@ARTICLE{Wierchowiec_Jan_Tailings_2008,
 author={Wierchowiec, Jan},
 number={No 4},
 pages={133-147},
 journal={Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2008},
 publisher={Komitet Zrównoważonej Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi PAN},
 publisher={Instytut Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN},
 abstract={Tailings produced during the manufacture of aggregates in the Rakowice sand and gravel plant (Middle Bóbr River valley, SW Poland) were characterized in the paper. A 3.0 inches laboratory Knelson concentrator was used to evaluate the recovery of free gold from tailings collected from the sand and gravel processing plant. Gravity recoverable gold (GRG) was determined using the difference between the gold content in the Knelson feed and the tails. Analysis of several samples collected from different types of tailings revealed the average content of 0.27 ppm of gold and recoveries ofgold between 85-98% in the concentrates. The sand and gravel deposits are thus potential sources of gold and other economic heavy minerals, mainly of ilmenite and titanomagnetite, as well as small amounts of zircon, monazite and rutile. The annual deposition of about 6 kg of Au and 1000 Mg of other heavy minerals in the tailing pond during the last 5 years of the Rakowice Mine operation has been assessed.},
 title={Tailings from sand and gravel processing plants as the potential source of gold},
 type={Article},
 URL={http://czasopisma.pan.pl/Content/133616/PDF/12_GSM_24_4_1_2008_Wierchowiec_Tailings.pdf},
 keywords={Sand and gravel plants, tailings, heavy minerals, Knelson concentrator, placer gold},
}