@ARTICLE{Wang_Haijun_Causality-_Online,
 author={Wang, Haijun and Huang, Zhijie and Lu, Zengjun and He, Xianghua and Xu, Tie},
 journal={Archives of Acoustics},
 howpublished={online},
 year={Online first},
 publisher={Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Committee on Acoustics},
 abstract={In battery electric vehicles (BEVs), structure-borne road noise in the 20 Hz to 300 Hz band becomes more audible because the engine-masking component is largely absent, and conventional transfer-path formulations can be sensitive to suspension nonlinearity and ill-conditioned inversions. This paper presents a physics-informed, non-negative multi-modal fusion network (NN-MMFNet) that predicts in-cabin sound pressure from multipoint chassis excitations while keeping the mapping physically plausible and interpretable. The model combines a dual-stream encoder to separate transient impact signatures from steady resonance content with a strictly causal fusion/decoding pathway. A passivity-motivated spectral gain cap is applied to prevent non-physical amplification while preserving phase. To enable additive path attribution, the cross-modal attention weights are constrained to be non-negative. Training follows a sim-to-real workflow, using virtual-fleet pretraining and short fine-tuning on measured data. On a production BEV, NN-MMFNet reproduces the 20 Hz to 300 Hz spectrum with a 1.12 dB(A) global root mean square error (RMSE) at 60 km/h and a 0.14 dB error at the 128 Hz boom, outperforming transfer path analysis (TPA), frequency transfer matrix (FTM), and autoregressive moving average (ARMA) baselines. Impulse-response checks show a negligible passivity-violation rate (<0.01 %). The learned attention consistently points to a rear subframe-to-body mounting path near 128 Hz, and a targeted stiffness adjustment at this location reduces the measured cabin noise by 4.2 dB(A).},
 type={Article},
 title={Causality- and Passivity-Constrained Nonnegative Attention for Interpretable Structure-Borne Road Noise Prediction in Battery Electric Vehicles},
 URL={http://czasopisma.pan.pl/Content/138891/archacoust.2026.4403.pdf},
 keywords={structure-borne road noise, physics-informed neural networks (PINN), transfer path analysis(TPA), cross-modal attention, battery electric vehicles (BEVs)},
}