@ARTICLE{Pszczolińska_Marta_Outsmarting_Vol.,
 author={Pszczolińska, Marta},
 journal={Meander},
 pages={135-162},
 howpublished={online},
 year={Vol. 79 (2024)},
 publisher={Committee on Ancient Culture of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Classical Studies, Faculty of Polish Studies, UW.},
 abstract={Latin language teaching in the late nineteenth‑ and early twentieth‑century Polish gymnasia (general secondary schools) consisted mainly in grammatical instruction and verse by verse translations. Pupils were often afraid that even a simple error might provoke the anger of their Latin teacher and lead to punishment. For that reason, many of the students resorted to using cheat sheets, either to study more effectively or to deceive the teacher. Such cribs were printed in booklet form until 1939 by the publishing house of William Zukerkandel in Złoczów (now Zolochiv, Ukraine), as part of a series titled “Library of Classical Greek and Latin Authors”. They were published for the specific use of gymnasium students as they answered their need for teaching aids. They provided translations of Latin and Greek authors along with a grammatical commentary and vocabulary. Their thorough preparation along with widespread accessibility and popularity among students made the emergence of cribs a unique cultural phenomenon, which outlasted the publishing house itself.},
 type={Artykuł},
 title={Outsmarting your Latin teacher. Zukerkandel’s “Library of Classical Greek and Latin Authors” as a response to the methods of teaching Greek and Latin in classical gymnasia in the years 1899–1939},
 URL={http://czasopisma.pan.pl/Content/133920/2024-MNDR-10.pdf},
 doi={10.24425/meander.2024.152488},
 keywords={classical education, Polish gymnasia, teaching Latin, cheat sheets, the publishing house of Wilhelm Zukerkandel, Złoczów (Zolochiv)},
}