@ARTICLE{Morawiński_Ł._Joining_2024,
 author={Morawiński, Ł. and Jasiński, C. and Goliński, J. and Chmielewski, T.M.},
 volume={vol. 69},
 number={No 4},
 pages={1529-1535},
 journal={Archives of Metallurgy and Materials},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2024},
 publisher={Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of Polish Academy of Sciences},
 publisher={Committee of Materials Engineering and Metallurgy of Polish Academy of Sciences},
 abstract={Joining metals with ultra-fine grains (UFG) is very difficult. UFG metals have a grain size of less than 1 µm. Exceeding the recrystallization temperature causes the growth of ultra-fine grains and degradation of the material’s mechanical properties. The process temperature is influenced by the amount of energy supplied to the joint, which depends on the power and time. Conventional machines are not adapted to effectively conduct the process in extremely short friction times. For this reason, this article presents the welding process on the W2Mi prototype machine. The design of this machine allows the joining of UFG metals in less than 100 ms. UFG material produced using the hybrid SPD (Severe Plastic Deformation) process from technically pure CW004A(Cu-ETP) copper was used for welding tests. The joint obtained on the W2Mi machine did not show any significant degradation signs of mechanical properties. At the same time, an increase in microhardness in the joint area by approximately 4% was noticed. The obtained results prove that the process of joining UFG metals was successfully carried out.},
 title={Joining UFG Copper by Means of the W2Mi Machine},
 type={Article},
 URL={http://czasopisma.pan.pl/Content/133554/AMM-2024-4-33-Morawinski.pdf},
 doi={10.24425/amm.2024.151423},
 keywords={Rotation Friction Welding, Ultra-Fine Grained copper, hybrid SPD, ECAP},
}