and formation energy/specific heat capacity. Poisson and Plough ratios show the studied materials are ductile and have ability to withstand pressure. Band structure analysis shows the indirect band gap 3.0/2.1/1.0 eV for ABO/GBO/IBO. A complete set of optical spectra is reported by dielectric constants, refractive index, optical conduction, absorption of light and optical loss energy. Shifting of maximum absorption band to visible region increases the potential of perovskites XBiO3. Transport characteristics are also investigated by electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient and figure of merit.

Determining the dependence of phase difference modulations between light pulses in a modified Mach-Zehnder interferometer was used to develop an optical system coding the information and working as an eavesdropping sensor for an optical fibre information exchange system. The basic challenge in the system development is to maintain stable operation in changing environmental conditions, as well as to ensure optimal parameters of the phase modulator. The system was tested for various many-kilometer long transmission lines of single-mode fibres. The research was focused on achieving the normative Bit Error Rate for the system in the 100 Mbit/s range (STM-1). Such a system can be used in commercial applications for the code key secure transmission in the physical layer of the link.

The presented article examines aspects of a PV module testing using natural sunlight in outdoor conditions. The article discusses the physical sense of indexes: atmosphere purity, diffused component content, beam clear sky index. Procedures for their determination are given in relation to both instantaneous and daily values. Their close connection with the values of solar irradiance spectral distribution such as Average Photon Energy and Useful Fraction is demonstrated, as well as their usefulness in module testing in outdoor conditions. Their influence on the conversion of modules made from various absorbers and various technologies is demonstrated

This article proposes and examines a solution in which the base-station for the fifth generation radio access network is simplified by using a single millimeter-wave oscillator in the central-station and distributing its millimeter-wave signal to the base-stations. The system is designed in such a way that the low-phase-noise signal generated by an opto-electronic oscillator is transmitted from the central-station to multiple base-stations via a passive optical network infrastructure. A novel flexible approach with a single-loop opto-electronic oscillator at the transmitting end and a tunable dispersion-compensation module at the receiving end(s) is proposed to distribute a power-penalty-free millimeter-wave signal in the radio access network. Power-penalty-free signal transmission from 10 MHz up to 45 GHz with an optical length of 20 km is achieved by a combination of a tunable dispersion-compensation module and an optical delay line. In addition, measurements with a fixed modulation frequency of 39 GHz and discretely incrementing optical fiber lengths from 0.625 km to 20 km are shown. Finally, a preliminary idea for an automatically controlled feedback-loop tuning system is proposed as a further research entry point.

This paper presents a detailed review on a present confused situation related to defining and measurement of the eyepiece diopter range of optical/electro-optical devices to be used for a direct observation by human observers. On the basis of this review three precise definitions of a direct view imagers eyepiece diopter are presented. One of these definitions is determined as optimal fit to describe the perception of human observers. Further on, design and measurement uncertainties of diopter meters are discussed and rules of accurate measurements are formulated. Finally, recommendations for the maximum acceptable errors of the diopter scale of eyepieces of classic types of direct view imagers are presented, as well.

Photoelectrical characteristics of scanning IR detectors with implemented time delay and integration mode are analyzed. A new “shifted cellular” layout of photosensitive elements in the FPA structure is proposed. Advantages of the new FPA configuration in terms of threshold sensitivity for small-size/point objects are demonstrated. The analysis is based on the Monte Carlo simulation of the diffusion process of photogenerated minority charge carriers in the photosensitive layer photodiode arrays. The analysis is performed taking into account the main photoelectric parameters of FPA elements: photosensitive layer thickness, diffusion length of charge carriers, optical absorption length, their design parameters: geometric sizes of FPA elements, diameters of p-n junctions, and design parameters of the optical system: optical-spot diameter.